@phdthesis{Lenz2016, author = {Lenz, Josefine}, title = {Thermokarst dynamics in central-eastern Beringia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101364}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XII, 128, A-47}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Widespread landscape changes are presently observed in the Arctic and are most likely to accelerate in the future, in particular in permafrost regions which are sensitive to climate warming. To assess current and future developments, it is crucial to understand past environmental dynamics in these landscapes. Causes and interactions of environmental variability can hardly be resolved by instrumental records covering modern time scales. However, long-term environmental variability is recorded in paleoenvironmental archives. Lake sediments are important archives that allow reconstruction of local limnogeological processes as well as past environmental changes driven directly or indirectly by climate dynamics. This study aims at reconstructing Late Quaternary permafrost and thermokarst dynamics in central-eastern Beringia, the terrestrial land mass connecting Eurasia and North America during glacial sea-level low stands. In order to investigate development, processes and influence of thermokarst dynamics, several sediment cores from extant lakes and drained lake basins were analyzed to answer the following research questions: 1. When did permafrost degradation and thermokarst lake development take place and what were enhancing and inhibiting environmental factors? 2. What are the dominant processes during thermokarst lake development and how are they reflected in proxy records? 3. How did, and still do, thermokarst dynamics contribute to the inventory and properties of organic matter in sediments and the carbon cycle? Methods applied in this study are based upon a multi-proxy approach combining sedimentological, geochemical, geochronological, and micropaleontological analyses, as well as analyses of stable isotopes and hydrochemistry of pore-water and ice. Modern field observations of water quality and basin morphometrics complete the environmental investigations. The investigated sediment cores reveal permafrost degradation and thermokarst dynamics on different time scales. The analysis of a sediment core from GG basin on the northern Seward Peninsula (Alaska) shows prevalent terrestrial accumulation of yedoma throughout the Early to Mid Wisconsin with intermediate wet conditions at around 44.5 to 41.5 ka BP. This first wetland development was terminated by the accumulation of a 1-meter-thick airfall tephra most likely originating from the South Killeak Maar eruption at 42 ka BP. A depositional hiatus between 22.5 and 0.23 ka BP may indicate thermokarst lake formation in the surrounding of the site which forms a yedoma upland till today. The thermokarst lake forming GG basin initiated 230 ± 30 cal a BP and drained in Spring 2005 AD. Four years after drainage the lake talik was still unfrozen below 268 cm depth. A permafrost core from Mama Rhonda basin on the northern Seward Peninsula preserved a full lacustrine record including several lake phases. The first lake generation developed at 11.8 cal ka BP during the Lateglacial-Early Holocene transition; its old basin (Grandma Rhonda) is still partially preserved at the southern margin of the study basin. Around 9.0 cal ka BP a shallow and more dynamic thermokarst lake developed with actively eroding shorelines and potentially intermediate shallow water or wetland phases (Mama Rhonda). Mama Rhonda lake drainage at 1.1 cal ka BP was followed by gradual accumulation of terrestrial peat and top-down refreezing of the lake talik. A significant lower organic carbon content was measured in Grandma Rhonda deposits (mean TOC of 2.5 wt\%) than in Mama Rhonda deposits (mean TOC of 7.9 wt\%) highlighting the impact of thermokarst dynamics on biogeochemical cycling in different lake generations by thawing and mobilization of organic carbon into the lake system. Proximal and distal sediment cores from Peatball Lake on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska revealed young thermokarst dynamics since about 1,400 years along a depositional gradient based on reconstructions from shoreline expansion rates and absolute dating results. After its initiation as a remnant pond of a previous drained lake basin, a rapidly deepening lake with increasing oxygenation of the water column is evident from laminated sediments, and higher Fe/Ti and Fe/S ratios in the sediment. The sediment record archived characterizing shifts in depositional regimes and sediment sources from upland deposits and re-deposited sediments from drained thaw lake basins depending on the gradually changing shoreline configuration. These changes are evident from alternating organic inputs into the lake system which highlights the potential for thermokarst lakes to recycle old carbon from degrading permafrost deposits of its catchment. The lake sediment record from Herschel Island in the Yukon (Canada) covers the full Holocene period. After its initiation as a thermokarst lake at 11.7 cal ka BP and intense thermokarst activity until 10.0 cal ka BP, the steady sedimentation was interrupted by a depositional hiatus at 1.6 cal ka BP which likely resulted from lake drainage or allochthonous slumping due to collapsing shore lines. The specific setting of the lake on a push moraine composed of marine deposits is reflected in the sedimentary record. Freshening of the maturing lake is indicated by decreasing electrical conductivity in pore-water. Alternation of marine to freshwater ostracods and foraminifera confirms decreasing salinity as well but also reflects episodical re-deposition of allochthonous marine sediments. Based on permafrost and lacustrine sediment records, this thesis shows examples of the Late Quaternary evolution of typical Arctic permafrost landscapes in central-eastern Beringia and the complex interaction of local disturbance processes, regional environmental dynamics and global climate patterns. This study confirms that thermokarst lakes are important agents of organic matter recycling in complex and continuously changing landscapes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{GonzalezCamargo2016, author = {Gonzalez Camargo, Rodolfo}, title = {Insulin resistance in cancer cachexia and metabolic syndrome}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100973}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {104}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The ever-increasing fat content in Western diet, combined with decreased levels of physical activity, greatly enhance the incidence of metabolic-related diseases. Cancer cachexia (CC) and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) are both multifactorial highly complex metabolism related syndromes, whose etiology is not fully understood, as the mechanisms underlying their development are not completely unveiled. Nevertheless, despite being considered "opposite sides", MetS and CC share several common issues such as insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. In these scenarios, tissue macrophages act as key players, due to their capacity to produce and release