@phdthesis{Sotiropoulou2019,
  author    = {Sotiropoulou, Stavroula},
  title     = {Pleiotropy of phonetic indices in the expression of syllabic organization},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54639},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546399},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xv, 184},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This dissertation is concerned with the relation between qualitative phonological organization in the form of syllabic structure and continuous phonetics, that is, the spatial and temporal dimensions of vocal tract action that express syllabic structure. The main claim of the dissertation is twofold. First, we argue that syllabic organization exerts multiple effects on the spatio-temporal properties of the segments that partake in that organization. That is, there is no unique or privileged exponent of syllabic organization. Rather, syllabic organization is expressed in a pleiotropy of phonetic indices. Second, we claim that a better understanding of the relation between qualitative phonological organization and continuous phonetics is reached when one considers how the string of segments (over which the nature of the phonological organization is assessed) responds to perturbations (scaling of phonetic variables) of localized properties (such as durations) within that string. Specifically, variation in phonetic variables and more specifically prosodic variation is a crucial key to understanding the nature of the link between (phonological) syllabic organization and the phonetic spatio-temporal manifestation of that organization. The effects of prosodic variation on segmental properties and on the overlap between the segments, we argue, offer the right pathway to discover patterns related to syllabic organization. In our approach, to uncover evidence for global organization, the sequence of segments partaking in that organization as well as properties of these segments or their relations with one another must be somehow locally varied. The consequences of such variation on the rest of the sequence can then be used to unveil the span of organization. When local perturbations to segments or relations between adjacent segments have effects that ripple through the rest of the sequence, this is evidence that organization is global. If instead local perturbations stay local with no consequences for the rest of the whole, this indicates that organization is local.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ruschel2019,
  author    = {Ruschel, Matthias},
  title     = {Das Preußische Erbrecht in der Judikatur des Berliner Obertribunals in den Jahren 1836 bis 1865},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52779},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527798},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {283},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Die Dissertation befasst sich mit dem Allgemeinen Preußischen Landrecht von 1794 und der hierzu ergangenen Rechtsprechung des Berliner Obertribunals. Im Fokus der Untersuchung stehen die erbrechtlichen Regelungen des Landrechts und deren Anwendung sowie Auslegung in der Judikatur des h{\"o}chsten preußischen Gerichts. Der Forschungsgegenstand ergibt sich aus dem im Landrecht kodifizierten speziellen Gesetzesverst{\"a}ndnisses. Nach diesem sollte die Gesetzesauslegung durch die Rechtsprechung auf ein Minimum, n{\"a}mlich die Auslegung allein anhand des Wortlauts der Regelung reduziert werden, um dem absolutistischen Regierungsanspruch der preußischen Monarchen, namentlich Friedrich des Großen, hinreichend Rechnung zu tragen. In diesem Kontext wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit das preußische Obertribunal das im Landrecht statuierte „Auslegungsverbot" beachtet hat und in welchen F{\"a}llen sich das Gericht von der Vorgabe emanzipierte und weitere Auslegungsmethoden anwendete und sich so eine unabh{\"a}ngige Rechtsprechung entwickeln konnte. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Hauptabschnitte. Im Anschluss an die Einleitung, in der zun{\"a}chst die rechtshistorische Bedeutung des Landrechts und des Erbrechts sowie der Untersuchungsgegenstand umrissen werden, folgt die Darstellung der Entstehungsgeschichte des Landrechts und des Berliner Obertribunals. Hieran schließt sich in einem dritten Abschnitt eine Analyse der erbrechtlichen Vorschriften des Landrechts an. In dieser wird auf die Entstehungsgeschichte der verschiedenen erbrechtlichen Institute wie beispielsweise der gesetzlichen und gewillk{\"u}rten Erbfolge, dem Pflichtteilsrecht etc., unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung des zeitgen{\"o}ssischen wissenschaftlichen Diskurses eingegangen. Im vierten Abschnitt geht es um die Judikate des Berliner Obertribunals aus den Jahren 1836-1865 in denen die zuvor dargestellten erbrechtlichen Regelungen entscheidungserheblich waren. Dabei wird der Forschungsfrage, inwieweit das Obertribunal das im Landrecht statuierte Auslegungsverbot beachtet hat und in welchen F{\"a}llen es von diesem abwich bzw. weitere Auslegungsmethoden anwendete, konkret nachgegangen wird. Insgesamt werden 26 Entscheidungen des Obertribunals unter dem Aspekt der Auslegungspraxis, der Kontinuit{\"a}t und der Beschleunigung der Rechtsprechung analysiert und ausgewertet.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Opitz2019,
  author    = {Opitz, Fanny},
  title     = {Literarische Journalisten - journalistische Literaten},
  publisher = {transcript},
  address   = {Bielefeld},
  isbn      = {978-3-8394-5460-2},
  doi       = {10.14361/9783839454602},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {W{\"a}hrend der hemds{\"a}rmelige Reporter lediglich f{\"u}r den Tag schreibt, schafft der Literat Texte f{\"u}r die Ewigkeit. Mit diesem {\"u}ber Jahrhunderte tradierten Klischee brechen zwei Autoren ganz bewusst, die in beiden Bereichen erfolgreich sind: Joseph Roth und Tom Wolfe - in Personalunion Journalisten wie Literaten - hinterfragen den Wertungsunterschied, der gemeinhin zwischen den Bereichen gemacht wird. Fanny Opitz zeichnet die diskursiven Umfelder nach, in denen die Debatte um die Leistung von Journalismus und Literatur breit gef{\"u}hrt wurde: im Deutschland der 1920er Jahre im Kontext der gesamtkulturellen Str{\"o}mung der Neuen Sachlichkeit und im US-amerikanischen New Journalism der 1960er und 1970er Jahre.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Doering2019,
  author    = {D{\"o}ring, Matthias},
  title     = {The public encounter},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-50227},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-502276},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 115},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis puts the citizen-state interaction at its center. Building on a comprehensive model incorporating various perspectives on this interaction, I derive selected research gaps. The three articles, comprising this thesis, tackle these gaps. A focal role plays the citizens' administrative literacy, the relevant competences and knowledge necessary to successfully interact with public organizations. The first article elaborates on the different dimensions of administrative literacy and develops a survey instrument to assess these. The second study shows that public employees change their behavior according to the competences that citizens display during public encounters. They treat citizens preferentially that are well prepared and able to persuade them of their application's potential. Thereby, they signal a higher success potential for bureaucratic success criteria which leads to the employees' cream-skimming behavior. The third article examines the dynamics of employees' communication strategies when recovering from a service failure. The study finds that different explanation strategies yield different effects on the client's frustration. While accepting the responsibility and explaining the reasons for a failure alleviates the frustration and anger, refusing the responsibility leads to no or even reinforcing effects on the client's frustration. The results emphasize the different dynamics that characterize the nature of citizen-state interactions and how they establish their short- and long-term outcomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gong2019,
  author    = {Gong, Chen Chris},
  title     = {Synchronization of coupled phase oscillators},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-48752},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-487522},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xvii, 115},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Oscillatory systems under weak coupling can be described by the Kuramoto model of phase oscillators. Kuramoto phase oscillators have diverse applications ranging from phenomena such as communication between neurons and collective influences of political opinions, to engineered systems such as Josephson Junctions and synchronized electric power grids. This thesis includes the author's contribution to the theoretical framework of coupled Kuramoto oscillators and to the understanding of non-trivial N-body dynamical systems via their reduced mean-field dynamics. The main content of this thesis is composed of four parts. First, a partially integrable theory of globally coupled identical Kuramoto oscillators is extended to include pure higher-mode coupling. The extended theory is then applied to a non-trivial higher-mode coupled model, which has been found to exhibit asymmetric clustering. Using the developed theory, we could predict a number of features of the asymmetric clustering with only information of the initial state provided. The second part consists of an iterated discrete-map approach to simulate phase dynamics. The proposed map --- a Moebius map --- not only provides fast computation of phase synchronization, it also precisely reflects the underlying group structure of the dynamics. We then compare the iterated-map dynamics and various analogous continuous-time dynamics. We are able to replicate known phenomena such as the synchronization transition of the Kuramoto-Sakaguchi model of oscillators with distributed natural frequencies, and chimera states for identical oscillators under non-local coupling. The third part entails a particular model of repulsively coupled identical Kuramoto-Sakaguchi oscillators under common random forcing, which can be shown to be partially integrable. Via both numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we determine that such a model cannot exhibit stationary multi-cluster states, contrary to the numerical findings in previous literature. Through further investigation, we find that the multi-clustering states reported previously occur due to the accumulation of discretization errors inherent in the integration algorithms, which introduce higher-mode couplings into the model. As a result, the partial integrability condition is violated. Lastly, we derive the microscopic cross-correlation of globally coupled non-identical Kuramoto oscillators under common fluctuating forcing. The effect of correlation arises naturally in finite populations, due to the non-trivial fluctuations of the meanfield. In an idealized model, we approximate the finite-sized fluctuation by a Gaussian white noise. The analytical approximation qualitatively matches the measurements in numerical experiments, however, due to other periodic components inherent in the fluctuations of the mean-field there still exist significant inconsistencies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stoll2019,
  author    = {Stoll, Sarah},
  title     = {Giuseppe Prezzolini},
  publisher = {be.bra wissenschaft},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-95410-269-3},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {582},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Der Journalist Giuseppe Prezzolini (1882-1982) geh{\"o}rt zu den pr{\"a}genden italienischen Intellektuellen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die von ihm begr{\"u}ndete Kulturzeitschrift »La Voce« bot einflussreichen Stimmen der Zeit eine B{\"u}hne, darunter Giovanni Gentile, Benedetto Croce oder Benito Mussolini. Durch seine publizistische Arbeit avancierte er zu einem festen intellektuellen Bezugspunkt konservativer Kreise Italiens. Seine Forderungen u. a. nach einer Neugr{\"u}ndung des italienischen Konservatismus abseits neofaschistischer Ideen begr{\"u}ndeten seinen umstrittenen Ruf als Antikonformist.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bachsleitner2019,
  author    = {Bachsleitner, Anna},
  title     = {Bildungsverl{\"a}ufe und soziale Ungleichheit vom Abitur bis zur Promotion},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {193},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {{\"U}berg{\"a}nge im Bildungssystem sind zentrale Stationen f{\"u}r die Generierung von sozialer Ungleichheit. W{\"a}hrend die Bildungswege und die Bedeutung der sozialen Ungleichheit f{\"u}r den Schulbereich umfangreich untersucht wurden, liegen kaum Studien zu den nachschulischen Bildungsverl{\"a}ufen von Hochschulzugangsberechtigten und dem Einfluss der sozialen Herkunft bis zur Aufnahme einer Promotion vor. Daher ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, die Gestaltung nachschulischer Bildungsverl{\"a}ufe zu untersuchen sowie die Bedeutung der sozialen Herkunft vom Abitur bis zur Promotionsaufnahme zu analysieren. Den beiden Forschungsfragen wurde in vier Teilstudien nachgegangen. In Teilstudie 1 wurde die Relevanz von Merkmalen des Bildungsverlaufes f{\"u}r die Promotionsaufnahme untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der drei folgenden Teilstudien lag auf der Bedeutung der sozialen Herkunft bei Aufnahme einer Promotion beziehungsweise der sozialen Ungleichheit in den relevanten Selektionsstufen des nachschulischen Bildungsverlaufs bis zur Promotionsaufnahme. In Teilstudie 2 wurden diesbez{\"u}glich soziale Herkunftseffekte bei der f{\"u}r eine Promotionsaufnahme bedeutsamen Wahl der Hochschulform untersucht, in Teilstudie 3 die Mechanismen hinter sozialen Herkunftseffekten bei Promotionsaufnahme analysiert und in Teilstudie 4 wurde soziale Ungleichheit bei Studienaufnahme und Promotionsaufnahme vergleichend betrachtet. Als Datengrundlage wurde die L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie BIJU (Bildungsverl{\"a}ufe und psychosoziale Entwicklung im Jugend- und jungen Erwachsenenalter) herangezogen. Die Befunde der Dissertation verweisen auf die Relevanz sozialer Ungleichheiten vom Eintritt in die Hochschule bis zum {\"U}bergang in die Promotion. Auch wenn ein abnehmender Herkunftseffekt vom {\"U}bertritt ins Studium zum {\"U}bertritt in die Promotion vorliegt, sind soziale Herkunftseffekte bei dem sp{\"a}ten Bildungs{\"u}bergang noch sichtbar. Zudem zeigt sich die Bedeutung von Pfadabh{\"a}ngigkeiten in Bildungsverl{\"a}ufen sowie von Leistungsunterschieden f{\"u}r eine Promotionsaufnahme.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kerutt2019,
  author    = {Kerutt, Josephine Victoria},
  title     = {The high-redshift voyage of Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum emission as told by MUSE},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47881},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-478816},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {152},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Most of the matter in the universe consists of hydrogen. The hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM), the matter between the galaxies, underwent a change of its ionisation state at the epoch of reionisation, at a redshift roughly between 6>z>10, or ~10^8 years after the Big Bang. At this time, the mostly neutral hydrogen in the IGM was ionised but the source of the responsible hydrogen ionising emission remains unclear. In this thesis I discuss the most likely candidates for the emission of this ionising radiation, which are a type of galaxy called Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs). As implied by their name, they emit Lyman alpha radiation, produced after a hydrogen atom has been ionised and recombines with a free electron. The ionising radiation itself (also called Lyman continuum emission) which is needed for this process inside the LAEs could also be responsible for ionising the IGM around those galaxies at the epoch of reionisation, given that enough Lyman continuum escapes. Through this mechanism, Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum radiation are closely linked and are both studied to better understand the properties of high redshift galaxies and the reionisation state of the universe. Before I can analyse their Lyman alpha emission lines and the escape of Lyman continuum emission from them, the first step is the detection and correct classification of LAEs in integral field spectroscopic data, specifically taken with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). After detecting emission line objects in the MUSE data, the task of classifying them and determining their redshift is performed with the graphical user interface QtClassify, which I developed during the work on this thesis. It uses the strength of the combination of spectroscopic and photometric information that integral field spectroscopy offers to enable the user to quickly identify the nature of the detected emission lines. The reliable classification of LAEs and determination of their redshifts is a crucial first step towards an analysis of their properties. Through radiative transfer processes, the properties of the neutral hydrogen clouds in and around LAEs are imprinted on the shape of the Lyman alpha line. Thus after identifying the LAEs in the MUSE data, I analyse the properties of the Lyman alpha emission line, such as the equivalent width (EW) distribution, the asymmetry and width of the line as well as the double peak fraction. I challenge the common method of displaying EW distributions as histograms without taking the limits of the survey into account and construct a more independent EW distribution function that better reflects the properties of the underlying population of galaxies. I illustrate this by comparing the fraction of high EW objects between the two surveys MUSE-Wide and MUSE-Deep, both consisting of MUSE pointings (each with the size of one square arcminute) of different depths. In the 60 MUSE-Wide fields of one hour exposure time I find a fraction of objects with extreme EWs above EW_0>240A of ~20\%, while in the MUSE-Deep fields (9 fields with an exposure time of 10 hours and one with an exposure time of 31 hours) I find a fraction of only ~1\%, which is due to the differences in the limiting line flux of the surveys. The highest EW I measure is EW_0 = 600.63 +- 110A, which hints at an unusual underlying stellar population, possibly with a very low metallicity. With the knowledge of the redshifts and positions of the LAEs detected in the MUSE-Wide survey, I also look for Lyman continuum emission coming from these galaxies and analyse the connection between Lyman continuum emission and Lyman alpha emission. I use ancillary Hubble Space Telescope (HST) broadband photometry in the bands that contain the Lyman continuum and find six Lyman continuum leaker candidates. To test whether the Lyman continuum emission of LAEs is coming only from those individual objects or the whole population, I select LAEs that are most promising for the detection of Lyman continuum emission, based on their rest-frame UV continuum and Lyman alpha line shape properties. After this selection, I stack the broadband data of the resulting sample and detect a signal in Lyman continuum with a significance of S/N = 5.5, pointing towards a Lyman continuum escape fraction of ~80\%. If the signal is reliable, it strongly favours LAEs as the providers of the hydrogen ionising emission at the epoch of reionisation and beyond.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kuberski2019,
  author    = {Kuberski, Stephan R.},
