@article{MoeringLeino2016,
  author    = {M{\"o}ring, Sebastian and Leino, Olli},
  title     = {Beyond games as political education - neo-liberalism in the contemporary computer game form},
  series = {Journal of gaming \& virtual worlds},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Journal of gaming \& virtual worlds},
  publisher = {Intellect Ltd.},
  address   = {Bristol},
  issn      = {1757-191X},
  doi       = {10.1386/jgvw.8.2.145_1},
  pages     = {145 -- 161},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This article introduces the juxtaposed notions of liberal and neo-liberal gameplay in order to show that, while forms of contemporary game culture are heavily influenced by neo-liberalism, they often appear under a liberal disguise. The argument is grounded in Claus Pias' idea of games as always a product of their time in terms of economic, political and cultural history. The article shows that romantic play theories (e.g. Schiller, Huizinga and Caillois) are circling around the notion of play as 'free', which emerged in parallel with the philosophy of liberalism and respective socio-economic developments such as the industrialization and the rise of the nation state. It shows further that contemporary discourse in computer game studies addresses computer game/play as if it still was the romantic form of play rooted in the paradigm of liberalism. The article holds that an account that acknowledges the neo-liberalist underpinnings of computer games is more suited to addressing contemporary computer games, among which are phenomena such as free to play games, which repeat the structures of a neo-liberal society. In those games the players invest time and effort in developing their skills, although their future value is mainly speculative - just like this is the case for citizens of neo-liberal societies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Simal2014,
  author    = {Simal, Juan Luis},
  title     = {Exile, nation and liberalism (1776-1848): a transnational approach},
  series = {Ayer : revista de historia contempor{\´a}nea},
  journal   = {Ayer : revista de historia contempor{\´a}nea},
  number    = {94},
  publisher = {Asociaci{\´o}n de Historia Contempor{\´a}nea},
  address   = {Madrid},
  issn      = {1134-2277},
  pages     = {23 -- 48},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This article interrogates the application of a transnational perspective to the study of exile in the Age of Revolutions. The purpose is two-fold: 1) to acknowledge the benefits of the transnational approach for studying the phenomenon of exile in Europe and the Americas in this period, especially in order to understand the parallel formation of international liberalism and European counterrevolution; 2) to question some of the limitations of this approach, especially if it means neglecting the national framework in a context of intense nation-building, like the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries. An interpretation that understands exiles merely as transnational agents misses how important for them the nation was, for it shaped both their politics and their identities.},
  language  = {es}
}