inflammatory mediators. One of the main features of MetS is hyperinsulinemia, which is generally associated with an attempt of the β-cell to compensate for diminished insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance). There is growing evidence that hyperinsulinemia per se may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, through the establishment of low grade inflammation in insulin responsive tissues, especially in the liver (as insulin is secreted by the pancreas into the portal circulation). The hypothesis of the present study was that insulin may itself provoke an inflammatory response culminating in diminished hepatic insulin sensitivity. To address this premise, firstly, human cell line U937 differentiated macrophages were exposed to insulin, LPS and PGE2. In these cells, insulin significantly augmented the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-8, CCL2, Oncostatin M (OSM) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES1), and of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10. Moreover, the synergism between insulin and LPS enhanced the induction provoked by LPS in IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, CCL2 and TNF-α gene. When combined with PGE2, insulin enhanced the induction provoked by PGE2 in IL-1β, mPGES1 and COX2, and attenuated the inhibition induced by PGE2 in CCL2 and TNF-α gene expression contributing to an enhanced inflammatory response by both mechanisms. Supernatants of insulin-treated U937 macrophages reduced the insulin-dependent induction of glucokinase in hepatocytes by 50\%. Cytokines contained in the supernatant of insulin-treated U937 macrophages also activated hepatocytes ERK1/2, resulting in inhibitory serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate. Additionally, the transcription factor STAT3 was activated by phosphorylation resulting in the induction of SOCS3, which is capable of interrupting the insulin receptor signal chain. MicroRNAs, non-coding RNAs linked to protein expression regulation, nowadays recognized as active players in the generation of several inflammatory disorders such as cancer and type II diabetes are also of interest. Considering that in cancer cachexia, patients are highly affected by insulin resistance and inflammation, control, non-cachectic and cachectic cancer patients were selected and the respective circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and microRNA-21-5p, a posttranscriptional regulator of STAT3 expression, assessed and correlated. Cachectic patients circulating cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly higher than those of non-cachectic and controls, and the expression of microRNA-21-5p was significantly lower. Additionally, microRNA-21-5p reduced expression correlated negatively with IL-6 plasma levels. These results indicate that hyperinsulinemia per se might contribute to the low grade inflammation prevailing in MetS patients and thereby promote the development of insulin resistance particularly in the liver. Diminished MicroRNA-21-5p expression may enhance inflammation and STAT3 expression in cachectic patients, contributing to the development of insulin resistance.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kopinski2016, author = {Kopinski, Stephan}, title = {The neuromuscular efficiency of lower back muscles in low back pain}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101241}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {117}, year = {2016}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The etiology of low back pain (LBP), one of the most prevalent and costly diseases of our time, is accepted to be multi-causal, placing functional factors in the focus of research. Thereby, pain models suggest a centrally controlled strategy of trunk stiffening in LBP. However, supporting biomechanical evidence is mostly limited to static measurements during maximum voluntary contractions (MVC), probably influenced by psychological factors in LBP. Alternatively, repeated findings indicate that the neuromuscular efficiency (NME), characterized by the strength-to-activation relationship (SAR), of lower back muscles is impaired in LBP. Therefore, a dynamic SAR protocol, consisting of normalized trunk muscle activation recordings during submaximal loads (SMVC) seems to be relevant. This thesis aimed to investigate the influence of LBP on the NME and activation pattern of trunk muscles during dynamic trunk extensions. METHODS: The SAR protocol consisted of an initial MVC reference trial (MVC1), followed by SMVCs at 20, 40, 60 and 80\% of MVC1 load. An isokinetic trunk dynamometer (Con-Trex TP, ROM: 45° flexion to 10° extension, velocity: 45°/s) and a trunk surface EMG setup (myon, up to 12 leads) was used. Extension torque output [Nm] and muscular activation [V] were assessed in all trials. Finally, another MVC trial was performed (MVC2) for reliability analysis. For SAR evaluation the SMVC trial values were normalized [\%MVC1] and compared inter- and intra-individually. The methodical validity of the approach was tested in an isometric SAR single-case pilot study (S1a: N = 2, female LBP patient vs. healthy male). In addition, the validity of the MVC reference method was verified by comparing different contraction modes (S1b: N = 17, healthy individuals). Next, the isokinetic protocol was validated in terms of content for its applicability to display known physiological differences between sexes in a cross-sectional study (S2: each n = 25 healthy males/females). Finally, the influence of acute pain on NME was investigated longitudinally by comparing N = 8 acute LBP patients with the retest after remission of pain (S3). The SAR analysis focused on normalized agonistic extensor activation and abdominal and synergistic extensor co-activation (t-tests, ANOVA, α = .05) as well as on reliability of MVC1/2 outcomes. RESULTS: During the methodological validation of the protocol (S1a), the isometric SAR was found to be descriptively different between individuals. Whereas torque output was highest during eccentric MVC, no relevant difference in peak EMG activation was found between contraction modes (S1b). The isokinetic SAR sex comparison (S2), though showing no significant overall effects, revealed higher normalized extensor activation at moderate submaximal loads in females (13 ± 4\%), primarily caused by pronounced thoracic activation. Similarly, co-activation analysis resulted in significantly higher antagonistic activation at moderate loads compared to males (33 ± 9\%). During intra-individual analysis of SAR in LBP patients (S3), a significant effect of pain status on the SAR has been identified, manifesting as increased normalized EMG activation of extensors during acute LBP (11 ± 8\%) particularly at high load. Abdominal co-activation tended to be elevated (27 ± 11\%) just as the thoracic extensor parts seemed to take over proportions of lumbar activation. All together, the M. erector spinae behaviour during the SAR protocol was rather linear with the tendency to rise exponentially during high loads. For the level of normalized EMG activation during SMVCs, a clear increasing trend from healthy males to females over to non-acute and acute LBP patients was discovered. This was