  title     = {Fundamental motor laws and dynamics of speech},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43771},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437714},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {97},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The present work is a compilation of three original research articles submitted (or already published) in international peer-reviewed venues of the field of speech science. These three articles address the topics of fundamental motor laws in speech and dynamics of corresponding speech movements: 1. Kuberski, Stephan R. and Adamantios I. Gafos (2019). "The speed-curvature power law in tongue movements of repetitive speech". PLOS ONE 14(3). Public Library of Science. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213851. 2. Kuberski, Stephan R. and Adamantios I. Gafos (In press). "Fitts' law in tongue movements of repetitive speech". Phonetica: International Journal of Phonetic Science. Karger Publishers. doi: 10.1159/000501644 3. Kuberski, Stephan R. and Adamantios I. Gafos (submitted). "Distinct phase space topologies of identical phonemic sequences". Language. Linguistic Society of America. The present work introduces a metronome-driven speech elicitation paradigm in which participants were asked to utter repetitive sequences of elementary consonant-vowel syllables. This paradigm, explicitly designed to cover speech rates from a substantially wider range than has been explored so far in previous work, is demonstrated to satisfy the important prerequisites for assessing so far difficult to access aspects of speech. Specifically, the paradigm's extensive speech rate manipulation enabled elicitation of a great range of movement speeds as well as movement durations and excursions of the relevant effectors. The presence of such variation is a prerequisite to assessing whether invariant relations between these and other parameters exist and thus provides the foundation for a rigorous evaluation of the two laws examined in the first two contributions of this work. In the data resulting from this paradigm, it is shown that speech movements obey the same fundamental laws as movements from other domains of motor control do. In particular, it is demonstrated that speech strongly adheres to the power law relation between speed and curvature of movement with a clear speech rate dependency of the power law's exponent. The often-sought or reported exponent of one third in the statement of the law is unique to a subclass of movements which corresponds to the range of faster rates under which a particular utterance is produced. For slower rates, significantly larger values than one third are observed. Furthermore, for the first time in speech this work uncovers evidence for the presence of Fitts' law. It is shown that, beyond a speaker-specific speech rate, speech movements of the tongue clearly obey Fitts' law by emergence of its characteristic linear relation between movement time and index of difficulty. For slower speech rates (when temporal pressure is small), no such relation is observed. The methods and datasets obtained in the two assessment above provide a rigorous foundation both for addressing implications for theories and models of speech as well as for better understanding the status of speech movements in the context of human movements in general. All modern theories of language rely on a fundamental segmental hypothesis according to which the phonological message of an utterance is represented by a sequence of segments or phonemes. It is commonly assumed that each of these phonemes can be mapped to some unit of speech motor action, a so-called speech gesture. For the first time here, it is demonstrated that the relation between the phonological description of simple utterances and the corresponding speech motor action is non-unique. Specifically, by the extensive speech rate manipulation in the herein used experimental paradigm it is demonstrated that speech exhibits clearly distinct dynamical organizations underlying the production of simple utterances. At slower speech rates, the dynamical organization underlying the repetitive production of elementary /CV/ syllables can be described by successive concatenations of closing and opening gestures, each with its own equilibrium point. As speech rate increases, the equilibria of opening and closing gestures are not equally stable yielding qualitatively different modes of organization with either a single equilibrium point of a combined opening-closing gesture or a periodic attractor unleashed by the disappearance of both equilibria. This observation, the non-uniqueness of the dynamical organization underlying what on the surface appear to be identical phonemic sequences, is an entirely new result in the domain of speech. Beyond that, the demonstration of periodic attractors in speech reveals that dynamical equilibrium point models do not account for all possible modes of speech motor behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{He2019,
  author    = {He, Hai},
  title     = {Exploring and engineering formaldehyde assimilation},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47386},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473867},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 105},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Increasing concerns regarding the environmental impact of our chemical production have shifted attention towards possibilities for sustainable biotechnology. One-carbon (C1) compounds, including methane, methanol, formate and CO, are promising feedstocks for future bioindustry. CO2 is another interesting feedstock, as it can also be transformed using renewable energy to other C1 feedstocks for use. While formaldehyde is not suitable as a feedstock due to its high toxicity, it is a central intermediate in the process of C1 assimilation. This thesis explores formaldehyde metabolism and aims to engineer formaldehyde assimilation in the model organism Escherichia coli for the future C1-based bioindustry. The first chapter of the thesis aims to establish growth of E. coli on formaldehyde via the most efficient naturally occurring route, the ribulose monophosphate pathway. Linear variants of the pathway were constructed in multiple-gene knockouts strains, coupling E. coli growth to the activities of the key enzymes of the pathway. Formaldehyde-dependent growth was achieved in rationally designed strains. In the final strain, the synthetic pathway provides the cell with almost all biomass and energy requirements. In the second chapter, taking advantage of the unique feature of its reactivity, formaldehyde assimilation via condensation with glycine and pyruvate by two promiscuous aldolases was explored. Facilitated by these two reactions, the newly designed homoserine cycle is expected to support higher yields of a wide array of products than its counterparts. By dividing the pathway into segments and coupling them to the growth of dedicated strains, all pathway reactions were demonstrated to be sufficiently active. The work paves a way for future implementation of a highly efficient route for C1 feedstocks into commodity chemicals. In the third chapter, the in vivo rate of the spontaneous formaldehyde tetrahydrofolate condensation to methylene-tetrahydrofolate was assessed in order to evaluate its applicability as a biotechnological process. Tested within an E. coli strain deleted in essential genes for native methylene-tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, the reaction was shown to support the production of this essential intermediate. However, only low growth rates were observed and only at high formaldehyde concentrations. Computational analysis dependent on in vivo evidence from this strain deduced the slow rate of this spontaneous reaction, thus ruling out its substantial contribution to growth on C1 feedstocks. The reactivity of formaldehyde makes it highly toxic. In the last chapter, the formation of thioproline, the condensation product of cysteine and formaldehyde, was confirmed to contribute this toxicity effect. Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase (PepP), which genetically links with folate metabolism, was shown to hydrolyze thioproline-containing peptides. Deleting pepP increased strain sensitivity to formaldehyde, pointing towards the toxicity of thioproline-containing peptides and the importance of their removal. The characterization in this study could be useful in handling this toxic intermediate. Overall, this thesis identified challenges related to formaldehyde metabolism and provided novel solutions towards a future bioindustry based on sustainable C1 feedstocks in which formaldehyde serves as a key intermediate.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Melani2019,
  author    = {Melani, Giacomo},
  title     = {From structural fluctuations to vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbates on surfaces},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44182},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {119},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aluminum oxide is an Earth-abundant geological material, and its interaction with water is of crucial importance for geochemical and environmental processes. Some aluminum oxide surfaces are also known to be useful in heterogeneous catalysis, while the surface chemistry of aqueous oxide interfaces determines the corrosion, growth and dissolution of such materials. In this doctoral work, we looked mainly at the (0001) surface of α-Al 2 O 3 and its reactivity towards water. In particular, a great focus of this work is dedicated to simulate and address the vibrational spectra of water adsorbed on the α-alumina(0001) surface in various conditions and at different coverages. In fact, the main source of comparison and inspiration for this work comes from the collaboration with the "Interfacial Molecular Spectroscopy" group led by Dr. R. Kramer Campen at the Fritz-Haber Institute of the MPG in Berlin. The expertise of our project partners in surface-sensitive Vibrational Sum Frequency (VSF) generation spectroscopy was crucial to develop and adapt specific simulation schemes used in this work. Methodologically, the main approach employed in this thesis is Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) based on periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the PBE functional with D2 dispersion correction. The analysis of vibrational frequencies from both a static and a dynamic, finite-temperature perspective offers the ability to investigate the water / aluminum oxide interface in close connection to experiment. The first project presented in this work considers the characterization of dissociatively adsorbed deuterated water on the Al-terminated (0001) surface. This particular structure is known from both experiment and theory to be the thermodynamically most stable surface termination of α-alumina in Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions. Based on experiments performed by our colleagues at FHI, different adsorption sites and products have been proposed and identified for D 2 O. While previous theoretical investigations only looked at vibrational frequencies of dissociated OD groups by staticNormal Modes Analysis (NMA), we rather employed a more sophisticated approach to directly assess vibrational spectra (like IR and VSF) at finite temperature from AIMD. In this work, we have employed a recent implementation which makes use of velocity-velocity autocorrelation functions to simulate such spectral responses of O-H(D) bonds. This approach allows for an efficient and qualitatively accurate estimation of Vibrational Densities of States (VDOS) as well as IR and VSF spectra, which are then tested against experimental spectra from our collaborators. In order to extend previous work on unimolecularly dissociated water on α-Al 2 O 3 , we then considered a different system, namely, a fully hydroxylated (0001) surface, which results from the reconstruction of the UHV-stable Al-terminated surface at high water contents. This model is then further extended by considering a hydroxylated surface with additional water molecules, forming a two-dimensional layer which serves as a potential template to simulate an aqueous interface in environmental conditions. Again, employing finite-temperature AIMD trajectories at the PBE+D2 level, we investigated the behaviour of both hydroxylated surface (HS) and the water-covered structure derived from it (known as HS+2ML). A full range of spectra, from VDOS to IR and VSF, is then calculated using the same methodology, as described above. This is the main focus of the second project, reported in Chapter 5. In this case, comparison between theoretical spectra and experimental data is definitely good. In particular, we underline the nature of high-frequency resonances observed above 3700 cm -1 in VSF experiments to be associated with surface OH-groups, known as "aluminols" which are a key fingerprint of the fully hydroxylated surface. In the third and last project, which is presented in Chapter 6, the extension of VSF spectroscopy experiments to the time-resolved regime offered us the opportunity to investigate vibrational energy relaxation at the α-alumina / water interface. Specifically, using again DFT-based AIMD simulations, we simulated vibrational lifetimes for surface aluminols as experimentally detected via pump-probe VSF. We considered the water-covered HS model as a potential candidate to address this problem. The vibrational (IR) excitation and subsequent relaxation is performed by means of a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics scheme. In such a scheme, we specifically looked at the O-H stretching mode of surface aluminols. Afterwards, the analysis of non-equilibrium trajectories allows for an estimation of relaxation times in the order of 2-4 ps which are in overall agreement with measured ones. The aim of this work has been to provide, within a consistent theoretical framework, a better understanding of vibrational spectroscopy and dynamics for water on the α-alumina(0001) surface,ranging from very low water coverage (similar to the UHV case) up to medium-high coverages, resembling the hydroxylated oxide in environmental moist conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wozny2019,
  author    = {Wozny, Florian},
  title     = {Three empirical essays in health economics},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46991},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469910},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {200},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Modern health care systems are characterized by pronounced prevention and cost-optimized treatments. This dissertation offers novel empirical evidence on how useful such measures can be. The first chapter analyzes how radiation, a main pollutant in health care, can negatively affect cognitive health. The second chapter focuses on the effect of Low Emission Zones on public heath, as air quality is the major external source of health problems. Both chapters point out potentials for preventive measures. Finally, chapter three studies how changes in treatment prices affect the reallocation of hospital resources. In the following, I briefly summarize each chapter and discuss implications for health care systems as well as other policy areas. Based on the National Educational Panel Study that is linked to data on radiation, chapter one shows that radiation can have negative long-term effects on cognitive skills, even at subclinical doses. Exploiting arguably exogenous variation in soil contamination in Germany due to the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, the findings show that people exposed to higher radiation perform significantly worse in cognitive tests 25 years later. Identification is ensured by abnormal rainfall within a critical period of ten days. The results show that the effect is stronger among older cohorts than younger cohorts, which is consistent with radiation accelerating cognitive decline as people get older. On average, a one-standarddeviation increase in the initial level of CS137 (around 30 chest x-rays) is associated with a decrease in the cognitive skills by 4.1 percent of a standard deviation (around 0.05 school years). Chapter one shows that sub-clinical levels of radiation can have negative consequences even after early childhood. This is of particular importance because most of the literature focuses on exposure very early in life, often during pregnancy. However, population exposed after birth is over 100 times larger. These results point to substantial external human capital costs of radiation which can be reduced by choices of medical procedures. There is a large potential for reductions because about one-third of all CT scans are assumed to be not medically justified (Brenner and Hall, 2007). If people receive unnecessary CT scans because of economic incentives, this chapter points to additional external costs of health care policies. Furthermore, the results can inform the cost-benefit trade-off for medically indicated procedures. Chapter two provides evidence about the effectiveness of Low Emission Zones. Low Emission Zones are typically justified by improvements in population health. However, there is little evidence about the potential health benefits from policy interventions aiming at improving air quality in inner-cities. The chapter ask how the coverage of Low Emission Zones air pollution and hospitalization, by exploiting variation in the roll out of Low Emission Zones in Germany. It combines information on the geographic coverage of Low Emission Zones with rich panel data on the universe of German hospitals over the period from 2006 to 2016 with precise information on hospital locations and the annual frequency of detailed diagnoses. In order to establish that our estimates of Low Emission Zones' health impacts can indeed be attributed to improvements in local air quality, we use data from Germany's official air pollution monitoring system and assign monitor locations to Low Emission Zones and test whether measures of air pollution are affected by the coverage of a Low Emission Zone. Results in chapter two confirm former results showing that the introduction of Low Emission Zones improved air quality significantly by reducing NO2 and PM10 concentrations. Furthermore, the chapter shows that hospitals which catchment areas are covered by a Low Emission Zone, diagnose significantly less air pollution related diseases, in particular by reducing the incidents of chronic diseases of the circulatory and the respiratory system. The effect is stronger before 2012, which is consistent with a general improvement in the vehicle fleet's emission standards. Depending on the disease, a one-standard-deviation increase in the coverage of a hospitals catchment area covered by a Low Emission Zone reduces the yearly number of diagnoses up to 5 percent. These findings have strong implications for policy makers. In 2015, overall costs for health care in Germany were around 340 billion euros, of which 46 billion euros for diseases of the circulatory system, making it the most expensive type of disease caused by 2.9 million cases (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2017b). Hence, reductions in the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system may directly reduce society's health care costs. Whereas chapter one and two study the demand-side in health care markets and thus preventive potential, chapter three analyzes the supply-side. By exploiting the same hospital panel data set as in chapter two, chapter three studies the effect of treatment price shocks on the reallocation of hospital resources in Germany. Starting in 2005, the implementation of the German-DRG-System led to general idiosyncratic treatment price shocks for individual hospitals. Thus far there is little evidence of the impact of general price shocks on the reallocation of hospital resources. Additionally, I add to the exiting literature by showing that price shocks can have persistent effects on hospital resources even when these shocks vanish. However, simple OLS regressions would underestimate the true effect, due to endogenous treatment price shocks. I implement a novel instrument variable strategy that exploits the exogenous variation in the number of days of snow in hospital catchment areas. A peculiarity of the reform allowed variation in days of snow to have a persistent impact on treatment prices. I find that treatment price increases lead to increases in input factors such as nursing staff, physicians and the range of treatments offered but to decreases in the treatment volume. This indicates supplier-induced demand. Furthermore, the probability of hospital mergers and privatization decreases. Structural differences in pre-treatment characteristics between hospitals enhance these effects. For instance, private and larger hospitals are more affected. IV estimates reveal that OLS results are biased towards zero in almost all dimensions because structural hospital differences are correlated with the reallocation of hospital resources. These results are important for several reasons. The G-DRG-Reform led to a persistent polarization of hospital resources, as some hospitals were exposed to treatment price increases, while others experienced reductions. If hospitals increase the treatment volume as a response to price reductions by offering unnecessary therapies, it has a negative impact on population wellbeing and public spending. However, results show a decrease in the range of treatments if prices decrease. Hospitals might specialize more, thus attracting more patients. From a policy perspective it is important to evaluate if such changes in the range of treatments jeopardize an adequate nationwide provision of treatments. Furthermore, the results show a decrease in the number of nurses and physicians if prices decrease. This could partly explain the nursing crisis in German hospitals. However, since hospitals specialize more they might be able to realize efficiency gains which justify reductions in input factors without loses in quality. Further research is necessary to provide evidence for the impact of the G-DRG-Reform on health care quality. Another important aspect are changes in the organizational structure. Many public hospitals have been privatized or merged. The findings show that this is at least partly driven by the G-DRG-Reform. This can again lead to a lack in services offered in some regions if merged hospitals specialize more or if hospitals are taken over by ecclesiastical organizations which do not provide all treatments due to moral conviction. Overall, this dissertation reveals large potential for preventive health care measures and helps to explain reallocation processes in the hospital sector if treatment prices change. Furthermore, its findings have potentially relevant implications for other areas of public policy. Chapter one identifies an effect of low dose radiation on cognitive health. As mankind is searching for new energy sources, nuclear power is becoming popular again. However, results of chapter one point to substantial costs of nuclear energy which have not been accounted yet. Chapter two finds strong evidence that air quality improvements by Low Emission Zones translate into health improvements, even at relatively low levels of air pollution. These findings may, for instance, be of relevance to design further policies targeted at air pollution such as diesel bans. As pointed out in chapter three, the implementation of DRG-Systems may have unintended side-effects on the reallocation of hospital resources. This may also apply to other providers in the health care sector such as resident doctors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Groetz2019,
