@phdthesis{Hagen2022,
  author    = {Hagen, Anne Julia},
  title     = {The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and cross-cultural competence},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-527-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53446},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-534463},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xxxii, 202},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper examines the function that cross-cultural competence (3C) has for NATO in a military context while focusing on two member states and their armed forces: the United States and Germany. Three dimensions were established to analyze 3C internally and externally: dimension A, dealing with 3C within the military organization; dimension B, focusing on 3C in a coalition environment/multicultural NATO contingent, for example while on a mission/training exercise abroad; and dimension C, covering 3C and NATO missions abroad with regard to interaction with the local population. When developing the research design, the cultural studies-based theory of hegemony constructed by Antonio Gramsci was applied to a comprehensive document analysis of 3C coursework and regulations as well as official documents in order to establish a typification for cross-cultural competence. As the result, 3C could be categorized as Type I - Ethical 3C, Type II - Hegemonic 3C, and Type III - Dominant 3C. Attributes were assigned according to each type. To validate the established typification, qualitative surveys were conducted with NATO (ACT), the U.S. Armed Forces (USCENTCOM), and the German Armed Forces (BMVg). These interviews validated the typification and revealed a varied approach to 3C in the established dimensions. It became evident that dimensions A and B indicated a prevalence of Type III, which greatly impacts the work atmosphere and effectiveness for NATO (ACT). In contrast, dimension C revealed the use of postcolonial mechanisms by NATO forces, such as applying one's value systems to other cultures and having the appearance of an occupying force when 3C is not applied (Type I-II). In general, the function of each 3C type in the various dimensions could be determined. In addition, a comparative study of the document analysis and the qualitative surveys resulted in a canon for culture-general skills. Regarding the determined lack of coherence in 3C correlating with a demonstrably negative impact on effectiveness and efficiency as well as interoperability, a NATO standard in the form of a standardization agreement (STANAG) was suggested based on the aforementioned findings, with a focus on: empathy, cross-cultural awareness, communication skills (including active listening), flexibility and adaptability, and interest. Moreover, tolerance of ambiguity and teachability, patience, observation skills, and perspective-taking could be considered significant. Suspending judgment and respect are also relevant skills here. At the same time, the document analysis also revealed a lack of coherency and consistency in 3C education and interorganizational alignment. In particular, the documents examined for the U.S. Forces indicated divergent approaches. Furthermore, the interview analysis disclosed a large discrepancy in part between doctrine and actual implementation with regard to the NATO Forces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hartung2022,
  author    = {Hartung, Friederike C.},
  title     = {Ein Dach {\"u}ber Europa},
  series = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Milit{\"a}rgeschichte},
  journal   = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Milit{\"a}rgeschichte},
  number    = {81},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
  address   = {Berlin ; Boston},
  isbn      = {978-3-11-079876-0},
  issn      = {2192-2322},
  pages     = {X, 340},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Wo ist Deutschlands Raketenabwehr? Diese Frage r{\"u}ckte nach der v{\"o}lkerrechtswidrigen Annexion der Krim durch Russland 2014 in den Fokus der Presseberichterstattung. F{\"u}r die Abwehr von ballistischen Raketen ist die Flugabwehrraketentruppe der Luftwaffe zust{\"a}ndig. Im Ost-West-Konflikt sch{\"u}tzten rund 18.600 deutsche Soldaten im Rahmen der Integrierten NATO-Luftverteidigung die westliche Allianz vor Luftangriffen durch den Warschauer Pakt. Nach der Wiedervereinigung befand sich der Luftverteidigungsg{\"u}rtel des B{\"u}ndnisses nicht nur in einer geografisch wirkungslosen Position, sondern ihm fehlte auch die Daseinsberechtigung. Mit seiner Aufl{\"o}sung ging ein erheblicher Abbau von Personal und Material der Flugabwehrraketenverb{\"a}nde einher. Nach der Neuausrichtung der Bundeswehr 2012 blieb diesem Dienstbereich der Luftwaffe nur noch ein Geschwader mit rund 2.300 Dienstposten. Der alte Feind war weg - und Deutschland nach 1989/90 umgeben von Freunden und Verb{\"u}ndeten. Warum also sollte die Regierung in eine F{\"a}higkeit investieren, die Deutschland f{\"u}r sich selbst nicht brauchte?},
  language  = {de}
}