associated by elevated antagonistic activation and a shift of synergistic towards lumbar extensor activation. The MVC data revealed overall good reliability, with clearly higher variability during acute LBP. DISCUSSION: The present thesis demonstrates that the NME of lower back muscles is impaired in LBP patients, especially during an acute pain episode. A new dynamic protocol has been developed that makes it possible to display the underlying SAR using normalized trunk muscle EMG during submaximal isokinetic loads. The protocol shows promise as a biomechanical tool for diagnostic analysis of NME in LBP patients and monitoring of rehabilitation progress. Furthermore, reliability not of maximum strength but rather of peak EMG of MVC measurements seems to be decreased in LBP patients. Meanwhile, the findings of this thesis largely substantiate the assumptions made by the recently presented 'motor adaptation to pain' model, suggesting a pain-related intra- and intermuscular activation redistribution affecting movement and stiffness of the trunk. Further research is needed to distinguish the grade of NME impairment between LBP subgroups.}, language = {en} } @misc{Rossbach2016, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Roßbach, Naja Anja}, title = {Die Sprache in {\"U}berschriften und Zwischen{\"u}berschriften deutscher Tageszeitungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101011}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {152}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Der deutsche Zeitungsmarkt ist von einem breiten Angebot {\"u}berregionaler Tageszeitungen gekennzeichnet, denen innerhalb der Bev{\"o}lkerung unterschiedliche politische Ausrichtungen zugeschrieben werden. Als konservatives Blatt gilt die „Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" (F.A.Z.), wohingegen sich die „taz.die tageszeitung" (taz) durch eine linksalternative Orientierung auszeichnet. Ausgehend von diesem Unterschied untersucht die Arbeit die sprachliche Gestaltung der {\"U}berschriften, Unter- und Zwischenzeilen der F.A.Z. und der taz zu den Themen „Alternative f{\"u}r Deutschland" (AfD), „Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund" (NSU) und „Front National" (FN). Die qualitativ-quantitative Korpusuntersuchung fokussiert neben lexikalischen und syntaktischen auch sprachstilistische Faktoren, die eine Stellungnahme zu der Forschungsthese, dass mit der sprachlichen Formulierung der Haupt-, Unter- und Zwischenzeilen die politische Ausrichtung und ideologische Grundhaltung der Zeitungen deutlich wird, erlauben. Die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Analysen bildet ein konstruktivistischer Ansatz, der auf systemtheoretischen Annahmen beruht. Dadurch kann zum einen gezeigt werden, wie sich die Ergebnisse der sprachlichen Analysen mit den unterschiedlichen zugrunde liegenden Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen der Zeitungen verbinden lassen, zum anderen wird deutlich, dass sich die Formulierung der {\"U}berschriften auch auf die individuelle Realit{\"a}tskonstruktion der Rezipienten auswirkt. Die vergleichenden Auswertungen geben unterschiedlich gewichtete Hinweise auf die Einstellung der Kommunikatoren und best{\"a}tigen, dass die jeweiligen Perspektivierungen der Wirklichkeit sowie ideologischen Grundhaltungen der F.A.Z. und der taz bereits in der sprachlichen Gestaltung ihrer Titelkomplexe deutlich werden.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Engelmann2016, author = {Engelmann, Felix}, title = {Toward an integrated model of sentence processing in reading}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100864}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xiii, 143}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In experiments investigating sentence processing, eye movement measures such as fixation durations and regression proportions while reading are commonly used to draw conclusions about processing difficulties. However, these measures are the result of an interaction of multiple cognitive levels and processing strategies and thus are only indirect indicators of processing difficulty. In order to properly interpret an eye movement response, one has to understand the underlying principles of adaptive processing such as trade-off mechanisms between reading speed and depth of comprehension that interact with task demands and individual differences. Therefore, it is necessary to establish explicit models of the respective mechanisms as well as their causal relationship with observable behavior. There are models of lexical processing and eye movement control on the one side and models on sentence parsing and memory processes on the other. However, no model so far combines both sides with explicitly defined linking assumptions. In this thesis, a model is developed that integrates oculomotor control with a parsing mechanism and a theory of cue-based memory retrieval. On the basis of previous empirical findings and independently motivated principles, adaptive, resource-preserving mechanisms of underspecification are proposed both on the level of memory access and on the level of syntactic parsing. The thesis first investigates the model of cue-based retrieval in sentence comprehension of Lewis \& Vasishth (2005) with a comprehensive literature review and computational modeling of retrieval interference in dependency processing. The results reveal a great variability in the data that is not explained by the theory. Therefore, two principles, 'distractor prominence' and 'cue confusion', are proposed as an extension to the theory, thus providing a more adequate description of systematic variance in empirical results as a consequence of experimental design, linguistic environment, and individual differences. In the remainder of the thesis, four interfaces between parsing and eye movement control are defined: Time Out, Reanalysis, Underspecification, and Subvocalization. By comparing computationally derived predictions with experimental results from the literature, it is investigated to what extent these four interfaces constitute an appropriate elementary set of assumptions for explaining specific eye movement patterns during sentence processing. Through simulations, it is shown how this system of in itself simple assumptions results in predictions of complex, adaptive behavior. In conclusion, it is argued that, on all levels, the sentence comprehension mechanism seeks a balance between necessary processing effort and reading speed on the basis of experience, task demands, and resource limitations. Theories of linguistic processing therefore need to be explicitly defined and implemented, in particular with respect to linking assumptions between observable behavior and underlying cognitive processes. The comprehensive model developed here integrates multiple levels of sentence processing that hitherto have only been studied in isolation. The model is made publicly available as an expandable framework for future studies of the interactions between parsing, memory access, and eye movement control.