  author    = {Gr{\"o}tz, Vera Katharina},
  title     = {St{\"a}dtebauliche Vertr{\"a}ge zur Baulandbereitstellung},
  series = {Europ{\"a}ische Hochschulschriften Recht ; 6177},
  journal   = {Europ{\"a}ische Hochschulschriften Recht ; 6177},
  publisher = {Peter Lang},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-631-81617-2},
  doi       = {10.3726/b17133},
  pages     = {216},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bartel2019,
  author    = {Bartel, Melanie},
  title     = {Kernresonanz-Strukturuntersuchungen an alternativen Precursoren und deren Zwischenprodukten f{\"u}r die Herstellung von Carbonfasern f{\"u}r den Massenmarkt},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46930},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469301},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XII, 101, XXV},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Carbonfasern haben sich in der Luft- und Raumfahrt etabliert und gewinnen in Alltagsanwendungen wie dem Automobilbereich, Windkraft- und Sportbereich durch ihre hohen Zugfestigkeiten, insbesondere ihrer hohen E-Moduli, und ihrer geringen Dichte immer mehr an Bedeutung. Auf Grund ihrer hohen Kosten, welche sich zur H{\"a}lfte aus der Precursorherstellung, inklusive seiner Synthese und seinem Verspinnprozess, dem L{\"o}sungsspinnverfahren, ergeben, erhalten zunehmend alternative und schmelzspinnbare Precursoren Interesse. F{\"u}r die Carbonfaserherstellung wird fast ausschließlich Polyacrylnitril (PAN) verwendet, das vor dem Schmelzen irreversible exotherme Zyklisierungsreaktionen aufweist, welchen sich seine Zersetzung anschließt. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit der Reduzierung der Schmelztemperatur von Polymeren ist die Einbringung von Comonomeren zur Erh{\"o}hung des freien Volumens und die Reduzierung der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen als interne Weichmacher. Wie am Fraunhofer IAP gezeigt wurde, kann mittels 2-Methoxyethylacrylat (MEA) die Schmelztemperatur zu neuartigen PAN-basierten Precursoren verringert werden. Um den PAN-co-MEA-Precursor f{\"u}r die nachfolgenden Prozessschritte der Carbonfaserherstellung zu verwenden, m{\"u}ssen die thermoplastischen Fasern in thermisch stabile Fasern ohne thermoplastisches Verhalten {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt werden. Es wurde ein neuer Prozessschritt (Pr{\"a}stabilisierung) eingef{\"u}hrt, welcher unter alkalischen Bedingungen zur Abspaltung der Comonomerseitenkette f{\"u}hrt. Neben der Esterhydrolyse finden Reaktionen statt, welche an diesem Material noch nicht hinreichend untersucht wurden. Weiterhin stellt sich die Frage nach der Kinetik der Pr{\"a}stabilisierung und der Ermittlung einer geeigneten Prozessf{\"u}hrung. Hierzu wurde die Pr{\"a}stabilisierung in den Labormaßstab {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt und die m{\"o}glichen Zusammensetzungen des aus DMSO und einer KOH-L{\"o}sung bestehenden Reaktionsmediums evaluiert. Weiterhin wurde die Behandlung bei verschiedenen Pr{\"a}stabilisierungszeiten von maximal 30 min und Temperaturen von 40, 50 und 60 °C durchgef{\"u}hrt, um prim{\"a}r mittels NMR-Spektroskopie die chemischen Struktur{\"a}nderungen aufzukl{\"a}ren. Die Esterhydrolyse des Comonomers, welche zur Abspaltung des 2-Methoxyethanols f{\"u}hrt, wurde mittels 1H-NMR-spektroskopischer Untersuchungen detektiert. Es wurde ein Modell aufgestellt, das die chemisch-physikalischen Struktur{\"a}nderungen w{\"a}hrend der Pr{\"a}stabilisierung aufzeigt. Die zuerst ablaufende Reaktion ist die Esterhydrolyse am Comonomer, welche vom Faserrand nach innen verl{\"a}uft und durch die Pr{\"a}senz des DMSO in Kombination mit der KOH-L{\"o}sung (Superbase) initiiert wird. Der zeitliche Reaktionsverlauf der Esterhydrolyse kann in drei Bereiche eingeteilt werden. Der erste Bereich ab dem Pr{\"a}stabilisierungsbeginn wird durch die Diffusion der basischen Anionen in die Faser, der zweite Bereich durch die Reaktion an der Estergruppe des Comonomers und der dritte Bereich durch letzte Reaktionen im Faserinneren und diffusiven Prozessen der Produkte und Edukte charakterisiert. Der zweite Bereich kann mit einer Reaktion pseudo 1. Ordnung abgebildet werden, da in diesem Bereich bereits eine ausreichende Diffusion der Edukte in die Faser stattgefunden hat. Bei 50 °C spielt die Diffusion im ersten Bereich im Vergleich zur Reaktion eine untergeordnete Rolle. Mit Erh{\"o}hung der Temperatur auf 60 °C kann eine im Verh{\"a}ltnis geringere Diffusions- als Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beobachtet werden. Die Nebenreaktionen wurden mittels 13C-CP/MAS-NMR-spektroskopischen, elementaranlaytischen Untersuchungen sowie Doppelbrechungsmessungen charakterisiert. W{\"a}hrend der alkalischen Esterhydrolyse beginnt die Reduzierung der Nitrilgruppen unter der Bildung von prim{\"a}ren Carbons{\"a}ureamiden und Carbons{\"a}uren. Zur Beschreibung dieser Umsetzung wurde eine Methode entwickelt, welche die Addition von 13C-CP/MAS-NMR-Spektren der Modellsubstanzen PAN, PAM und PAA beinhaltet. Weitere stattfindende Reaktionen sind die Bildung von konjugierten Doppelbindungen, welche insbesondere auf eine Zyklisierung der Nitrile hinweisen. Die nasschemisch initiierte Zyklisierung der Nitrilgruppen kann zu k{\"u}rzeren Stabilisierungszeiten und einem besser kontrollierbaren Stabilisierungsprozess durch geringere W{\"a}rmefreisetzung und schlussendlich zu einer Kostenersparnis des gesamten Verfahrens f{\"u}hren. Die Umsetzung der Nitrilgruppen konnte mit einer Reaktion pseudo 1. Ordnung gut abgebildet werden. DMSO initiiert die Esterhydrolyse, wobei die KOH-Konzentration einen h{\"o}heren Einfluss auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Ester- und Nitrilhydrolyse als die DMSO-Konzentration besitzt. Beide Reaktionen zeigen eine vergleichbare Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Temperatur. Die Erh{\"o}hung der Pr{\"a}stabilisierungszeit und der KOH- bzw. DMSO-Konzentration f{\"u}hrt zur Migration niedermolekularer Bestandteile des Fasermaterials an die Oberfl{\"a}che und der Bildung punktueller Ablagerungen bis hin zu miteinander verbundenen Einzelfasern. Eine weitere Erh{\"o}hung der Pr{\"a}stabilisierungszeit bzw. der Konzentration f{\"u}hrt zu einem steigenden Carbons{\"a}ureanteil und zur Quellung des Fasermaterials, wodurch die Ablagerungen in das Reaktionsmedium diffundieren. Die Ablagerungen enthalten Chlor, welches durch den Waschvorgang mit HCl in das Materialsystem gelangt ist und durch Parameteranpassungen reduziert wurde. Die schmelzbaren Fasern konnten durch die Pr{\"a}stabilisierung erfolgreich {\"u}ber eine Kern-Mantel-Struktur in nicht-thermoplastische Fasern {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt werden. Zur Ermittlung eines geeigneten Prozessfensters f{\"u}r nachfolgende thermische Beanspruchungen der pr{\"a}stabilisierten Fasern wurden drei Kriterien identifiziert, anhand welcher die Evaluation erfolgte. Das erste Kriterium beinhaltet die Notwendigkeit der vollst{\"a}ndigen Aufhebung der thermoplastischen Eigenschaft der Fasern. Als zweites Kriterium diente die Fasermorphologie. Anhand von REM-Aufnahmen wurden Faserb{\"u}ndel mit separierten Einzelfasern ohne Ablagerungen f{\"u}r die nachfolgende Stabilisierung ausgew{\"a}hlt. Das dritte Kriterium bezieht sich auf eine m{\"o}glichst geringe Umsetzung der Nitrilgruppen, um Pr{\"a}stabilisierungsbedingungen mit Nebenreaktionen zu vermeiden. Aus den Untersuchungen konnte eine Pr{\"a}stabilisierungstemperatur von 60 °C als geeignet identifiziert werden. Weiterhin f{\"u}hren hoch alkalische Zusammensetzungen des Reaktionsmediums mit KOH-Konzentrationen von 1, 1,5 und 2 M, vorzugsweise 1,5 M und 50 vol\% DMSO mit Reaktionszeiten von unter 10 min zu geeigneten Fasern. Ein MEA-Anteil unterhalb von 2 mol\% bewirkt eine {\"U}berf{\"u}hrung in die Unschmelzbarkeit. Thermisch stabile und f{\"u}r die nachfolgende Stabilisierung geeignete Fasern besitzen weiterhin 68 - 80 mol\% Nitrilgruppen, 20 - 25 mol\% Carbons{\"a}uren, bis zu 15 mol\% prim{\"a}re Carbons{\"a}ureamide und zyklisierte Strukturen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Thiede2019,
  author    = {Thiede, Tobias},
  title     = {A multiscale analysis of additively manufactured lattice structures},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47041},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470418},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 97, LIII},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Additive Manufacturing (AM) in terms of laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) offers new prospects regarding the design of parts and enables therefore the production of lattice structures. These lattice structures shall be implemented in various industrial applications (e.g. gas turbines) for reasons of material savings or cooling channels. However, internal defects, residual stress, and structural deviations from the nominal geometry are unavoidable. In this work, the structural integrity of lattice structures manufactured by means of L-PBF was non-destructively investigated on a multiscale approach. A workflow for quantitative 3D powder analysis in terms of particle size, particle shape, particle porosity, inter-particle distance and packing density was established. Synchrotron computed tomography (CT) was used to correlate the packing density with the particle size and particle shape. It was also observed that at least about 50\% of the powder porosity was released during production of the struts. Struts are the component of lattice structures and were investigated by means of laboratory CT. The focus was on the influence of the build angle on part porosity and surface quality. The surface topography analysis was advanced by the quantitative characterisation of re-entrant surface features. This characterisation was compared with conventional surface parameters showing their complementary information, but also the need for AM specific surface parameters. The mechanical behaviour of the lattice structure was investigated with in-situ CT under compression and successive digital volume correlation (DVC). The deformation was found to be knot-dominated, and therefore the lattice folds unit cell layer wise. The residual stress was determined experimentally for the first time in such lattice structures. Neutron diffraction was used for the non-destructive 3D stress investigation. The principal stress directions and values were determined in dependence of the number of measured directions. While a significant uni-axial stress state was found in the strut, a more hydrostatic stress state was found in the knot. In both cases, strut and knot, seven directions were at least needed to find reliable principal stress directions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Farhy2019,
  author    = {Farhy, Yael},
  title     = {Universals and particulars in morphology},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47003},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470033},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VI, 167},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {For many years, psycholinguistic evidence has been predominantly based on findings from native speakers of Indo-European languages, primarily English, thus providing a rather limited perspective into the human language system. In recent years a growing body of experimental research has been devoted to broadening this picture, testing a wide range of speakers and languages, aiming to understanding the factors that lead to variability in linguistic performance. The present dissertation investigates sources of variability within the morphological domain, examining how and to what extent morphological processes and representations are shaped by specific properties of languages and speakers. Firstly, the present work focuses on a less explored language, Hebrew, to investigate how the unique non-concatenative morphological structure of Hebrew, namely a non-linear combination of consonantal roots and vowel patterns to form lexical entries (L-M-D + CiCeC = limed 'teach'), affects morphological processes and representations in the Hebrew lexicon. Secondly, a less investigated population was tested: late learners of a second language. We directly compare native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers, specifically highly proficient and immersed late learners of Hebrew. Throughout all publications, we have focused on a morphological phenomenon of inflectional classes (called binyanim; singular: binyan), comparing productive (class Piel, e.g., limed 'teach') and unproductive (class Paal, e.g., lamad 'learn') verbal inflectional classes. By using this test case, two psycholinguistic aspects of morphology were examined: (i) how morphological structure affects online recognition of complex words, using masked priming (Publications I and II) and cross-modal priming (Publication III) techniques, and (ii) what type of cues are used when extending morpho-phonological patterns to novel complex forms, a process referred to as morphological generalization, using an elicited production task (Publication IV). The findings obtained in the four manuscripts, either published or under review, provide significant insights into the role of productivity in Hebrew morphological processing and generalization in L1 and L2 speakers. Firstly, the present L1 data revealed a close relationship between productivity of Hebrew verbal classes and recognition process, as revealed in both priming techniques. The consonantal root was accessed only in the productive class (Piel) but not the unproductive class (Paal). Another dissociation between the two classes was revealed in the cross-modal priming, yielding a semantic relatedness effect only for Paal but not Piel primes. These findings are taken to reflect that the Hebrew mental representations display a balance between stored undecomposable unstructured stems (Paal) and decomposed structured stems (Piel), in a similar manner to a typical dual-route architecture, showing that the Hebrew mental lexicon is less unique than previously claimed in psycholinguistic research. The results of the generalization study, however, indicate that there are still substantial differences between inflectional classes of Hebrew and other Indo-European classes, particularly in the type of information they rely on in generalization to novel forms. Hebrew binyan generalization relies more on cues of argument structure and less on phonological cues. Secondly, clear L1/L2 differences were observed in the sensitivity to abstract morphological and morpho-syntactic information during complex word recognition and generalization. While L1 Hebrew speakers were sensitive to the binyan information during recognition, expressed by the contrast in root priming, L2 speakers showed similar root priming effects for both classes, but only when the primes were presented in an infinitive form. A root priming effect was not obtained for primes in a finite form. These patterns are interpreted as evidence for a reduced sensitivity of L2 speakers to morphological information, such as information about inflectional classes, and evidence for processing costs in recognition of forms carrying complex morpho-syntactic information. Reduced reliance on structural information cues was found in production of novel verbal forms, when the L2 group displayed a weaker effect of argument structure for Piel responses, in comparison to the L1 group. Given the L2 results, we suggest that morphological and morphosyntactic information remains challenging for late bilinguals, even at high proficiency levels.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schroeder2019,
  author    = {Schr{\"o}der, Ariane},
  title     = {Biological Inf(1)ections of the American Dream},
  publisher = {Lit},
  address   = {Wien},
  isbn      = {978-3-643-91274-9},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {295},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{StutterGarcia2019,
  author    = {Stutter Garcia, Ana},
  title     = {The use of grammatical knowledge in an additional language},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46932},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xviii, 340},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis investigates whether multilingual speakers' use of grammatical constraints in an additional language (La) is affected by the native (L1) and non-native grammars (L2) of their linguistic repertoire. Previous studies have used untimed measures of grammatical performance to show that L1 and L2 grammars affect the initial stages of La acquisition. This thesis extends this work by examining whether speakers at intermediate levels of La proficiency, who demonstrate mature untimed/offline knowledge of the target La constraints, are differentially affected by their L1 and L2 knowledge when they comprehend sentences under processing pressure. With this purpose, several groups of La German speakers were tested on word order and agreement phenomena using online/timed measures of grammatical knowledge. Participants had mirror distributions of their prior languages and they were either L1English/L2Spanish speakers or L1Spanish/L2English speakers. Crucially, in half of the phenomena the target La constraint aligned with English but not with Spanish, while in the other half it aligned with Spanish but not with English. Results show that the L1 grammar plays a major role in the use of La constraints under processing pressure, as participants displayed increased sensitivity to La constraints when they aligned with their L1, and reduced sensitivity when they did not. Further, in specific phenomena in which the L2 and La constraints aligned, increased L2 proficiency resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to the La constraint. These findings suggest that both native and non-native grammars affect how speakers use La grammatical constraints under processing pressure. However, L1 and L2 grammars differentially influence on participants' performance: While L1 constraints seem to be reliably recruited to cope with the processing demands of real-time La use, proficiency in an L2 can enhance sensitivity to La constraints only in specific circumstances, namely when L2 and La constraints align.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Guislain2019,
