@article{LuckertHesselLenzeetal.2015,
  author    = {Luckert, Claudia and Hessel, Stefanie and Lenze, Dido and Lampen, Alfonso},
  title     = {Disturbance of gene expression in primary human hepatocytes by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A whole genome transcriptome analysis},
  series = {Toxicology in vitro},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Toxicology in vitro},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0887-2333},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.021},
  pages     = {1669 -- 1682},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are plant metabolites predominantly occurring in the plant families Asteraceae and Boraginaceae. Acute and chronic PA poisoning causes severe hepatotoxicity. So far, the molecular mechanisms of PA toxicity are not well understood. To analyze its mode of action, primary human hepatocytes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic dose of 100 mu M of four structurally different PA: echimidine, heliotrine, senecionine, senkirkine. Changes in mRNA expression were analyzed by a whole genome microarray. Employing cut-off values with a vertical bar fold change vertical bar of 2 and a q-value of 0.01, data analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression. In total, 4556, 1806, 3406 and 8623 genes were regulated by echimidine, heliotrine, senecione and senkirkine, respectively. 1304 genes were identified as commonly regulated. PA affected pathways related to cell cycle regulation, cell death and cancer development. The transcription factors TP53, MYC, NF kappa B and NUPR1 were predicted to be activated upon PA treatment. Furthermore, gene expression data showed a considerable interference with lipid metabolism and bile acid flow. The associated transcription factors FXR, LXR, SREBF1/2, and PPAR alpha/gamma/delta were predicted to be inhibited. In conclusion, though structurally different, all four PA significantly regulated a great number of genes in common. This proposes similar molecular mechanisms, although the extent seems to differ between the analyzed PA as reflected by the potential hepatotoxicity and individual PA structure. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}