}, language = {en} } @book{Haase2016, author = {Haase, Marina}, title = {Berufsschullandschaften in l{\"a}ndlichen R{\"a}umen}, number = {60}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-365-7}, issn = {0934-716X}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-89827}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XXI, 462}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre richtet sich angesichts der starken Sch{\"u}lerzahlenr{\"u}ckg{\"a}nge die wissenschaftliche und bildungspolitische Aufmerksamkeit wieder st{\"a}rker auf Fragen der Gestaltung beruflicher Bildung in l{\"a}ndlich-peripheren R{\"a}umen. Einerseits kn{\"u}pft sich an die demografische Entwicklung die Erwartung einer Entspannung der lange Zeit sehr prek{\"a}ren Ausbildungsplatzsituation in diesen R{\"a}umen. Andererseits ist offen, inwiefern mit den Anpassungsprozessen die Ausbildung neuer r{\"a}umlichen Disparit{\"a}ten verbunden ist, etwa durch die Schließung von Berufsschulen. Die Arbeit setzt sich mit der aktuellen Situation und dem Umgang mit Berufsschulen unter den folgenden Fragestellungen auseinander: Wie kann in Regionen mit d{\"u}nner Besiedlung auf der einen und einer schwierigen regional{\"o}konomischen Situation auf der anderen Seite diese komplexe Infrastruktur betrieben werden? Welche Steuerungsinstrumente kommen in dem anstehenden R{\"u}ckbauprozess zum Tragen und welche Rolle spielen demographische Entwicklungen, strukturelle Faktoren und Akteurshandeln? Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der theoretischen und empirischen Verkn{\"u}pfung von raumspezifischen Fragestellungen mit der Komplexit{\"a}t von Berufsschulen als ausdifferenzierte Institutionen zwischen Schulsystem und Wirtschaft. Untersucht wurde die Entwicklung des brandenburgischen Berufsschulnetzes ab den 1990er Jahren mit einer vertieften Fallstudie im Landkreis Uckermark. Entgegen der Annahme eines starken Einbruchs der Infrastrukturversorgung in Folge des Sch{\"u}lerzahlenr{\"u}ckganges wird gezeigt, dass sich die brandenburgische Berufsschullandschaft seit den 2000er Jahren durch eine relative Stabilit{\"a}t auszeichnet. Allerdings erfolgte eine berufsspezifische Ausd{\"u}nnung des Angebotes. Im Jahr 2013 fanden nur 41\% aller Auszubilden in ihrem jeweiligen Ausbildungsberuf ein relativ fl{\"a}chendeckendes Berufsschulnetz vor. Als Faktoren f{\"u}r gelingende Steuerungsprozesse (in l{\"a}ndlich-peripheren R{\"a}umen) zeigten sich das Subsidarit{\"a}tsprinzip, ein gemeinsam geteiltes Professionsverst{\"a}ndnis sowie die Orientierung auf einen gewissen r{\"a}umlichen Ausgleich. Erfolgreiche Interventionen gegen Konzentration basierten maßgeblich auf einem ausgepr{\"a}gten, fachlichen „Selbstbewusstsein" und Anspruch von Bildungsorganisationen. Demgegen{\"u}ber konnten unspezifische Bezugnahmen auf Peripherisierungen keine handlungswirksamen Strategien entfalten. Teilentwicklungen im Schulberufssystem sind durch die Expansion privater Berufsschulen in einen ausgepr{\"a}gten institutionellen Wandel eingebettet. Die Infrastrukturentwicklung f{\"u}hrte in diesem Segment zur Ausbildung eines spezifischen Marktes, der teilweise nur begrenzt einem klassischen Angebots-Nachfrage-Modell folgt und potentiell zu {\"U}berausbildung f{\"u}hrt. Die vorgefundenen Steuerungsformen sind angesichts von Ressourcenmangel, der sektoralen Zersplitterung sowie des Mangels an Institutionen f{\"u}r die Ausbildung von Regionen als Handlungsr{\"a}ume in der Berufsausbildung ambivalent. Der demografische Diskurs f{\"u}hrte (bisher) nicht zur Ausbildung von Steuerungsformen, welche die in der Infrastrukturgestaltung dominierenden, sektoralen Zust{\"a}ndigkeiten „{\"u}berwinden". Daher fungiert der Diskurs teilweise nur begrenzt als eine neue Orientierung f{\"u}r die Ausbildung von „peripheriespezifischen" Infrastrukturstrategien und alternativen Steuerungsmodellen. Er kann dann neue, {\"u}ber klassische Anpassungsprozesse hinausgehende, Optionen generieren, wenn er sich st{\"a}rker auf die Bedarfe der Akteure und Adressaten von Berufsbildung im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum bezieht und enger mit den Fachdiskursen verbindet.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Mueller2016, author = {Mueller, Stefanie}, title = {Interacting with personal fabrication devices}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100908}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xxi, 108}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Personal fabrication tools, such as 3D printers, are on the way of enabling a future in which non-technical users will be able to create custom objects. However, while the hardware is there, the current interaction model behind existing design tools is not suitable for non-technical users. Today, 3D printers are operated by fabricating the object in one go, which tends to take overnight due to the slow 3D printing technology. Consequently, the current interaction model requires users to think carefully before printing as every mistake may imply another overnight print. Planning every step ahead, however, is not feasible for non-technical users as they lack the experience to reason about the consequences of their design decisions. In this dissertation, we propose changing the interaction model around personal fabrication tools to better serve this user group. We draw inspiration from personal computing and argue that the evolution of personal fabrication may resemble the evolution of personal computing: Computing started with machines that executed a program in one go before returning the result to the user. By decreasing the interaction unit to single requests, turn-taking systems such as the command line evolved, which provided users with feedback after every input. Finally, with the introduction of direct-manipulation interfaces, users continuously interacted with a program receiving feedback about every action in real-time. In this dissertation, we explore whether these interaction concepts can be applied to personal fabrication as well. We start with fabricating an object in one go and investigate how to tighten the feedback-cycle on an object-level: We contribute a method called low-fidelity fabrication, which saves up to 90\% fabrication time by creating objects as fast low-fidelity previews, which are sufficient to evaluate key design aspects. Depending on what is currently being tested, we propose different conversions that enable users to focus on different parts: faBrickator allows for a modular design in the early stages of prototyping; when users move on WirePrint allows quickly testing an object's shape, while Platener allows testing an object's technical function. We present an interactive editor for each technique and explain the underlying conversion algorithms. By interacting on smaller units, such as a single element of an object, we explore what it means to transition from systems that fabricate objects in one go to turn-taking systems. We start with a 2D system called constructable: Users draw with a laser pointer onto the workpiece inside a laser cutter. The drawing is captured with an overhead camera. As soon as the the user finishes drawing an element, such as a line, the constructable system beautifies the path and cuts it--resulting in physical output after every editing step. We extend constructable towards 3D editing by developing a novel laser-cutting technique for 3D objects called LaserOrigami