  author    = {Guislain, Alexis},
  title     = {Eco-physiological consequences of fluctuating light on phytoplankton},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46927},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469272},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {161},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Phytoplankton growth depends not only on the mean intensity but also on the dynamics of the light supply. The nonlinear light-dependency of growth is characterized by a small number of basic parameters: the compensation light intensity PARcompμ, where production and losses are balanced, the growth efficiency at sub-saturating light αµ, and the maximum growth rate at saturating light µmax. In surface mixed layers, phytoplankton may rapidly move between high light intensities and almost darkness. Because of the different frequency distribution of light and/or acclimation processes, the light-dependency of growth may differ between constant and fluctuating light. Very few studies measured growth under fluctuating light at a sufficient number of mean light intensities to estimate the parameters of the growth-irradiance relationship. Hence, the influence of light dynamics on µmax, αµ and PARcompμ are still largely unknown. By extension, accurate modelling predictions of phytoplankton development under fluctuating light exposure remain difficult to make. This PhD thesis does not intend to directly extrapolate few experimental results to aquatic systems - but rather improving the mechanistic understanding of the variation of the light-dependency of growth under light fluctuations and effects on phytoplankton development. In Lake TaiHu and at the Three Gorges Reservoir (China), we incubated phytoplankton communities in bottles placed either at fixed depths or moved vertically through the water column to mimic vertical mixing. Phytoplankton at fixed depths received only the diurnal changes in light (defined as constant light regime), while phytoplankton received rapidly fluctuating light by superimposing the vertical light gradient on the natural sinusoidal diurnal sunlight. The vertically moved samples followed a circular movement with 20 min per revolution, replicating to some extent the full overturn of typical Langmuir cells. Growth, photosynthesis, oxygen production and respiration of communities (at Lake TaiHu) were measured. To complete these investigations, a physiological experiment was performed in the laboratory on a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (FACBH 1322) incubated under 20 min period fluctuating light. Here, we measured electron transport rates and net oxygen production at a much higher time resolution (single minute timescale). The present PhD thesis provides evidence for substantial effects of fluctuating light on the eco-physiology of phytoplankton. Both experiments performed under semi-natural conditions in Lake TaiHu and at the Three Gorges Reservoir gave similar results. The significant decline in community growth efficiencies αµ under fluctuating light was caused for a great share by different frequency distribution of light intensities that shortened the effective daylength for production. The remaining gap in community αµ was attributed to species-specific photoacclimation mechanisms and to light-dependent respiratory losses. In contrast, community maximal growth rates µmax were similar between incubations at constant and fluctuating light. At daily growth saturating light supply, differences in losses for biosynthesis between the two light regimes were observed. Phytoplankton experiencing constant light suffered photo-inhibition - leading to photosynthesis foregone and additional respiratory costs for photosystems repair. On the contrary, intermittent exposure to low and high light intensities prevented photo-inhibition of mixed algae but forced them to develop alternative light strategy. They better harvested and exploited surface irradiance by enhancing their photosynthesis. In the laboratory, we showed that Microcystis aeruginosa increased its oxygen consumption by dark respiration in the light few minutes only after exposure to increasing light intensities. More, we proved that within a simulated Langmuir cell, the net production at saturating light and the compensation light intensity for production at limiting light are positively related. These results are best explained by an accumulation of photosynthetic products at increasing irradiance and mobilization of these fresh resources by rapid enhancement of dark respiration for maintenance and biosynthesis at decreasing irradiance. At the daily timescale, we showed that the enhancement of photosynthesis at high irradiance for biosynthesis of species increased their maintenance respiratory costs at limiting light. Species-specific growth at saturating light µmax and compensation light intensity for growth PARcompμ of species incubated in Lake TaiHu were positively related. Because of this species-specific physiological tradeoff, species displayed different light affinities to limiting and saturating light - thereby exhibiting a gleaner-opportunist tradeoff. In Lake TaiHu, we showed that inter-specific differences in light acquisition traits (µmax and PARcompμ) allowed coexis¬tence of species on a gradient of constant light while avoiding competitive exclusion. More interestingly we demonstrated for the first time that vertical mixing (inducing fluctuating light supply for phytoplankton) may alter or even reverse the light utilization strategies of species within couple of days. The intra-specific variation in traits under fluctuating light increased the niche space for acclimated species, precluding competitive exclusion. Overall, this PhD thesis contributes to a better understanding of phytoplankton eco-physiology under fluctuating light supply. This work could enhance the quality of predictions of phytoplankton development under certain weather conditions or climate change scenarios.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Messi2019,
  author    = {Messi, Hugues Urbain Patrick},
  title     = {Les sources du savoir - l'expression de l'inf{\´e}rence en Fran{\c{c}}ais},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46961},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469612},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {iii, 291},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {1. Unter Mediativit{\"a}t verstehen wir in dieser Dissertation die sprachliche Markierung der Informationsquelle. Ein Sprecher, der einen Sachverhalt vermittelt, hat die M{\"o}glichkeit durch sprachliche Mittel ausdr{\"u}cklich zu markieren, wie er die {\"u}bermittelte Information bekommen hat. Um diese Informationsquelle sprachlich zu deuten, werden im Franz{\"o}sischen unter anderem einige Verben als mediative Marker (MM) verwendet. 2. Die untersuchten Elemente croire, imaginer, paraitre, penser, savoir, sembler, supposer, trouver sind „mediatiave Verben". Jedes der untersuchten Verben weist besondere semantische und pragmatische Eigenschaften auf, die immer mit dem Ausdruck der Wissensquelle verbunden sind. Es handelt sich also um kognitive Verben (KV), die eine sprachliche Markierung der Informationsquelle vornehmen. Nach ihrem Verhalten in solchen Kontexten erf{\"u}llen sie die Funktion der „mediatiaven Markierung". 3. Die epistemische Modalit{\"a}t ist der Meditivit{\"a}t untergeordnet. Die Erscheinungsform der Modalit{\"a}t (Modalit{\"a}tstyp) bestimmt die St{\"a}rke der epistemischen Modalit{\"a}t. Keines der analysierten Verben dr{\"u}ckt lediglich eine epistemische Leseart aus. Die Dichotomie zwischen der mediativen und epistemischen Modalit{\"a}t besteht darin, dass die erste die Wissensquelle ausdr{\"u}ckt und die zweite ausschließlich die Einstellung des Sprechers gegen{\"u}ber dem Wahrheitsgrad der {\"A}ußerung widerspiegelt. 4. F{\"u}r alle Konstruktionen der Form [V/{\o}P] oder [V, P] ist P die Matrix des Satzes Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass - obwohl diese Konstituenten verschiedene Stellen besetzen k{\"o}nnen - sie dennoch ihre Funktionen als Matrix behalten, indem sie die Propositionen, auf die sie sich beziehen, unter ihrer Rektion behalten. 5. Die Konstruktion [V/{\o}P] und [V, P] stehen in freien Variation Da sich der Wechsel in einem vergleichbaren Kontext vollzieht, und da es in gleicher Umgebung eine freie Substitution gibt, handelt es sich bei den beiden Vorkommen [V/{\o}P] und [V, P] um syntaktische Varianten. 6. Der Konditional-Gebrauch dient haupts{\"a}chlich dazu, die Inferenztypen zu unterscheiden und gleichzeitig die zugrundeliegende Polyphonie zu verdeutlichen. Der Gebrauch des Konditionals dr{\"u}ckt aus, dass es sich nicht um eine zuverl{\"a}ssig zutreffende {\"A}ußerung handelt. Der Ausdruck von Zweifeln kann im Franz{\"o}sischen unter Verwendung spezifischer grammatischer Mittel erfolgen. Zu diesen geh{\"o}rt der Konditional zum Ausdruck der Mitigation (des Zweifels, der Reserviertheit usw.) und der Polyphonie.},
  language  = {fr}
}
@phdthesis{Crisologo2019,
  author    = {Crisologo, Irene},
  title     = {Using spaceborne radar platforms to enhance the homogeneity of weather radar calibration},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44570},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445704},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xvii, 61},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Accurate weather observations are the keystone to many quantitative applications, such as precipitation monitoring and nowcasting, hydrological modelling and forecasting, climate studies, as well as understanding precipitation-driven natural hazards (i.e. floods, landslides, debris flow). Weather radars have been an increasingly popular tool since the 1940s to provide high spatial and temporal resolution precipitation data at the mesoscale, bridging the gap between synoptic and point scale observations. Yet, many institutions still struggle to tap the potential of the large archives of reflectivity, as there is still much to understand about factors that contribute to measurement errors, one of which is calibration. Calibration represents a substantial source of uncertainty in quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). A miscalibration of a few dBZ can easily deteriorate the accuracy of precipitation estimates by an order of magnitude. Instances where rain cells carrying torrential rains are misidentified by the radar as moderate rain could mean the difference between a timely warning and a devastating flood. Since 2012, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) has been expanding the country's ground radar network. We had a first look into the dataset from one of the longest running radars (the Subic radar) after devastating week-long torrential rains and thunderstorms in August 2012 caused by the annual southwestmonsoon and enhanced by the north-passing Typhoon Haikui. The analysis of the rainfall spatial distribution revealed the added value of radar-based QPE in comparison to interpolated rain gauge observations. However, when compared with local gauge measurements, severe miscalibration of the Subic radar was found. As a consequence, the radar-based QPE would have underestimated the rainfall amount by up to 60\% if they had not been adjusted by rain gauge observations—a technique that is not only affected by other uncertainties, but which is also not feasible in other regions of the country with very sparse rain gauge coverage. Relative calibration techniques, or the assessment of bias from the reflectivity of two radars, has been steadily gaining popularity. Previous studies have demonstrated that reflectivity observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its successor, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), are accurate enough to serve as a calibration reference for ground radars over low-to-mid-latitudes (± 35 deg for TRMM; ± 65 deg for GPM). Comparing spaceborne radars (SR) and ground radars (GR) requires cautious consideration of differences in measurement geometry and instrument specifications, as well as temporal coincidence. For this purpose, we implement a 3-D volume matching method developed by Schwaller and Morris (2011) and extended by Warren et al. (2018) to 5 years worth of observations from the Subic radar. In this method, only the volumetric intersections of the SR and GR beams are considered. Calibration bias affects reflectivity observations homogeneously across the entire radar domain. Yet, other sources of systematic measurement errors are highly heterogeneous in space, and can either enhance or balance the bias introduced by miscalibration. In order to account for such heterogeneous errors, and thus isolate the calibration bias, we assign a quality index to each matching SR-GR volume, and thus compute the GR calibration bias as a qualityweighted average of reflectivity differences in any sample of matching SR-GR volumes. We exemplify the idea of quality-weighted averaging by using beam blockage fraction (BBF) as a quality variable. Quality-weighted averaging is able to increase the consistency of SR and GR observations by decreasing the standard deviation of the SR-GR differences, and thus increasing the precision of the bias estimates. To extend this framework further, the SR-GR quality-weighted bias estimation is applied to the neighboring Tagaytay radar, but this time focusing on path-integrated attenuation (PIA) as the source of uncertainty. Tagaytay is a C-band radar operating at a lower wavelength and is therefore more affected by attenuation. Applying the same method used for the Subic radar, a time series of calibration bias is also established for the Tagaytay radar. Tagaytay radar sits at a higher altitude than the Subic radar and is surrounded by a gentler terrain, so beam blockage is negligible, especially in the overlapping region. Conversely, Subic radar is largely affected by beam blockage in the overlapping region, but being an SBand radar, attenuation is considered negligible. This coincidentally independent uncertainty contributions of each radar in the region of overlap provides an ideal environment to experiment with the different scenarios of quality filtering when comparing reflectivities from the two ground radars. The standard deviation of the GR-GR differences already decreases if we consider either BBF or PIA to compute the quality index and thus the weights. However, combining them multiplicatively resulted in the largest decrease in standard deviation, suggesting that taking both factors into account increases the consistency between the matched samples. The overlap between the two radars and the instances of the SR passing over the two radars at the same time allows for verification of the SR-GR quality-weighted bias estimation method. In this regard, the consistency between the two ground radars is analyzed before and after bias correction is applied. For cases when all three radars are coincident during a significant rainfall event, the correction of GR reflectivities with calibration bias estimates from SR overpasses dramatically improves the consistency between the two ground radars which have shown incoherent observations before correction. We also show that for cases where adequate SR coverage is unavailable, interpolating the calibration biases using a moving average can be used to correct the GR observations for any point in time to some extent. By using the interpolated biases to correct GR observations, we demonstrate that bias correction reduces the absolute value of the mean difference in most cases, and therefore improves the consistency between the two ground radars. This thesis demonstrates that in general, taking into account systematic sources of uncertainty that are heterogeneous in space (e.g. BBF) and time (e.g. PIA) allows for a more consistent estimation of calibration bias, a homogeneous quantity. The bias still exhibits an unexpected variability in time, which hints that there are still other sources of errors that remain unexplored. Nevertheless, the increase in consistency between SR and GR as well as between the two ground radars, suggests that considering BBF and PIA in a weighted-averaging approach is a step in the right direction. Despite the ample room for improvement, the approach that combines volume matching between radars (either SR-GR or GR-GR) and quality-weighted comparison is readily available for application or further scrutiny. As a step towards reproducibility and transparency in atmospheric science, the 3D matching procedure and the analysis workflows as well as sample data are made available in public repositories. Open-source software such as Python and wradlib are used for all radar data processing in this thesis. This approach towards open science provides both research institutions and weather services with a valuable tool that can be applied to radar calibration, from monitoring to a posteriori correction of archived data.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vranic2019,
  author    = {Vranic, Marija},
  title     = {3D Structure of the biomarker hepcidin-25 in its native state},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-45929},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459295},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xii, 135},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Hepcidin-25 (Hep-25) plays a crucial role in the control of iron homeostasis. Since the dysfunction of the hepcidin pathway leads to multiple diseases as a result of iron imbalance, hepcidin represents a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of iron metabolism. Despite intense research in the last decade targeted at developing a selective immunoassay for iron disorder diagnosis and treatment and better understanding the ferroportin-hepcidin interaction, questions remain. The key to resolving these underlying questions is acquiring exact knowledge of the 3D structure of native Hep-25. Since it was determined that the N-terminus, which is responsible for the bioactivity of Hep-25, contains a small Cu(II)-binding site known as the ATCUN motif, it was assumed that the Hep-25-Cu(II) complex is the native, bioactive form of the hepcidin. This structure has thus far not been elucidated in detail. Owing to the lack of structural information on metal-bound Hep-25, little is known about its possible biological role in iron metabolism. Therefore, this work is focused on structurally characterizing the metal-bound Hep-25 by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. For the present work, a protocol was developed to prepare and purify properly folded Hep-25 in high quantities. In order to overcome the low solubility of Hep-25 at neutral pH, we introduced the C-terminal DEDEDE solubility tag. The metal binding was investigated through a series of NMR spectroscopic experiments to identify the most affected amino acids that mediate metal coordination. Based on the obtained NMR data, a structural calculation was performed in order to generate a model structure of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex. The DEDEDE tag was excluded from the structural calculation due to a lack of NMR restraints. The dynamic nature and fast exchange of some of the amide protons with solvent reduced the overall number of NMR restraints needed for a high-quality structure. The NMR data revealed that the 20 Cterminal Hep-25 amino acids experienced no significant conformational changes, compared to published results, as a result of a pH change from pH 3 to pH 7 and metal binding. A 3D model of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex was constructed from NMR data recorded for the hexapeptideNi(II) complex and Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex in combination with the fixed conformation of 19 C-terminal amino acids. The NMR data of the Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex indicates that the ATCUN motif moves independently from the rest of the structure. The 3D model structure of the metal-bound Hep-25 allows for future works to elucidate hepcidin's interaction with its receptor ferroportin and should serve as a starting point for the development of antibodies with improved selectivity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nasery2019,