that works by heating up the workpiece with the defocused laser until the material becomes compliant and bends down under gravity. While constructable and LaserOrigami allow for fast physical feedback, the interaction is still best described as turn-taking since it consists of two discrete steps: users first create an input and afterwards the system provides physical output. By decreasing the interaction unit even further to a single feature, we can achieve real-time physical feedback: Input by the user and output by the fabrication device are so tightly coupled that no visible lag exists. This allows us to explore what it means to transition from turn-taking interfaces, which only allow exploring one option at a time, to direct manipulation interfaces with real-time physical feedback, which allow users to explore the entire space of options continuously with a single interaction. We present a system called FormFab, which allows for such direct control. FormFab is based on the same principle as LaserOrigami: It uses a workpiece that when warmed up becomes compliant and can be reshaped. However, FormFab achieves the reshaping not based on gravity, but through a pneumatic system that users can control interactively. As users interact, they see the shape change in real-time. We conclude this dissertation by extrapolating the current evolution into a future in which large numbers of people use the new technology to create objects. We see two additional challenges on the horizon: sustainability and intellectual property. We investigate sustainability by demonstrating how to print less and instead patch physical objects. We explore questions around intellectual property with a system called Scotty that transfers objects without creating duplicates, thereby preserving the designer's copyright.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchildeKellingUmbreenetal.2016, author = {Schilde, Uwe and Kelling, Alexandra and Umbreen, Sumaira and Linker, Torsten}, title = {Crystal structures of three bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100833}, pages = {6}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The title compounds, [(1R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-bis­(acet­yloxy)-7-oxo-2-oxabi­cyclo[4.2.0]octan-3-yl]methyl acetate, C14H18O8, (I), [(1S,4R,5S,6R)-5-acet­yloxy-7-hy­droxy­imino-2-oxobi­cyclo­[4.2.0]octan-4-yl acetate, C11H15NO6, (II), and [(3aR,5R,6R,7R,7aS)-6,7-bis­(acet­yloxy)-2-oxo­octa­hydro­pyrano[3,2-b]pyrrol-5-yl]methyl acetate, C14H19NO8, (III), are stable bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives. They can easily be synthesized in a few steps from commercially available glycals. As a result of the ring strain from the four-membered rings in (I) and (II), the conformations of the carbohydrates deviate strongly from the ideal chair form. Compound (II) occurs in the boat form. In the five-membered lactam (III), on the other hand, the carbohydrate adopts an almost ideal chair conformation. As a result of the distortion of the sugar rings, the configurations of the three bicyclic carbohydrate derivatives could not be determined from their NMR coupling constants. From our three crystal structure determinations, we were able to establish for the first time the absolute configurations of all new stereocenters of the carbohydrate rings.}, language = {en} } @misc{LahTrenseBenkeetal.2016, author = {Lah, Ljerka and Trense, Daronja and Benke, Harald and Berggren, Per and Gunnlaugsson, Þorvaldur and Lockyer, Christina and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Ayaka and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Bayram and Pawliczka, Iwona and Roos, Anna and Siebert, Ursula and Sk{\´o}ra, Krzysztof and V{\´i}kingsson, G{\´i}sli and Tiedemann, Ralph}, title = {Spatially Explicit Analysis of Genome-Wide SNPs Detects Subtle Population Structure in a Mobile Marine Mammal, the Harbor Porpoise}, issn = {1866-8372}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100813}, pages = {23 Seiten}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The population structure of the highly mobile marine mammal, the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in the Atlantic shelf waters follows a pattern of significant isolation-by-distance. The population structure of harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea, which is connected with the North Sea through a series of basins separated by shallow underwater ridges, however, is more complex. Here, we investigated the population differentiation of harbor porpoises in European Seas with a special focus on the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters, using a population genomics approach. We used 2872 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), derived from double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq), as well as 13 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial haplotypes for the same set of individuals. Spatial principal components analysis (sPCA), and Bayesian clustering on a subset of SNPs suggest three main groupings at the level of all studied regions: the Black Sea, the North Atlantic, and the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, we observed a distinct separation of the North Sea harbor porpoises from the Baltic Sea populations, and identified splits between porpoise populations within the Baltic Sea. We observed a notable distinction between the Belt Sea and the Inner Baltic Sea sub-regions. Improved delineation of harbor porpoise population assignments for the Baltic based on genomic evidence is important for conservation management of this endangered cetacean in threatened habitats, particularly in the Baltic Sea proper. In addition, we show that SNPs outperform microsatellite markers and demonstrate the utility of RAD-tags from a relatively small, opportunistically sampled cetacean sample set for population diversity and divergence analysis.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gopalakrishnan2016, author = {Gopalakrishnan, Sathej}, title = {Mathematical modelling of host-disease-drug interactions in HIV disease}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100100}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {121}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has resisted nearly three decades of efforts targeting a cure. Sustained suppression of the virus has remained a challenge, mainly due to the remarkable evolutionary adaptation that the virus exhibits by the accumulation of drug-resistant mutations in its genome. Current therapeutic strategies aim at achieving and maintaining a low viral burden and typically involve multiple drugs. The choice of optimal combinations of these drugs is crucial, particularly in the background of treatment failure having occurred previously with certain other drugs. An understanding of the dynamics of viral mutant genotypes aids in the assessment of treatment failure with a certain drug combination, and exploring potential salvage treatment regimens. Mathematical models of viral dynamics have proved invaluable in understanding the viral life cycle and the impact of antiretroviral drugs. However, such models typically use simplified and coarse-grained mutation schemes, that curbs the extent of their application to drug-specific clinical mutation data, in order to assess potential next-line therapies. Statistical models of mutation accumulation have served well in dissecting mechanisms of resistance evolution by reconstructing mutation pathways under different drug-environments. While these models perform well in predicting treatment outcomes by statistical learning, they do not incorporate drug effect mechanistically. Additionally, due to an inherent lack of temporal features in such models, they are less informative on aspects such as predicting mutational abundance at treatment failure. This limits their application in analyzing the pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs, in particular, time-dependent characteristics of HIV therapy such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and also in understanding the impact of drug efficacy on mutation dynamics. In this thesis, we develop an integrated model of in vivo viral dynamics incorporating drug-specific mutation schemes learned from clinical data. Our combined modelling approach enables us to study the dynamics of different mutant genotypes and assess mutational abundance at virological failure. As an application of our model, we estimate in vivo fitness characteristics of viral mutants under different drug environments. Our approach also extends naturally to multiple-drug therapies. Further, we demonstrate the versatility of our model by showing how it can be modified to incorporate recently elucidated mechanisms of drug action including molecules that target host factors. Additionally, we address another important aspect in the clinical management of HIV disease, namely drug pharmacokinetics. It is clear that time-dependent changes in in vivo drug concentration could have an impact on the antiviral effect, and also influence decisions on dosing intervals. We present a framework that provides an integrated understanding of key characteristics of multiple-dosing regimens including drug accumulation ratios and half-lifes, and then explore the impact of drug pharmacokinetics on viral suppression. Finally, parameter identifiability in such nonlinear models of viral dynamics is always a concern, and we investigate techniques that alleviate this issue in our setting.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Punz2016, author = {Punz, Elisabeth}, title = {Effektivit{\"a}t fr{\"u}hzeitiger Interventionen zur Pr{\"a}vention von Lese- und Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96815}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {453}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Studie besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der F{\"o}rderung der Lese- und Schreibkompetenz in der Anfangsphase des Schriftspracherwerbs. Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Erprobung und Evaluierung fr{\"u}hzeitiger, diagnosegeleiteter Interventionen zur Pr{\"a}vention von Lese- und Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten. Im Unterschied zu vielen Studien in diesem Bereich werden alle Maßnahmen unter realen schulischen Bedingungen im Rahmen des Erstlese- und Schreibunterrichts durch die Klassenlehrer selbst durchgef{\"u}hrt, wobei diese von der Autorin unterst{\"u}tzt und begleitet werden. F{\"o}rder- und Prozessdiagnose sowie Elemente diagnosegeleiteter F{\"o}rderung werden aus Theorien und Forschungslage abgeleitet und zu einem Interventionsset verbunden. Die Effektivit{\"a}t der evidenzbasierten Maßnahmen wird durch Parallelgruppenvergleiche {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. An der empirischen Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 25 Schulklassen mit 560 Erstkl{\"a}sslern teil, geteilt in Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe. Mit der Eingangsdiagnose am Schulbeginn wurden Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r den Schriftspracherwerb erhoben und mit der Evaluierungsdiagnose am Ende der ersten Schulstufe entwicklungsad{\"a}quate schriftsprachliche Kompetenzen auf der Wortebene {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Zus{\"a}tzlich erfasst wurden internale und externale Einflussfaktoren, deren Wirkung in der statistischen Auswertung ber{\"u}cksichtigt wurde. Alle Datenerhebungen wurden in Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe durchgef{\"u}hrt, w{\"a}hrend die evidenzbasierten Treatments nur in der Versuchsgruppe stattfanden. Die Auswertung best{\"a}tigt mit signifikanten Ergebnissen den engen Zusammenhang zwischen der Phonologischen Bewusstheit zu Beginn des Schriftspracherwerbs und der Lese- und Rechtschreibf{\"a}higkeit am Ende der ersten Schulstufe sowie zwischen Famili{\"a}rer Literalit{\"a}t und Lesefertigkeit. Schriftsprachliche Vorkenntnisse weisen eine Tendenz zur Signifikanz hinsichtlich ihrer positiven Wirkung auf die Basale Lesefertigkeit auf. Eine h{\"o}chst signifikante positive Wirkung auf die Basale Lesefertigkeit zeigt die Druckschrift als Ausgangsschrift. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine {\"U}berlegenheit vorschulischer pr{\"a}literaler Fertigkeiten hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf die Lese- und Rechtschreibfertigkeit am Ende der ersten Schulstufe gegen{\"u}ber F{\"o}rdermaßnahmen unter realen schulischen Bedingungen hin. Die positive Wirkung einer unverbundenen Ausgangsschrift auf den Leseerwerb betont die Wichtigkeit der Wahl der Ausgangsschrift. Im fr{\"u}hen Schriftspracherwerb sollte die Druckschrift f{\"u}r das Lesen und Schreiben verwendet werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{ThiekenKienzlerKreibichetal.2016, author = {Thieken, Annegret and Kienzler, Sarah and Kreibich, Heidi and Kuhlicke, Christian and Kunz, Michael and M{\"u}hr, Bernhard and M{\"u}ller, Meike and Otto, Antje and Petrow, Theresia and Pisi, Sebastian and Schr{\"o}ter, Kai}, title = {Review of the flood risk management system in Germany after the major flood in 2013}, issn = {1866-8372}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100600}, pages = {12}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Widespread flooding in June 2013 caused damage costs of €6 to 8 billion in Germany, and awoke many memories of the floods in August 2002, which resulted in total damage of €11.6 billion and hence was the most expensive natural hazard event in Germany up to now. The event of 2002 does, however, also mark a reorientation toward an integrated flood risk management system in Germany. Therefore, the flood of 2013 offered the opportunity to review how the measures that politics, administration, and civil society have implemented since 2002 helped to cope with the flood and what still needs to be done to achieve effective and more integrated flood risk management. The review highlights considerable improvements on many levels, in particular (1) an increased consideration of flood hazards in spatial planning and urban development, (2) comprehensive property-level mitigation and preparedness measures, (3) more effective flood warnings and improved coordination of disaster response, and (4) a more targeted maintenance of flood defense systems. In 2013, this led to more effective flood management and to a reduction of damage. Nevertheless, important aspects remain unclear and need to be clarified. This particularly holds for balanced and coordinated strategies for reducing and overcoming the impacts of flooding in large catchments, cross-border and interdisciplinary cooperation, the role of the general public in the different phases of flood risk management, as well as a transparent risk transfer system. Recurring flood events reveal that flood risk management is a continuous task. Hence, risk drivers, such as climate change, land-use changes, economic developments, or demographic change and the resultant risks must be investigated at regular intervals, and risk reduction strategies and processes must be reassessed as well as adapted and implemented in a dialogue with all stakeholders.