  author    = {Nasery, Mustafa},
  title     = {The success and failure of civil service reforms in Afghanistan},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44473},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444738},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {viii, 258},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Government will create a motivated, merit-based, performance-driven, and professional civil service that is resistant to temptations of corruption and which provides efficient, effective and transparent public services that do not force customers to pay bribes. — (GoIRA, 2006, p. 106) We were in a black hole! We had an empty glass and had nothing from our side to fill it with! Thus, we accepted anything anybody offered; that is how our glass was filled; that is how we reformed our civil service. — (Former Advisor to IARCSC, personal communication, August 2015) How and under what conditions were the post-Taleban Civil Service Reforms of Afghanistan initiated? What were the main components of the reforms? What were their objectives and to which extent were they achieved? Who were the leading domestic and foreign actors involved in the process? Finally, what specific factors influenced the success and failure Afghanistan's Civil Service Reforms since 2002? Guided by such fundamental questions, this research studies the wicked process of reforming the Afghan civil service in an environment where a variety of contextual, programmatic, and external factors affected the design and implementation of reforms that were entirely funded and technically assisted by the international community. Focusing on the core components of reforms—recruitment, remuneration, and appraisal of civil servants—the qualitative study provides a detailed picture of the pre-reform civil service and its major human resources developments in the past. Following discussions on the content and purposes of the main reform programs, it will then analyze the extent of changes in policies and practices by examining the outputs and effects of these reforms. Moreover, the study defines the specific factors that led the reforms toward a situation where most of the intended objectives remain unachieved. Doing so, it explores and explains how an overwhelming influence of international actors with conflicting interests, large-scale corruption, political interference, networks of patronage, institutionalized nepotism, culturally accepted cronyism and widespread ethnic favoritism created a very complex environment and prevented the reforms from transforming Afghanistan's patrimonial civil service into a professional civil service, which is driven by performance and merit.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{StegenwallnerSchuetz2019,
  author    = {Stegenwallner-Sch{\"u}tz, Maja Henny Katherine},
  title     = {The Development of Syntactic and Pragmatic Aspects of Language in Children with Developmental Disorders},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {236},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AbdelwahabHusseinAbdelwahabElsayed2019,
  author    = {Abdelwahab Hussein Abdelwahab Elsayed, Ahmed},
  title     = {Probabilistic, deep, and metric learning for biometric identification from eye movements},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46798},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-467980},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 65},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A central insight from psychological studies on human eye movements is that eye movement patterns are highly individually characteristic. They can, therefore, be used as a biometric feature, that is, subjects can be identified based on their eye movements. This thesis introduces new machine learning methods to identify subjects based on their eye movements while viewing arbitrary content. The thesis focuses on probabilistic modeling of the problem, which has yielded the best results in the most recent literature. The thesis studies the problem in three phases by proposing a purely probabilistic, probabilistic deep learning, and probabilistic deep metric learning approach. In the first phase, the thesis studies models that rely on psychological concepts about eye movements. Recent literature illustrates that individual-specific distributions of gaze patterns can be used to accurately identify individuals. In these studies, models were based on a simple parametric family of distributions. Such simple parametric models can be robustly estimated from sparse data, but have limited flexibility to capture the differences between individuals. Therefore, this thesis proposes a semiparametric model of gaze patterns that is flexible yet robust for individual identification. These patterns can be understood as domain knowledge derived from psychological literature. Fixations and saccades are examples of simple gaze patterns. The proposed semiparametric densities are drawn under a Gaussian process prior centered at a simple parametric distribution. Thus, the model will stay close to the parametric class of densities if little data is available, but it can also deviate from this class if enough data is available, increasing the flexibility of the model. The proposed method is evaluated on a large-scale dataset, showing significant improvements over the state-of-the-art. Later, the thesis replaces the model based on gaze patterns derived from psychological concepts with a deep neural network that can learn more informative and complex patterns from raw eye movement data. As previous work has shown that the distribution of these patterns across a sequence is informative, a novel statistical aggregation layer called the quantile layer is introduced. It explicitly fits the distribution of deep patterns learned directly from the raw eye movement data. The proposed deep learning approach is end-to-end learnable, such that the deep model learns to extract informative, short local patterns while the quantile layer learns to approximate the distributions of these patterns. Quantile layers are a generic approach that can converge to standard pooling layers or have a more detailed description of the features being pooled, depending on the problem. The proposed model is evaluated in a large-scale study using the eye movements of subjects viewing arbitrary visual input. The model improves upon the standard pooling layers and other statistical aggregation layers proposed in the literature. It also improves upon the state-of-the-art eye movement biometrics by a wide margin. Finally, for the model to identify any subject — not just the set of subjects it is trained on — a metric learning approach is developed. Metric learning learns a distance function over instances. The metric learning model maps the instances into a metric space, where sequences of the same individual are close, and sequences of different individuals are further apart. This thesis introduces a deep metric learning approach with distributional embeddings. The approach represents sequences as a set of continuous distributions in a metric space; to achieve this, a new loss function based on Wasserstein distances is introduced. The proposed method is evaluated on multiple domains besides eye movement biometrics. This approach outperforms the state of the art in deep metric learning in several domains while also outperforming the state of the art in eye movement biometrics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schneider2019,
  author    = {Schneider, Jan Niklas},
  title     = {Computational approaches for emotion research},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-45927},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459275},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xv, 145},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Emotionen sind ein zentrales Element menschlichen Erlebens und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entscheidungsfindung. Diese Dissertation identifiziert drei methodische Probleme der aktuellen Emotionsforschung und zeigt auf, wie diese mittels computergest{\"u}tzter Methoden gel{\"o}st werden k{\"o}nnen. Dieser Ansatz wird in drei Forschungsprojekten demonstriert, die die Entwicklung solcher Methoden sowie deren Anwendung auf konkrete Forschungsfragen beschreiben. Das erste Projekt beschreibt ein Paradigma welches es erm{\"o}glicht, die subjektive und objektive Schwierigkeit der Emotionswahrnehmung zu messen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erm{\"o}glicht es die Verwendung einer beliebigen Anzahl von Emotionskategorien im Vergleich zu den {\"u}blichen sechs Kategorien der Basisemotionen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Zunahme der Schwierigkeiten bei der Wahrnehmung von Emotionen mit zunehmendem Alter der Darsteller hin und liefern Hinweise darauf, dass junge Erwachsene, {\"a}ltere Menschen und M{\"a}nner ihre Schwierigkeit bei der Wahrnehmung von Emotionen untersch{\"a}tzen. Weitere Analysen zeigten eine geringe Relevanz personenbezogener Variablen und deuteten darauf hin, dass die Schwierigkeit der Emotionswahrnehmung vornehmlich durch die Auspr{\"a}gung der Wertigkeit des Ausdrucks bestimmt wird. Das zweite Projekt zeigt am Beispiel von Arousal, einem etablierten, aber vagen Konstrukt der Emotionsforschung, wie Face-Tracking-Daten dazu genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen solche Konstrukte zu sch{\"a}rfen. Es beschreibt, wie aus Face-Tracking-Daten Maße f{\"u}r die Entfernung, Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung von Gesichtsausdr{\"u}cken berechnet werden k{\"o}nnen. Das Projekt untersuchte wie diesen Maße mit der Arousal-Wahrnehmung in Menschen mit und ohne Autismus zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Der Abstand zum Neutralgesicht war pr{\"a}diktiv f{\"u}r die Arousal-Bewertungen in beiden Gruppen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine qualitativ {\"a}hnliche Wahrnehmung von Arousal f{\"u}r Menschen mit und ohne Autismus hin. Im dritten Projekt stellen wir die Partial-Least-Squares-Analyse als allgemeine Methode vor, um eine optimale Repr{\"a}sentation zur Verkn{\"u}pfung zweier hochdimensionale Datens{\"a}tze zu finden. Das Projekt demonstriert die Anwendbarkeit dieser Methode in der Emotionsforschung anhand der Frage nach Unterschieden in der Emotionswahrnehmung zwischen M{\"a}nnern und Frauen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die emotionale Wahrnehmung von Frauen systematisch mehr Varianz der Gesichtsausdr{\"u}cke erfasst und dass signifikante Unterschiede in der Art und Weise bestehen, wie Frauen und M{\"a}nner einige Gesichtsausdr{\"u}cke wahrnehmen. Diese konnten wir als dynamische Gesichtsausdr{\"u}cke visualisieren. Um die Anwendung der entwickelten Methode f{\"u}r die Forschungsgemeinschaft zu erleichtern, wurde ein Software-Paket f{\"u}r die Statistikumgebung R geschrieben. Zudem wurde eine Website entwickelt (thisemotiondoesnotexist.com), die es Besuchern erlaubt, ein Partial-Least-Squares-Modell von Emotionsbewertungen und Face-Tracking-Daten interaktiv zu erkunden, um die entwickelte Methode zu verbreiten und ihren Nutzen f{\"u}r die Emotionsforschung zu illustrieren.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{BarqueroPipin2019,
  author    = {Barquero Pip{\´i}n, Antonio Carlos},
  title     = {Lengua, cultura, interculturalidad},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-480-7},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43902},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-439023},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {429},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ohne Pragmatik w{\"a}re Kommunikation nicht m{\"o}glich, da wir sprachliche Aussagen nicht interpretieren k{\"o}nnten. F{\"u}r jeden Lernenden einer Sprache, die er nicht beherrscht, reicht es nicht aus, sprachlich kompetent zu sein, da der Zweck der Kommunikation darin besteht, mit anderen Menschen und in bestimmten Kontexten zu kommunizieren. Nur eine Lehre, die es erm{\"o}glicht, Aussagen zur Durchf{\"u}hrung von Sprachhandlungen zu erstellen und zu verstehen und die f{\"u}r einen bestimmten Kontext am besten geeigneten auszuw{\"a}hlen, kann sich als effizient erweisen. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit zielt darauf ab, der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft und insbesondere denjenigen, die direkt und indirekt am Unterrichtsprozess beteiligt sind, das Konzept der verbalen Pragmatik bekannt zu machen und es anderen wie Grammatik, Kultur oder Interkulturalit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber zu stellen. Ferner wendet sie sich der Frage zu, wie man auf die Bedeutung und die dringende Notwendigkeit aufmerksam macht, Pragmatik als relevante Disziplin im Kommunikationsprozess zu etablieren; dabei wird insbesondere auf ihre systematische Einbeziehung in Lehrb{\"u}chern f{\"u}r Spanisch als Fremdsprache, die f{\"u}r den schulischen Kontext konzipiert wurden, abgestellt. Dazu werden das Vorhandensein pragmatischer Elemente und die F{\"o}rderung pragmatischer Kompetenz in Lehrb{\"u}chern f{\"u}r Anf{\"a}nger sowie ihre Relevanz bei der Festlegung von Inhalten, Fortschrittsart und Methodik untersucht.},
  language  = {es}
}
@phdthesis{Maerz2019,
  author    = {Maerz, Sven},
  title     = {Analyzing pore systems through comprehensive digital image analysis (DIA)},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445880},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xii, 107, xxi},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Carbonates tend to have complex pore systems which are often composed of distinct assemblages of genetically and geometrically different pore types at various scales (e.g., Melim et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2009; He et al., 2014; Dernaika \& Sinclair, 2017; Zhang et al., 2017). Such carbonate-typical multimodal pore systems are the result of both primary depositional processes and multiple stages of postdepositional modifications, causing small-scale heterogeneities in pore system properties and leading to the co-occurrence of both effective and ineffective pore types. These intrinsic variations in pore type effectiveness are the main reason for the often low correlation between porosity and permeability in carbonate pore systems (e.g., Mazzullo 2004; Ehrenberg \& Nadeau, 2005; Hollis et al., 2010; He et al., 2014; Rashid et al., 2015; Dernaika \& Sinclair, 2017), as it is also true for the marginal lacustrine carbonates studied in this thesis. However, by extracting interconnected and thus effective pore types, and simultaneously excluding isolated and ineffective pores, the understanding and prediction of permeability for given porosity can be highly enhanced (e.g., Melim et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2017). In this thesis, a step-by-step workflow based on digital image analysis (DIA) is presented and performed on 32 facies-representative samples of marginal lacustrine carbonates from the Middle Miocene N{\"o}rdlinger Ries crater lake (Southern Germany), resulting in 77 mean values of pore type effectiveness which are based on 23,508 individual pore geometry data. By using pore shape factor γ (sensu Anselmetti et al., 1998) as a parameter to quantitatively describe pore shape complexity and therefore pore interconnectivity, the potential contribution (Kcontr.) of each pore type to total permeability (Ktotal) is calculated, and the most effective pore types are then identified. As a result, primary interpeloidal pores and secondary vugs are the most effective pore types in the studied marginal lacustrine succession, mainly due to their generally big size and complex shape, leading to an excellent interconnection between both pore types and consequently to the establishment of a highly effective pore network. Both pore types together compose the pore system of the peloidal grainstone facies. Therefore, this lithofacies type has been identified as the sedimentary facies with highest porosity-permeability properties in this marginal lacustrine succession. By applying the DIA-based method to 23 additional samples from the studied outcrop which all show extensive partial to complete cementation of preexisting pores, the impact of cementation on pore geometry and therefore on porosity and permeability is quantified. This results in a cementation reduction value for each relevant parameter which can then be used to enhance precision of predicting porosity and permeability within the studied succession. Furthermore, the concept of using pore shape complexity as a proxy parameter for pore system effectiveness is tested by applying an independent method (i.e., fluid flow simulation) to the dataset. DIA is then used once again to evaluate the outcome of fluid flow simulation. The results confirm the previous findings that interpeloidal pores and vugs together build up the most effective pore system in the Ries lake carbonates. Finally, the extraction of the interconnected (i.e., effective) pore network leads to an improved correlation between porosity and permeability within the studied carbonates. The step-by-step workflow described in this thesis provides a quantitative petrographic method to identify and extract effective porosity from the pore system, which is crucial for understanding how carbonate pore systems generate permeability. This thesis also demonstrates that pore shape complexity is the most important geometrical parameter controlling pore interconnection and consequently the formation of effective porosity. It further emphasizes that pore shape factor γ (sensu Anselmetti et al. 1998) is a very robust and scale-independent proxy parameter to quantify pore type effectiveness. Additionally, DIA proves to be an ideal tool to directly link porosity and permeability to their mutual origin: the rock fabric and associated pore structure.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Nguyen2019,
  author    = {Nguyen, Quyet Doan},
  title     = {Electro-acoustical probing of space-charge and dipole-polarization profiles in polymer dielectrics for electret and electrical-insulation applications},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44562},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445629},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {105},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Electrets are dielectrics with quasi-permanent electric charge and/or dipoles, sometimes can be regarded as an electric analogy to a magnet. Since the discovery of the excellent charge retention capacity of poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) and the invention of the electret microphone, electrets have grown out of a scientific curiosity to an important application both in science and technology. The history of electret research goes hand in hand with the quest for new materials with better capacity at charge and/or dipole retention. To be useful, electrets normally have to be charged/poled to render them electro-active. This process involves electric-charge deposition and/or electric dipole orientation within the dielectrics ` surfaces and bulk. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of electric charge and/or dipole polarization after their deposition and subsequent decay is crucial in the task to improve their stability in the dielectrics. Likewise, for dielectrics used in electrical insulation applications, there are also needs for accumulated space-charge and polarization spatial profiling. Traditionally, space-charge accumulation and large dipole polarization within insulating dielectrics is considered undesirable and harmful to the insulating dielectrics as they might cause dielectric loss and could lead to internal electric field distortion and local field enhancement. High local electric field could trigger several aging processes and reduce the insulating dielectrics' lifetime. However, with the advent of high-voltage DC transmission and high-voltage capacitor for energy storage, these are no longer the case. There are some overlapped between the two fields of electrets and electric insulation. While quasi-permanently trapped electric-charge and/or large remanent dipole polarization are the requisites for electret operation, stably trapped electric charge in electric insulation helps reduce electric charge transport and overall reduced electric conductivity. Controlled charge trapping can help in preventing further charge injection and accumulation as well as serving as field grading purpose in insulating dielectrics whereas large dipole polarization can be utilized in energy storage applications. In this thesis, the Piezoelectrically-generated Pressure Steps (PPSs) were employed as a nondestructive method to probe the electric-charge and dipole polarization distribution in a range of thin film (several hundred micron) polymer-based materials, namely polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene/magnesium oxide (LDPE/MgO) nanocomposites and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- trifluoro ethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) copolymer. PP film surface-treated with phosphoric acid to introduce surfacial isolated nanostructures serves as example of 2-dimensional nano-composites whereas LDPE/MgO serves as the case of 3-dimensional nano-composites with MgO nano-particles dispersed in LDPE polymer matrix. It is evidenced that the nanoparticles on the surface of acid-treated PP and in the bulk of LDPE/MgO nanocomposites improve charge trapping capacity of the respective material and prevent further charge injection and transport and that the enhanced charge trapping capacity makes PP and LDPE/MgO nanocomposites potential materials for both electret and electrical insulation applications. As for PVDF and VDF-based copolymers, the remanent spatial polarization distribution depends critically on poling method as well as specific parameters used in the respective poling method. In this work, homogeneous polarization poling of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymers with different VDF-contents have been attempted with hysteresis cyclical poling. The behaviour of remanent polarization growth and spatial polarization distribution are reported and discussed. The Piezoelectrically-generated Pressure Steps (PPSs) method has proven as a powerful method for the charge storage and transport characterization of a wide range of polymer material from nonpolar, to polar, to polymer nanocomposites category.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwake2019,