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{VasilievTarkhanov2016, author = {Vasiliev, Serguei and Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich}, title = {Construction of series of perfect lattices by layer superposition}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {2193-6943}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100591}, pages = {11}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We construct a new series of perfect lattices in n dimensions by the layer superposition method of Delaunay-Barnes.}, language = {en} } @article{Franz2016, author = {Franz, Norbert P.}, title = {Bibliographie zu Andrej Tarkovskijs Leben und Werk}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100578}, pages = {587 -- 672}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Вардиц2016, author = {Вардиц, Владислава}, title = {Андрей Тарковский и Ларс фон Триер}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100562}, pages = {573 -- 586}, year = {2016}, language = {ru} } @article{Pellanda2016, author = {Pellanda, Marina}, title = {Tarkovsky's legacy}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100557}, pages = {549 -- 571}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{Petzer2016, author = {Petzer, Tatjana}, title = {„Vajanie iz vremeni"}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100542}, pages = {519 -- 547}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Christians2016, author = {Christians, Heiko}, title = {Die Museumsbesucher}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100534}, pages = {505 -- 518}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Engel2016, author = {Engel, Christine}, title = {Aleksej Balabanovs Dialog mit Andrej Tarkovskij}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100521}, pages = {487 -- 504}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Paperny2016, author = {Paperny, Vladimir}, title = {Andrej Tarkovskij and Andrej Končalovskij}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100515}, pages = {471 -- 486}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{Vassilieva2016, author = {Vassilieva, Ekaterina}, title = {Schwarz-Weiß als Gestaltungsprinzip in ANDREJ RUBLEV und DAS SIEBENTE SIEGEL}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100508}, pages = {451 -- 469}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Булгакова2016, author = {Булгакова, Оксана}, title = {Блуждающие цитаты}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100499}, pages = {435 -- 449}, year = {2016}, language = {ru} } @article{Zehnder2016, author = {Zehnder, Christian}, title = {Erneuertes Gestern?}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100480}, pages = {409 -- 431}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Salvestroni2016, author = {Salvestroni, Simonetta}, title = {A Recurring Theme in Tarkovsky's Cinema}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100472}, pages = {399 -- 407}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{Киршбаум2016, author = {Киршбаум, Генрих}, title = {Экфразы Андрея Тарковского и эстетика меланхолии в эпоху застоя}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100464}, pages = {377 -- 397}, year = {2016}, language = {ru} } @article{Mayer2016, author = {Mayer, Michael}, title = {Tarkovskijs Scham}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100458}, pages = {365 -- 376}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @article{Calabretto2016, author = {Calabretto, Roberto}, title = {„L'organico risuonare del mondo"}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100441}, pages = {339 -- 364}, year = {2016}, language = {it} } @article{Кононенко2016, author = {Кононенко, Наталия}, title = {Звуковые метафоры культурных пространств в фильмах А. Тарковского и А. Сокурова}, series = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, journal = {Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker - Классик - Classic - Classico : Beitr{\"a}ge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Band 2}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-352-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100431}, pages = {323 -- 338}, year = {2016}, language = {ru} } @book{OPUS4-9727, title = {Spurensuche auf dem J{\"u}dischen Friedhof Potsdam}, edition = {2. durchgesehene Auflage}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, organization = {Vereinigung f{\"u}r J{\"u}dische Studien e.V.}, isbn = {978-3-86956-374-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97276}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {53}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Der J{\"u}dische Friedhof in Potsdam ist der einzige authentische Ged{\"a}chtnisort, der vom Lebenszyklus der j{\"u}dischen Bev{\"o}lkerung in der ehemaligen preußischen Residenz- und Garnisonstadt zeugt. Er ist zudem Ausdruck des unterschiedlichen Umgangs der Nachgeborenen mit ihrem Kulturgut. Außerdem ist dieser J{\"u}dische Friedhof zurzeit als einziger in Deutschland durch die UNESCO als Welterbe anerkannt. Da die j{\"u}dische Geschichte Potsdams bislang nur wenig bekannt ist, entstand ein durch die Stiftung „Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft" gef{\"o}rdertes Projekt, in dem sich Sch{\"u}ler*innen des Potsdamer Humboldt-Gymnasiums im Rahmen eines Seminarkurses mit dem j{\"u}dischen Erbe ihrer Stadt intensiv auseinandersetzten. Neben einer Ann{\"a}herung an das Thema {\"u}ber verschiedene, den Friedhof betreffende Sachthemen besch{\"a}ftigten sich die Jugendlichen mit einzelnen j{\"u}dischen Potsdamern, ihren Familienschicksalen und Lebenskonzepten. Erg{\"a}nzend wurden Aspekte des religi{\"o}sen Verst{\"a}ndnisses von Tod und Trauer im Judentum vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse all dieser Ausarbeitungen sind im vorliegenden Lehrmaterial vereinigt und dienen als Anregung f{\"u}r Lehrende und Lernende, die j{\"u}dische Geschichte ihrer jeweiligen Heimatorte zu thematisieren.