  author    = {Schwake, Christopher},
  title     = {Proactive Work Behavior and its Effects on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {101},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{vonKaphengst2019,
  author    = {von Kaphengst, Dragana},
  title     = {Project's management quality in development cooperation},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43099},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430992},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xvii, 237},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In light of the debate on the consequences of competitive contracting out of traditionally public services, this research compares two mechanisms used to allocate funds in development cooperation—direct awarding and competitive contracting out—aiming to identify their potential advantages and disadvantages. The agency theory is applied within the framework of rational-choice institutionalism to study the institutional arrangements that surround two different money allocation mechanisms, identify the incentives they create for the behavior of individual actors in the field, and examine how these then transfer into measurable differences in managerial quality of development aid projects. In this work, project management quality is seen as an important determinant of the overall project success. For data-gathering purposes, the German development agency, the Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), is used due to its unique way of work. Whereas the majority of projects receive funds via direct-award mechanism, there is a commercial department, GIZ International Services (GIZ IS) that has to compete for project funds. The data concerning project management practices on the GIZ and GIZ IS projects was gathered via a web-based, self-administered survey of project team leaders. Principal component analysis was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the independent variable to total of five components of project management. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis identified the differences between the separate components on these two project types. Enriched by qualitative data gathered via interviews, this thesis offers insights into everyday managerial practices in development cooperation and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the two allocation mechanisms. The thesis first reiterates the responsibility of donors and implementers for overall aid effectiveness. It shows that the mechanism of competitive contracting out leads to better oversight and control of implementers, fosters deeper cooperation between the implementers and beneficiaries, and has a potential to strengthen ownership of recipient countries. On the other hand, it shows that the evaluation quality does not tremendously benefit from the competitive allocation mechanism and that the quality of the component knowledge management and learning is better when direct-award mechanisms are used. This raises questions about the lacking possibilities of actors in the field to learn about past mistakes and incorporate the finings into the future interventions, which is one of the fundamental issues of aid effectiveness. Finally, the findings show immense deficiencies in regard to oversight and control of individual projects in German development cooperation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meyer2019,
  author    = {Meyer, Ljuba},
  title     = {Bildungsort Familie},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444319},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {V, 438},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In der Bildungs- und Familienforschung wird die intergenerationale Weitergabe von Bildung innerhalb der Familie haupts{\"a}chlich unter dem Blickwinkel des schulischen Erfolges der nachwachsenden Generation thematisiert. „Wie" aber bildungsbezogene Transferprozesse innerhalb der Familie konkret ablaufen, bleibt jedoch in der deutschen Forschungslandschaft weitestgehend unbearbeitet. An dieser Stelle setzt diese qualitativ angelegte Arbeit an. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, bildungsbezogene Transferprozesse innerhalb von russischen Dreigenerationenfamilien, die aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion nach Berlin seit 1989 ausgewandert sind und zwischen der Großeltern-, Elterngeneration und der Enkelgeneration ablaufen, zu untersuchen. Hinter diesen Transferprozessen verbergen sich im Sinne Bourdieus bewusste und unbewusste Bildungsstrategien der interviewten Familienmitglieder. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Sp{\"a}taussiedlerfamilien - zu diesen z{\"a}hlen Familie Hoffmann und Familie Popow, sowie zwei russisch-j{\"u}dische Familien - zu diesen z{\"a}hlen Familie Rosenthal und Familie Buchbinder, interviewt. Es wurden mit den einzelnen Mitgliedern der vier untersuchten Dreigenerationenfamilien Gruppendiskussionen sowie mit je einem Vertreter einer Generation leitfadengest{\"u}tzte Einzelinterviews gef{\"u}hrt. Die Erhebungsphase fand in Berlin im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2012 statt. Das auf diese Weise gewonnene empirische Material wurde mithilfe der dokumentarischen Methode nach Bohnsack ausgewertet. Hierdurch wurde es m{\"o}glich die implizite Selbstverst{\"a}ndlichkeit, mit der sich Bildung in Familien nach Bourdieu habituell vollzieht, einzufangen und rekonstruierbar zu machen. In der Arbeit wurden eine habitustheoretische Interpretation der russischen Dreigenerationenfamilien und die entsprechende Feldanalyse nach Bourdieu vorgenommen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde der soziale Raum der untersuchten Familien in der Ankunftsgesellschaft bez{\"u}glich ihres Vergleichshorizontes der Herkunftsgesellschaft rekonstruiert. Weiter wurde der Bildungstransfer vor dem jeweiligen Erlebnishintergrund der einzelnen Familien untersucht und diesbez{\"u}glich eine Typisierung vorgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung konnten neue Erkenntnisse zum bisher unerforschten Feld des Bildungstransfers russischer Dreigenerationenfamilien in Berlin gewonnen werden. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass die Anwendung von Bourdieus Klassentheorie auch auf Gruppen, die in einer sozialistischen Gesellschaft sozialisiert wurden und in eine kapitalistisch orientierte Gesellschaft ausgewandert sind, produktiv sein kann. Ein weiteres zentrales Ergebnis der Studie ist, dass bei zwei der vier untersuchten Familien die Migration den intergenerationalen Bildungstransfer beeinflusste. In diesem Zusammenhang weist Familie Rosenthal durch die Migration einen „gespaltenen" Habitus auf. Dieser ist darauf zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren, dass diese Familie bei der Planung des Berufes f{\"u}r die Enkelin in Berlin sich am Praktischen und Notwendigen orientierte. W{\"a}hrend die bewusste Bildungsstrategie der Großeltern- und Elterngeneration f{\"u}r die Enkelgeneration im Ankunftsland dem Habitus der Notwendigkeit, den Bourdieu der Arbeiterklasse zuschreibt, zugeordnet werden kann, l{\"a}sst sich hingegen das Freizeitverhalten der Familie Rosenthal dem Habitus der Distinktion zuordnen, der typisch f{\"u}r die herrschende Klasse ist. Ein weiterer Befund dieser Untersuchung ist, dass im Vergleich zur Enkelin Rosenthal bei der Enkelin Popow eine sogenannte Sph{\"a}rendiskrepanz rekonstruiert wurde. So ist die Enkelin Popow in der {\"a}ußeren Sph{\"a}re der Schule auf sich gestellt, da die Großeltern- und Elterngeneration zum deutschen Schulsystem nur {\"u}ber einen geringen Informationsstand verf{\"u}gen. Die Enkelin grenzt sich einerseits von ihrer Familie (innere Sph{\"a}re) und deutschen Schulabbrechern ({\"a}ußere Sph{\"a}re) ab, orientiert sich aber andererseits beim Versuch sozial aufzusteigen an russischsprachigen Peers, die die gymnasiale Oberstufe besuchen (dritte Sph{\"a}re). Bei Enkelin Popow fungiert demzufolge die Peergruppe und nicht die Familie als zentraler Bildungsort. An dieser Stelle sei angemerkt, dass sowohl bei einer russisch-j{\"u}dischen Familie als auch bei einer Sp{\"a}taussiedlerfamilie der intergenerationale Bildungstransfer durch die Migration beeinflusst wurde. W{\"a}hrend Familie Rosenthal in der Herkunftsgesellschaft der Intelligenzija zuzuordnen ist, geh{\"o}rt Familie Popow der Arbeiterschaft an. Daraus folgt, dass der intergenerationale Bildungstransfer der untersuchten Familien sowohl unabh{\"a}ngig vom Sp{\"a}taussiedler- und Kontingentfl{\"u}chtlingsstatus als auch vom herkunftsortspezifischen sozialen Status abl{\"a}uft. Demnach kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass im Rahmen dieser Studie die Migration ein zentraler Faktor f{\"u}r den intergenerationalen Bildungstransfer ist.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Tong2019,
  author    = {Tong, Hao},
  title     = {Dissection of genetic architecture of intermediate phenotypes and predictions in plants},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {127},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype is the key to understand the plasticity and robustness of phenotypes in nature. While the directly observable plant phenotypes (e.g. agronomic, yield and stress resistance traits) have been well-investigated, there is still a lack in our knowledge about the genetic basis of intermediate phenotypes, such as metabolic phenotypes. Dissecting the links between genotype and phenotype depends on suitable statistical models. The state-of-the-art models are developed for directly observable phenotypes, regardless the characteristics of intermediate phenotypes. This thesis aims to fill the gaps in understanding genetic architecture of intermediate phenotypes, and how they tie to composite traits, namely plant growth. The metabolite levels and reaction fluxes, as two aspects of metabolic phenotypes, are shaped by the interrelated chemical reactions formed in genome-scale metabolic network. Here, I attempt to answer the question: Can the knowledge of underlying genome-scale metabolic network improve the model performance for prediction of metabolic phenotypes and associated plant growth? To this end, two projects are investigated in this thesis. Firstly, we propose an approach that couples genomic selection with genome-scale metabolic network and metabolic profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana to predict growth. This project is the first integration of genomic data with fluxes predicted based on constraint-based modeling framework and data on biomass composition. We demonstrate that our approach leads to a considerable increase of prediction accuracy in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods in both within and across environment predictions. Therefore, our work paves the way for combining knowledge on metabolic mechanisms in the statistical approach underlying genomic selection to increase the efficiency of future plant breeding approaches. Secondly, we investigate how reliable is genomic selection for metabolite levels, and which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), obtained from different neighborhoods of a given metabolic network, contribute most to the accuracy of prediction. The results show that the local structure of first and second neighborhoods are not sufficient for predicting the genetic basis of metabolite levels in Zea mays. Furthermore, we find that the enzymatic SNPs can capture most the genetic variance and the contribution of non-enzymatic SNPs is in fact small. To comprehensively understand the genetic architecture of metabolic phenotypes, I extend my study to a local Arabidopsis thaliana population and their hybrids. We analyze the genetic architecture in primary and secondary metabolism as well as in growth. In comparison to primary metabolites, compounds from secondary metabolism were more variable and show more non-additive inheritance patterns which could be attributed to epistasis. Therefore, our study demonstrates that heterozygosity in local Arabidopsis thaliana population generates metabolic variation and may impact several tasks directly linked to metabolism. The studies in this thesis improve the knowledge of genetic architecture of metabolic phenotypes in both inbreed and hybrid population. The approaches I proposed to integrate genome-scale metabolic network with genomic data provide the opportunity to obtain mechanistic insights about the determinants of agronomically important polygenic traits.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Michalczyk2019,
  author    = {Michalczyk, Anna},
  title     = {Modelling of nitrogen cycles in intensive winter wheat-summer maize double cropping systems in the North China Plain},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44421},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444213},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {X, 154},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most productive and intensive agricultural regions in China. High doses of mineral nitrogen (N) fertiliser, often combined with flood irrigation, are applied, resulting in N surplus, groundwater depletion and environmental pollution. The objectives of this thesis were to use the HERMES model to simulate the N cycle in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer maize (Zea mays L.) double crop rotations and show the performance of the HERMES model, of the new ammonia volatilisation sub-module and of the new nitrification inhibition tool in the NCP. Further objectives were to assess the models potential to save N and water on plot and county scale, as well as on short and long-term. Additionally, improved management strategies with the help of a model-based nitrogen fertiliser recommendation (NFR) and adapted irrigation, should be found. Results showed that the HERMES model performed well under growing conditions of the NCP and was able to describe the relevant processes related to soil-plant interactions concerning N and water during a 2.5 year field experiment. No differences in grain yield between the real-time model-based NFR and the other treatments of the experiments on plot scale in Quzhou County could be found. Simulations with increasing amounts of irrigation resulted in significantly higher N leaching, higher N requirements of the NFR and reduced yields. Thus, conventional flood irrigation as currently practised by the farmers bears great uncertainties and exact irrigation amounts should be known for future simulation studies. In the best-practice scenario simulation on plot-scale, N input and N leaching, but also irrigation water could be reduced strongly within 2 years. Thus, the model-based NFR in combination with adapted irrigation had the highest potential to reduce nitrate leaching, compared to farmers practice and mineral N (Nmin)-reduced treatments. Also the calibrated and validated ammonia volatilisation sub-module of the HERMES model worked well under the climatic and soil conditions of northern China. Simple ammonia volatilisation approaches gave also satisfying results compared to process-oriented approaches. During the simulation with Ammonium sulphate Nitrate with nitrification inhibitor (ASNDMPP) ammonia volatilisation was higher than in the simulation without nitrification inhibitor, while the result for nitrate leaching was the opposite. Although nitrification worked well in the model, nitrification-born nitrous oxide emissions should be considered in future. Results of the simulated annual long-term (31 years) N losses in whole Quzhou County in Hebei Province were 296.8 kg N ha-1 under common farmers practice treatment and 101.7 kg N ha-1 under optimised treatment including NFR and automated irrigation (OPTai). Spatial differences in simulated N losses throughout Quzhou County, could only be found due to different N inputs. Simulations of an optimised treatment, could save on average more than 260 kg N ha-1a-1 from fertiliser input and 190 kg N ha-1a-1 from N losses and around 115.7 mm a-1 of water, compared to farmers practice. These long-term simulation results showed lower N and water saving potential, compared to short-term simulations and underline the necessity of long-term simulations to overcome the effect of high initial N stocks in soil. Additionally, the OPTai worked best on clay loam soil except for a high simulated denitrification loss, while the simulations using farmers practice irrigation could not match the actual water needs resulting in yield decline, especially for winter wheat. Thus, a precise adaption of management to actual weather conditions and plant growth needs is necessary for future simulations. However, the optimised treatments did not seem to be able to maintain the soil organic matter pools, even with full crop residue input. Extra organic inputs seem to be required to maintain soil quality in the optimised treatments. HERMES is a relatively simple model, with regard to data input requirements, to simulate the N cycle. It can offer interpretation of management options on plot, on county and regional scale for extension and research staff. Also in combination with other N and water saving methods the model promises to be a useful tool.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Renard2019,
  author    = {Renard, L{\´e}a},
  title     = {Socio-histoire de l'observation statistique de l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e}},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {590},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Autour de 1990 en France et de 2005 en Allemagne, deux nouvelles cat{\´e}gories sont introduites dans le champ de la statistique de la population. Toutes deux, « immigr{\´e} » et « Person mit Migrationshintergrund », font appel au registre de la migration pour qualifier un groupe de population. Notre analyse montre que ces deux {\´e}v{\´e}nements sont r{\´e}v{\´e}lateurs d'un changement de signification des cat{\´e}gorisations statistiques de la migration dans les deux pays, de la description de la mobilit{\´e} vers l'observation de l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e} de la population, changement li{\´e} au contexte de la politique publique dite d'« int{\´e}gration » qui se d{\´e}veloppe en France et en Allemagne dans les ann{\´e}es 1990-2000. La th{\`e}se interroge ainsi la mani{\`e}re dont la statistique rend la migration socialement pertinente pour construire l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e}. Pour pouvoir comprendre le virage entrepris dans les nomenclatures statistiques et le resituer dans une perspective de longue dur{\´e}e, nous avons postul{\´e} qu'il fallait aller chercher dans l'histoire de la statistique ce qui avait tenu lieu de classification principale de la population, en lieu et place des nouvelles cat{\´e}gories invent{\´e}es au tournant des XXe et XXIe si{\`e}cles. Nous nous sommes donc interrog{\´e}e sur la gen{\`e}se et l'institutionnalisation des cat{\´e}gories de l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e} et de la mobilit{\´e} dans la p{\´e}riode 1880-1914, alors que la France et l'Allemagne, {\`a} l'{\´e}poque le Deutsches Kaiserreich, se constituent en {\´E}tats-nations et en empires coloniaux. Pour observer ces processus empiriquement, nous avons choisi de comparer les pratiques de cat{\´e}gorisation de l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e} et la mobilit{\´e} (1) en France et en Allemagne, (2) {\`a} deux p{\´e}riodes diff{\´e}rentes, 1880-1914 et 1990-2010, et (3) dans le contexte m{\´e}tropolitain et colonial. L'analyse socio-historique compar{\´e}e d'apr{\`e}s la m{\´e}thodologie de la comparaison en contexte a repos{\´e} sur une asym{\´e}trie assum{\´e}e entre les deux p{\´e}riodes {\´e}tudi{\´e}es : tandis qu'il s'agissait de reconstruire la gen{\`e}se des cat{\´e}gories « immigr{\´e} » et « Person mit Migrationshintergrund » {\`a} deux moments distincts temporellement en France et en Allemagne, l'analyse de la p{\´e}riode 1880-1914 a consist{\´e} {\`a} mettre au jour ruptures et continuit{\´e}s historiques des principes de classification sur l'ensemble de la p{\´e}riode dans une perspective crois{\´e}e. La d{\´e}marche n'est ni chronologique ni r{\´e}trospective : elle contraste deux configurations historiques pour tenter d'identifier des ressemblances et des diff{\´e}rences. Nos r{\´e}sultats montrent qu'entre 1880 et 1914, la cat{\´e}gorie de migration est majoritairement associ{\´e}e {\`a} un ph{\´e}nom{\`e}ne de mobilit{\´e} dans les discours politiques et statistiques. {\`A} cette {\´e}poque, la focale se porte sur l'{\´e}migration, red{\´e}finie comme un d{\´e}placement g{\´e}ographique en dehors des fronti{\`e}res de la nation et de l'Empire. Le transport des « {\´e}migrants », cat{\´e}gorie de population qui nourrit le d{\´e}bat et les tableaux statistiques, fait l'objet des probl{\´e}matisations politiques. Les statistiques relatives {\`a} l'{\´e}migration comme mobilit{\´e} {\´e}taient alors s{\´e}par{\´e}es de l'observation de la composition de la population, {\`a} travers le crit{\`e}re de la nationalit{\´e} dans le contexte m{\´e}tropolitain et des sch{\´e}mas « raciaux » dans le contexte colonial. En 1990 en France et 2005 en Allemagne, le registre de la migration est mobilis{\´e} cette fois pour observer statistiquement la composition de la population. Nos r{\´e}sultats ont permis de mettre au jour trois principes de construction de l'alt{\´e}rit{\´e} dans les deux pays et dans les deux p{\´e}riodes {\´e}tudi{\´e}es : un principe national, un principe colonial et un principe migratoire. La th{\`e}se d{\´e}veloppe ainsi une approche renouvel{\´e}e des interactions entre observation statistique et politique publique, en testant empiriquement sur le terrain des statistiques relatives {\`a} la migration l'hypoth{\`e}se de la « circularit{\´e} du savoir et de l'action » mise au point par Alain Desrosi{\`e}res},
  language  = {fr}
}
@phdthesis{Goebel2019,
  author    = {G{\"o}bel, Franziska},
  title     = {Contributions to multiscale statistical analysis on random geometric graphs},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {127},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kriegerowski2019,
  author    = {Kriegerowski, Marius},
  title     = {Development of waveform-based, automatic analysis tools for the spatio-temporal characterization of massive earthquake clusters and swarms},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44404},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444040},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xv, 83},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Earthquake swarms are characterized by large numbers of events occurring in a short period of time within a confined source volume and without significant mainshock aftershock pattern as opposed to tectonic sequences. Intraplate swarms in the absence of active volcanism usually occur in continental rifts as for example in the Eger Rift zone in North West Bohemia, Czech Republic. A common hypothesis links event triggering to pressurized fluids. However, the exact causal chain is often poorly understood since the underlying geotectonic processes are slow compared to tectonic sequences. The high event rate during active periods challenges standard seismological routines as these are often designed for single events and therefore costly in terms of human resources when working with phase picks or computationally costly when exploiting full waveforms. This methodological thesis develops new approaches to analyze earthquake swarm seismicity as well as the underlying seismogenic volume. It focuses on the region of North West (NW) Bohemia, a well studied, well monitored earthquake swarm region. In this work I develop and test an innovative approach to detect and locate earthquakes using deep convolutional neural networks. This technology offers great potential as it allows to efficiently process large amounts of data which becomes increasingly important given that seismological data storage grows at increasing pace. The proposed deep neural network trained on NW Bohemian earthquake swarm records is able to locate 1000 events in less than 1 second using full waveforms while approaching precision of double difference relocated catalogs. A further technological novelty is that the trained filters of the deep neural network's first layer can be repurposed to function as a pattern matching event detector without additional training on noise datasets. For further methodological development and benchmarking, I present a new toolbox to generate realistic earthquake cluster catalogs as well as synthetic full waveforms of those clusters in an automated fashion. The input is parameterized using constraints on source volume geometry, nucleation and frequency-magnitude relations. It harnesses recorded noise to produce highly realistic synthetic data for benchmarking and development. This tool is used to study and assess detection performance in terms of magnitude of completeness Mc of a full waveform detector applied to synthetic data of a hydrofracturing experiment at the Wysin site, Poland. Finally, I present and demonstrate a novel approach to overcome the masking effects of wave propagation between earthquake and stations and to determine source volume attenuation directly in the source volume where clustered earthquakes occur. The new event couple spectral ratio approach exploits high frequency spectral slopes of two events sharing the greater part of their rays. Synthetic tests based on the toolbox mentioned before show that this method is able to infer seismic wave attenuation within the source volume at high spatial resolution. Furthermore, it is independent from the distance towards a station as well as the complexity of the attenuation and velocity structure outside of the source volume of swarms. The application to recordings of the NW Bohemian earthquake swarm shows increased P phase attenuation within the source volume (Qp < 100) based on results at a station located close to the village Luby (LBC). The recordings of a station located in epicentral proximity, close to Nov{\´y} Kostel (NKC), show a relatively high complexity indicating that waves arriving at that station experience more scattering than signals recorded at other stations. The high level of complexity destabilizes the inversion. Therefore, the Q estimate at NKC is not reliable and an independent proof of the high attenuation finding given the geometrical and frequency constraints is still to be done. However, a high attenuation in the source volume of NW Bohemian swarms has been postulated before in relation to an expected, highly damaged zone bearing CO 2 at high pressure. The methods developed in the course of this thesis yield the potential to improve our understanding regarding the role of fluids and gases in intraplate event clustering.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{LeBot2019,
  author    = {Le Bot, Nils},
  title     = {Quel avenir pour les gares m{\´e}tropolitaines fran{\c{c}}aises et allemandes ?},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44220},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442201},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {589},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cette th{\`e}se d'urbanisme s'est donn{\´e}e pour objectif de r{\´e}fl{\´e}chir {\`a} l'avenir des gares m{\´e}tropolitaines fran{\c{c}}aises et allemandes {\`a} horizon 2050. Elle porte une interrogation sur les fondements de la gare comme objet urbain conceptuel (abord{\´e} comme un syst{\`e}me) et pose comme hypoth{\`e}se qu'il serait en quelque sorte dot{\´e} de propri{\´e}t{\´e}s autonomes. Parmi ces propri{\´e}t{\´e}s, c'est le processus d'expansion et de dialogue sans cesse renouvel{\´e} et conflictuel, entre la gare et son tissu urbain environnant, qui guide cette recherche ; notamment dans le rapport qu'il entretient avec l'hypermobilit{\´e} des m{\´e}tropoles. Pour ce faire, cette th{\`e}se convoque quatre terrains d'{\´e}tudes : les gares principales de Cologne et de Stuttgart en Allemagne et les gares de Paris-Montparnasse et Lyon-Part-Dieu en France ; et commence par un historique d{\´e}taill{\´e} de leurs {\´e}volutions morphologiques, pour d{\´e}gager une s{\´e}rie de variables architectoniques et urbaines. Il proc{\`e}de dans un deuxi{\`e}me temps {\`a} une s{\´e}rie d'analyse prospective, permettant de juger de l'influence possible des politiques publiques en mati{\`e}re transports et de mobilit{\´e}, sur l'avenir conceptuel des gares. Cette th{\`e}se propose alors le concept de syst{\`e}me-gare, pour d{\´e}crire l'expansion et l'int{\´e}gration des gares m{\´e}tropolitaines avec leur environnement urbain ; un processus de n{\´e}gociation dialectique qui ne trouve pas sa r{\´e}solution dans le concept de gare comme lieu de vie/ville. Elle invite alors {\`a} penser la gare comme une h{\´e}t{\´e}rotopie, et propose une lecture d{\´e}polaris{\´e}e et d{\´e}hi{\´e}rarchis{\´e}e de ces espaces, en introduisant les concepts d'orchestre de gares et de m{\´e}tagare. Cette recherche propose enfin une lecture critique de la « ville num{\´e}rique » et du concept de « mobilit{\´e} comme service. » Pour {\´e}viter une mise en flux tendus potentiellement dommageables, l'application de ces concepts en gare ne pourra se soustraire {\`a} une augmentation simultan{\´e}e des espaces physiques.},
  language  = {fr}
}
@phdthesis{Pujo2019,
  author    = {Pujo, Pauline},
  title     = {Une histoire pour les citoyens},
  publisher = {Presses universitaires de Bordeaux},
  address   = {Pessac},
  isbn      = {979-10-300-0475-5},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {En se penchant sur les r{\´e}{\´e}critures de l'histoire pour le citoyen dans l'espace germanique et la France des Lumi{\`e}res et de la R{\´e}volution, ce livre apporte un regard nouveau et distanci{\´e} sur les usages publics de l'histoire aujourd'hui, en France en particulier o{\`u} le d{\´e}bat autour du roman national reste vif. La premi{\`e}re partie de l'ouvrage, consacr{\´e}e {\`a} l'exemplarit{\´e} d'une histoire illustr{\´e}e de gravures qui ont durablement marqu{\´e} les repr{\´e}sentations du pass{\´e}, revisite la question des grands hommes, reproduit, traduit et analyse la circulation d'exemples {\´e}difiants entre les deux espaces. La deuxi{\`e}me partie traite d'un mode de repr{\´e}sentation p{\´e}dagogique de l'histoire qui suscitait, et suscite toujours, la fascination tout en posant un d{\´e}fi de m{\´e}thode: l'usage p{\´e}dagogique d'un tableau permettant de saisir d'un seul coup d'oeil toute l'histoire d'un peuple voire de l'humanit{\´e} tout enti{\`e}re, et d'en tirer des le{\c{c}}ons politiques. L'id{\´e}e, encore structurante aujourd'hui, d'un mod{\`e}le politique ou p{\´e}dagogique allemand ou fran{\c{c}}ais d'une {\´e}criture de l'histoire coupl{\´e}e, ou non, {\`a} la g{\´e}ographie est examin{\´e}e ici au prisme des contextes pr{\´e}cis o{\`u} elle a {\´e}t{\´e} pens{\´e}e.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Petrovic2019,
  author    = {Petrovic, Nevena},
  title     = {Analysis of the role of Forgetter2 in thermotolerance responses in Arabidopsis thaliana},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {117},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Herold2019,
  author    = {Herold, Jana},
  title     = {International Bureaucracies as Governance Actors},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {233},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This study assesses and explains international bureaucracies' performance and role as policy advisors and as expert authorities from the perspective of domestic stakeholders. International bureaucracies are the secretariats of international organizations that carry out their work including generating knowledge, providing policy advice and implementing policy programs and projects. Scholars increasingly regard them as governance actors that are able to influence global and domestic policy making. In order to explain this influence, research has mainly focused on international bureaucracies' formal features and/or staff characteristics. The way in which they are actually perceived by their domestic stakeholders, in particular by national bureaucrats, has not been systematically studied. Yet, this is equally important, given that they represent international bureaucracies' addressees and are actors that (potentially) make use of international bureaucracies' policy advice, which can be seen as an indicator for international bureaucracies' influence. Accordingly, I argue that domestic stakeholders' assessments can likewise contribute to explaining international bureaucracies' influence. The overarching research questions the study addresses are what are national stakeholders' perspectives on international bureaucracies and under which conditions do they consider international bureaucracies' policy advice? In answering these questions, I focus on three specific organizational features that the literature has considered important for international bureaucracies' independent influence, namely international bureaucracies' performance and their role as policy advisors and as expert authorities. These three features are studied separately in three independent articles, which are presented in Part II of this article-based dissertation. To answer the research questions, I draw on novel data from a global survey among ministry officials of 121 countries. The survey captures ministry officials' assessments of international bureaucracies' features and their behavior with respect to international bureaucracies' policy advice. The overall sample comprises the bureaucracies of nine global and nine regional international organizations in eight thematic areas in the policy fields of agriculture and finance. The overall finding of this study is that international bureaucracies' performance and their role as policy advisors and expert authorities as perceived by ministry officials are highly context-specific and relational. These features vary not only across international bureaucracies but much more intra-organizationally across the different thematic areas that an international bureaucracy addresses, i.e. across different thematic contexts. As far as to the relational nature of international bureaucracies' features, the study generally finds strong variation across the assessments by ministry officials from different countries and across thematic areas. Hence, the findings highlight that it is likewise important to study international bureaucracies via the perspective of their stakeholders and to take account of the different thematic areas and contexts in which international bureaucracies operate. The study contributes to current research on international bureaucracies in various ways. First, it directly surveys one important type of domestic stakeholders, namely national ministry officials, as to how they evaluate certain aspects of international bureaucracies instead of deriving them from their structural features, policy documents or assessments by their staff. Furthermore, the study empirically tests a range of theoretical hypotheses derived from the literature on international bureaucracies' influence, as well as related literature. Second, the study advances methods of assessing international bureaucracies through a large-N, cross-national expert survey among ministry officials. A survey of this type of stakeholder and of this scope is - to my knowledge - unprecedented. Yet, as argued above, their perspectives are equally important for assessing and explaining international bureaucracies' influence. Third, the study adapts common theories of international bureaucracies' policy influence and expert authority to the assessments by ministry officials. In so doing, it tests hypotheses that are rooted in both rationalist and constructivist accounts and combines perspectives on international bureaucracies from both International Relations and Public Administration. Empirically supporting and challenging these hypotheses further complements the theoretical understanding of the determinants of international bureaucracies' influence among national bureaucracies from both rationalist and constructivist perspectives. Overall, this study advances our understanding of international bureaucracies by systematically taking into account ministry officials' perspectives in order to determine under which conditions international bureaucracies are perceived to perform well and are able to have an effect as policy advisors and expert authorities among national bureaucracies. Thereby, the study helps to specify to what extent international bureaucracies - as global governance actors - are able to permeate domestic governance via ministry officials and, thus, contribute to the question of why some international bureaucracies play a greater role and are ultimately able to have more influence than others.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GonzalezdelaCruz2019,
  author    = {Gonzalez de la Cruz, Jorge},
  title     = {Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for formatotrophic growth},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {96},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kobelt2019,
  author    = {Kobelt, Doreen},
  title     = {Was bleibt?},
  series = {Potsdamer j{\"u}dische Studien ; 5},
  journal   = {Potsdamer j{\"u}dische Studien ; 5},
  publisher = {be.bra wissenschaft Verlag},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-95410-256-3},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {361},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In der j{\"u}dischen Familie im 19. Jahrhundert hatte das Testament prim{\"a}r die Funktion eines Rechtsakts. Mittels der Theorie der Gabe des franz{\"o}sischen Anthropologen Marcel Mauss untersucht Doreen Kobelt in diesem Band, wie das Testament auch als eine Art Spiegel innerfamili{\"a}rer Ver{\"a}nderungen gelesen werden kann. Zentrale Bedeutung kommt dabei der Mitgift der Frau zu. Diese war im 19. Jahrhundert in der Mehrheitsgesellschaft wie auch in der innerj{\"u}dischen Debatte zunehmend umstritten. F{\"u}r die vorliegende Studie wurden 656 Testamente aus Hamburg und Altona mithilfe quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden analysiert. Neben vielen bisher unbekannten Testierenden werden auch die Familien Heine und Warburg betrachtet.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wardecki2019,
  author    = {Wardecki, Bartek},
  title     = {Berlin, Leipziger Straße 3-4},
  publisher = {be.bra wissenschaft Verlag},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-95410-235-8},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {382},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In der Leipziger Straße 3-4 in Berlin, in der seit Herbst 2000 der Deutsche Bundesrat residiert, waren seit jeher bedeutende Institutionen angesiedelt. 1904 errichtet f{\"u}r das Preußische Herrenhaus, wurde das Geb{\"a}ude nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg von den Arbeiter- und Soldatenr{\"a}ten genutzt. In der Weimarer Republik teilten sich der Preußische Staatsrat und das Preußische Wohlfahrtsministerium das Haus. Im Nationalsozialismus arbeiteten hier u. a. das Reichskirchenministerium und die Reichsstelle f{\"u}r Raumordnung. Bartek Wardecki bietet eine vollst{\"a}ndige Darstellung der Geschichte dieser ber{\"u}hmten Adresse sowie eine {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber ann{\"a}hernd 1000 Veranstaltungen, die hier ausgerichtet wurden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Zemella2019,
  author    = {Zemella, Anne},
  title     = {Fluoreszenzmarkierung und Modifizierung von komplexen Proteinen in eukaryotischen zellfreien Systemen durch die Etablierung von orthogonalen tRNA/Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase-Paaren},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44236},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442361},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XI, 141},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Die funktionelle Charakterisierung von therapeutisch relevanten Proteinen kann bereits durch die Bereitstellung des Zielproteins in ad{\"a}quaten Mengen limitierend sein. Dies trifft besonders auf Membranproteine zu, die aufgrund von zytotoxischen Effekten auf die Produktionszelllinie und der Tendenz Aggregate zu bilden, in niedrigen Ausbeuten an aktivem Protein resultieren k{\"o}nnen. Der lebende Organismus kann durch die Verwendung von translationsaktiven Zelllysaten umgangen werden- die Grundlage der zellfreien Proteinsynthese. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde die ATP-abh{\"a}ngige Translation eines Lysates auf der Basis von kultivierten Insektenzellen (Sf21) analysiert. F{\"u}r diesen Zweck wurde ein ATP-bindendes Aptamer eingesetzt, durch welches die Translation der Nanoluziferase reguliert werden konnte. Durch die dargestellte Applizierung von Aptameren, k{\"o}nnten diese zuk{\"u}nftig in zellfreien Systemen f{\"u}r die Visualisierung der Transkription und Translation eingesetzt werden, wodurch zum Beispiel komplexe Prozesse validiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Neben der reinen Proteinherstellung k{\"o}nnen Faktoren wie posttranslationale Modifikationen sowie eine Integration in eine lipidische Membran essentiell f{\"u}r die Funktionalit{\"a}t des Membranproteins sein. Im zweiten Abschnitt konnte, im zellfreien Sf21-System, f{\"u}r den G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptor Endothelin B sowohl eine Integration in die endogen vorhandenen Endoplasmatisch Retikulum-basierten Membranstrukturen als auch Glykosylierungen, identifiziert werden. Auf der Grundlage der erfolgreichen Synthese des ET-B-Rezeptors wurden verschiedene Methoden zur Fluoreszenzmarkierung des Adenosin-Rezeptors A2a (Adora2a) angewandt und optimiert. Im dritten Abschnitt wurde der Adora2a mit Hilfe einer vorbeladenen tRNA, welche an eine fluoreszierende Aminos{\"a}ure gekoppelt war, im zellfreien Chinesischen Zwerghamster Ovarien (CHO)-System markiert. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnte durch den Einsatz eines modifizierten tRNA/Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase-Paares eine nicht-kanonische Aminos{\"a}ure an Position eines integrierten Amber-Stopcodon in die Polypeptidkette eingebaut und die funktionelle Gruppe im Anschluss an einen Fluoreszenzfarbstoff gekoppelt werden. Aufgrund des offenen Charakters eignen sich zellfreie Proteinsynthesesysteme besonders f{\"u}r eine Integration von exogenen Komponenten in den Translationsprozess. Mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzmarkierung wurde eine ligandvermittelte Konformations{\"a}nderung im Adora2a {\"u}ber einen Biolumineszenz-Resonanzenergietransfer detektiert. Durch die Etablierung der Amber-Suppression wurde dar{\"u}ber hinaus das Hormon Erythropoetin pegyliert, wodurch Eigenschaften wie Stabilit{\"a}t und Halbwertszeit des Proteins ver{\"a}ndert wurden. Zu guter Letzt wurde ein neues tRNA/Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase-Paar auf Basis der Methanosarcina mazei Pyrrolysin-Synthetase etabliert, um das Repertoire an nicht-kanonischen Aminos{\"a}uren und den damit verbundenen Kopplungsreaktionen zu erweitern. Zusammenfassend wurden die Potenziale zellfreier Systeme in Bezug auf der Herstellung von komplexen Membranproteinen und der Charakterisierung dieser durch die Einbringung einer positionsspezifischen Fluoreszenzmarkierung verdeutlicht, wodurch neue M{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r die Analyse und Funktionalisierung von komplexen Proteinen geschaffen wurden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2019,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin},
  title     = {Fragmentation of landscapes: modelling ecosystem services of transition zones},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44294},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442942},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XV, 103},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {For millennia, humans have affected landscapes all over the world. Due to horizontal expansion, agriculture plays a major role in the process of fragmentation. This process is caused by a substitution of natural habitats by agricultural land leading to agricultural landscapes. These landscapes are characterized by an alternation of agriculture and other land use like forests. In addition, there are landscape elements of natural origin like small water bodies. Areas of different land use are beside each other like patches, or fragments. They are physically distinguishable which makes them look like a patchwork from an aerial perspective. These fragments are each an own ecosystem with conditions and properties that differ from their adjacent fragments. As open systems, they are in exchange of information, matter and energy across their boundaries. These boundary areas are called transition zones. Here, the habitat properties and environmental conditions are altered compared to the interior of the fragments. This changes the abundance and the composition of species in the transition zones, which in turn has a feedback effect on the environmental conditions. The literature mainly offers information and insights on species abundance and composition in forested transition zones. Abiotic effects, the gradual changes in energy and matter, received less attention. In addition, little is known about non-forested transition zones. For example, the effects on agricultural yield in transition zones of an altered microclimate, matter dynamics or different light regimes are hardly researched or understood. The processes in transition zones are closely connected with altered provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. To disentangle the mechanisms and to upscale the effects, models can be used. My thesis provides insights into these topics: literature was reviewed and a conceptual framework for the quantitative description of gradients of matter and energy in transition zones was introduced. The results of measurements of environmental gradients like microclimate, aboveground biomass and soil carbon and nitrogen content are presented that span from within the forest into arable land. Both the measurements and the literature review could not validate a transition zone of 100 m for abiotic effects. Although this value is often reported and used in the literature, it is likely to be smaller. Further, the measurements suggest that on the one hand trees in transition zones are smaller compared to those in the interior of the fragments, while on the other hand less biomass was measured in the arable lands' transition zone. These results support the hypothesis that less carbon is stored in the aboveground biomass in transition zones. The soil at the edge (zero line) between adjacent forest and arable land contains more nitrogen and carbon content compared to the interior of the fragments. One-year measurements in the transition zone also provided evidence that microclimate is different compared to the fragments' interior. To predict the possible yield decreases that transition zones might cause, a modelling approach was developed. Using a small virtual landscape, I modelled the effect of a forest fragment shading the adjacent arable land and the effects of this on yield using the MONICA crop growth model. In the transition zone yield was less compared to the interior due to shading. The results of the simulations were upscaled to the landscape level and exemplarily calculated for the arable land of a whole region in Brandenburg, Germany. The major findings of my thesis are: (1) Transition zones are likely to be much smaller than assumed in the scientific literature; (2) transition zones aren't solely a phenomenon of forested ecosystems, but significantly extend into arable land as well; (3) empirical and modelling results show that transition zones encompass biotic and abiotic changes that are likely to be important to a variety of agricultural landscape ecosystem services.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Burmester2019,
  author    = {Burmester, Juliane},
  title     = {Linguistic and visual salience in sentence comprehension},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44315},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-443155},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XI, 165},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Interlocutors typically link their utterances to the discourse environment and enrich communication by linguistic (e.g., information packaging) and extra-linguistic (e.g., eye gaze, gestures) means to optimize information transfer. Psycholinguistic studies underline that ‒for meaning computation‒ listeners profit from linguistic and visual cues that draw their focus of attention to salient information. This dissertation is the first work that examines how linguistic compared to visual salience cues influence sentence comprehension using the very same experimental paradigms and materials, that is, German subject-before-object (SO) and object-before-subject (OS) sentences, across the two cue modalities. Linguistic salience was induced by indicating a referent as the aboutness topic. Visual salience was induced by implicit (i.e., unconscious) or explicit (i.e., shared) manipulations of listeners' attention to a depicted referent. In Study 1, a selective, facilitative impact of linguistic salience on the context-sensitive OS word order was found using offline comprehensibility judgments. More precisely, during online sentence processing, this impact was characterized by a reduced sentence-initial Late positivity which reflects reduced processing costs for updating the current mental representation of discourse. This facilitative impact of linguistic salience was not replicated by means of an implicit visual cue (Study 2) shown to modulate word order preferences during sentence production. However, a gaze shift to a depicted referent as an indicator of shared attention eased sentence-initial processing similar to linguistic salience as revealed by reduced reading times (Study 3). Yet, this cue did not modulate the strong subject-antecedent preference during later pronoun resolution like linguistic salience. Taken together, these findings suggest a significant impact of linguistic and visual salience cues on sentence comprehension, which substantiates that both the information delivered via language and via the visual environment is integrated into the mental representation of the discourse; but, the way how salience is induced is crucial to its impact.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoang2019,
  author    = {Hoang, Yen},
  title     = {De novo binning strategy to analyze and visualize multi-dimensional cytometric data},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44307},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-443078},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vii, 81, xxxii},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Since half a century, cytometry has been a major scientific discipline in the field of cytomics - the study of system's biology at single cell level. It enables the investigation of physiological processes, functional characteristics and rare events with proteins by analysing multiple parameters on an individual cell basis. In the last decade, mass cytometry has been established which increased the parallel measurement to up to 50 proteins. This has shifted the analysis strategy from conventional consecutive manual gates towards multi-dimensional data processing. Novel algorithms have been developed to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. They are mainly based on clustering or non-linear dimension reduction techniques, or both, often combined with an upstream downsampling procedure. However, these tools have obstacles either in comprehensible interpretability, reproducibility, computational complexity or in comparability between samples and groups. To address this bottleneck, a reproducible, semi-automated cytometric data mining workflow PRI (pattern recognition of immune cells) is proposed which combines three main steps: i) data preparation and storage; ii) bin-based combinatorial variable engineering of three protein markers, the so called triploTs, and subsequent sectioning of these triploTs in four parts; and iii) deployment of a data-driven supervised learning algorithm, the cross-validated elastic-net regularized logistic regression, with these triploT sections as input variables. As a result, the selected variables from the models are ranked by their prevalence, which potentially have discriminative value. The purpose is to significantly facilitate the identification of meaningful subpopulations, which are most distinguish between two groups. The proposed workflow PRI is exemplified by a recently published public mass cytometry data set. The authors found a T cell subpopulation which is discriminative between effective and ineffective treatment of breast carcinomas in mice. With PRI, that subpopulation was not only validated, but was further narrowed down as a particular Th1 cell population. Moreover, additional insights of combinatorial protein expressions are revealed in a traceable manner. An essential element in the workflow is the reproducible variable engineering. These variables serve as basis for a clearly interpretable visualization, for a structured variable exploration and as input layers in neural network constructs. PRI facilitates the determination of marker levels in a semi-continuous manner. Jointly with the combinatorial display, it allows a straightforward observation of correlating patterns, and thus, the dominant expressed markers and cell hierarchies. Furthermore, it enables the identification and complex characterization of discriminating subpopulations due to its reproducible and pseudo-multi-parametric pattern presentation. This endorses its applicability as a tool for unbiased investigations on cell subsets within multi-dimensional cytometric data sets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Qin2019,
  author    = {Qin, Qing},
  title     = {Chemical functionalization of porous carbon-based materials to enable novel modes for efficient electrochemical N2 fixation},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44339},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-443397},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {146},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The central motivation of the thesis was to provide possible solutions and concepts to improve the performance (e.g. activity and selectivity) of electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR). Given that porous carbon-based materials usually exhibit a broad range of structural properties, they could be promising NRR catalysts. Therefore, the advanced design of novel porous carbon-based materials and the investigation of their application in electrocatalytic NRR including the particular reaction mechanisms are the most crucial points to be addressed. In this regard, three main topics were investigated. All of them are related to the functionalization of porous carbon for electrochemical NRR or other electrocatalytic reactions. In chapter 3, a novel C-TixOy/C nanocomposite has been described that has been obtained via simple pyrolysis of MIL-125(Ti). A novel mode for N2 activation is achieved by doping carbon atoms from nearby porous carbon into the anion lattice of TixOy. By comparing the NRR performance of M-Ts and by carrying out DFT calculations, it is found that the existence of (O-)Ti-C bonds in C-doped TixOy can largely improve the ability to activate and reduce N2 as compared to unoccupied OVs in TiO2. The strategy of rationally doping heteroatoms into the anion lattice of transition metal oxides to create active centers may open many new opportunities beyond the use of noble metal-based catalysts also for other reactions that require the activation of small molecules as well. In chapter 4, a novel catalyst construction composed of Au single atoms decorated on the surface of NDPCs was reported. The introduction of Au single atoms leads to active reaction sites, which are stabilized by the N species present in NDPCs. Thus, the interaction within as-prepared AuSAs-NDPCs catalysts enabled promising performance for electrochemical NRR. For the reaction mechanism, Au single sites and N or C species can act as Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to enhance the electron donation and back-donation process to activate N2 molecules. This work provides new opportunities for catalyst design in order to achieve efficient N2 fixation at ambient conditions by utilizing recycled electric energy. The last topic described in chapter 5 mainly focused on the synthesis of dual heteroatom-doped porous carbon from simple precursors. The introduction of N and B heteroatoms leads to the construction of N-B motives and Frustrated Lewis pairs in a microporous architecture which is also rich in point defects. This can improve the strength of adsorption of different reactants (N2 and HMF) and thus their activation. As a result, BNC-2 exhibits a desirable electrochemical NRR and HMF oxidation performance. Gas adsorption experiments have been used as a simple tool to elucidate the relationship between the structure and catalytic activity. This work provides novel and deep insights into the rational design and the origin of activity in metal-free electrocatalysts and enables a physically viable discussion of the active motives, as well as the search for their further applications. Throughout this thesis, the ubiquitous problems of low selectivity and activity of electrochemical NRR are tackled by designing porous carbon-based catalysts with high efficiency and exploring their catalytic mechanisms. The structure-performance relationships and mechanisms of activation of the relatively inert N2 molecules are revealed by either experimental results or DFT calculations. These fundamental understandings pave way for a future optimal design and targeted promotion of NRR catalysts with porous carbon-based structure, as well as study of new N2 activation modes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kulawiak2019,
  author    = {Kulawiak, Pawel R.},
  title     = {Soziale Inklusion von Schulkindern mit sonderp{\"a}dagogischem F{\"o}rderbedarf},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Zwei grundlegende Herausforderungen der sozialen Inklusionsforschung werden im vorliegenden Beitrag erl{\"a}utert: Die Operationalisierung sozialer Inklusion sowie sonderp{\"a}dagogischer F{\"o}rderbedarfe. Anhand der dargelegten Forschung wird untersucht, ob die beiden methodischen Aspekte zu fehlerhaften Schl{\"u}ssen und widerspr{\"u}chlichen Forschungsergebnissen {\"u}ber die soziale Inklusion von Kindern mit sonderp{\"a}dagogischem F{\"o}rderbedarf f{\"u}hren. Dementsprechend wird die Vermeidung fehlerhafter Schl{\"u}sse und widerspr{\"u}chlicher Forschungsergebnisse mittels einer Optimierung der Operationalisierung sozialer Inklusion sowie sonderp{\"a}dagogischer F{\"o}rderbedarfe thematisiert. Die vorliegende Forschung fokussiert sich hierbei vorrangig auf die soziometrischen Methoden zur Erfassung sozialer Inklusion sowie auf schulisches Problemverhalten im Sinne des F{\"o}rderbedarfs emotional-soziale Entwicklung (insbesondere internalisierende aber auch externalisierende Verhaltensprobleme).},
  language  = {de}
}