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Prasse2016, author = {Prasse, Paul}, title = {Pattern recognition for computer security}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100251}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {VI, 75}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Computer Security deals with the detection and mitigation of threats to computer networks, data, and computing hardware. This thesis addresses the following two computer security problems: email spam campaign and malware detection. Email spam campaigns can easily be generated using popular dissemination tools by specifying simple grammars that serve as message templates. A grammar is disseminated to nodes of a bot net, the nodes create messages by instantiating the grammar at random. Email spam campaigns can encompass huge data volumes and therefore pose a threat to the stability of the infrastructure of email service providers that have to store them. Malware -software that serves a malicious purpose- is affecting web servers, client computers via active content, and client computers through executable files. Without the help of malware detection systems it would be easy for malware creators to collect sensitive information or to infiltrate computers. The detection of threats -such as email-spam messages, phishing messages, or malware- is an adversarial and therefore intrinsically difficult problem. Threats vary greatly and evolve over time. The detection of threats based on manually-designed rules is therefore difficult and requires a constant engineering effort. Machine-learning is a research area that revolves around the analysis of data and the discovery of patterns that describe aspects of the data. Discriminative learning methods extract prediction models from data that are optimized to predict a target attribute as accurately as possible. Machine-learning methods hold the promise of automatically identifying patterns that robustly and accurately detect threats. This thesis focuses on the design and analysis of discriminative learning methods for the two computer-security problems under investigation: email-campaign and malware detection. The first part of this thesis addresses email-campaign detection. We focus on regular expressions as a syntactic framework, because regular expressions are intuitively comprehensible by security engineers and administrators, and they can be applied as a detection mechanism in an extremely efficient manner. In this setting, a prediction model is provided with exemplary messages from an email-spam campaign. The prediction model has to generate a regular expression that reveals the syntactic pattern that underlies the entire campaign, and that a security engineers finds comprehensible and feels confident enough to use the expression to blacklist further messages at the email server. We model this problem as two-stage learning problem with structured input and output spaces which can be solved using standard cutting plane methods. Therefore we develop an appropriate loss function, and derive a decoder for the resulting optimization problem. The second part of this thesis deals with the problem of predicting whether a given JavaScript or PHP file is malicious or benign. Recent malware analysis techniques use static or dynamic features, or both. In fully dynamic analysis, the software or script is executed and observed for malicious behavior in a sandbox environment. By contrast, static analysis is based on features that can be extracted directly from the program file. In order to bypass static detection mechanisms, code obfuscation techniques are used to spread a malicious program file in many different syntactic variants. Deobfuscating the code before applying a static classifier can be subjected to mostly static code analysis and can overcome the problem of obfuscated malicious code, but on the other hand increases the computational costs of malware detection by an order of magnitude. In this thesis we present a cascaded architecture in which a classifier first performs a static analysis of the original code and -based on the outcome of this first classification step- the code may be deobfuscated and classified again. We explore several types of features including token \$n\$-grams, orthogonal sparse bigrams, subroutine-hashings, and syntax-tree features and study the robustness of detection methods and feature types against the evolution of malware over time. The developed tool scans very large file collections quickly and accurately. Each model is evaluated on real-world data and compared to reference methods. Our approach of inferring regular expressions to filter emails belonging to an email spam campaigns leads to models with a high true-positive rate at a very low false-positive rate that is an order of magnitude lower than that of a commercial content-based filter. Our presented system -REx-SVMshort- is being used by a commercial email service provider and complements content-based and IP-address based filtering. Our cascaded malware detection system is evaluated on a high-quality data set of almost 400,000 conspicuous PHP files and a collection of more than 1,00,000 JavaScript files. From our case study we can conclude that our system can quickly and accurately process large data collections at a low false-positive rate.}, language = {en} } @misc{Walther2016, author = {Walther, Daniel}, title = {Vergleich der Anzahl von Verben im Modus des Imperativs auf politischen Plakaten der Weimarer Republik und zur Berliner Abgeordnetenhauswahl 2016}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100053}, pages = {30}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Modularbeit vergleicht die H{\"a}ufigkeit des Imperativs auf Plakaten der Berliner Abgeordnetenhauswahl 2016 mit der auf den Plakaten der Weimarer Republik. Sie geht dabei der These nach, dass diese H{\"a}ufigkeit abgenommen hat und kann diese best{\"a}tigen: 2016 tritt der Imperativ achtmal seltener (5,7 \% zu 45,7 \%) auf. Zus{\"a}tzlich leistet die Arbeit einen {\"U}berblick zum Imperativ und weiteren M{\"o}glichkeiten, mittels der deutschen Sprache eine Aufforderung zu artikulieren. F{\"u}r die Untersuchung wurden zwei Untersuchungskorpora herangezogen, wovon der Korpus mit den Slogans zur Abgeordnetenhauswahl extra f{\"u}r diese Arbeit erstellt wurde und ihr auch beiliegt. In diesem, wie im Korpus zur Weimarer Republik, sind alle die Slogans enthalten und die verwendeten Imperative ausgez{\"a}hlt. So bietet sich ein Einblick in die politische Werbesprache der beiden Zeiten.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Pavlenko2016, author = {Pavlenko, Elena}, title = {Hybrid nanolayer architectures for ultrafast acousto-plasmonics in soft matter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99544}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {85}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The goal of the presented work is to explore the interaction between gold nanorods (GNRs) and hyper-sound waves. For the generation of the hyper-sound I have used Azobenzene-containing polymer transducers. Multilayer polymer structures with well-defined thicknesses and smooth interfaces were built via layer-by-layer deposition. Anionic polyelectrolytes with Azobenzene side groups (PAzo) were alternated with cationic polymer PAH, for the creation of transducer films. PSS/PAH multilayer were built for spacer layers, which do not absorb in the visible light range. The properties of the PAzo/PAH film as a transducer are carefully characterized by static and transient optical spectroscopy. The optical and mechanical properties of the transducer are studied on the picosecond time scale. In particular the relative change of the refractive index of the photo-excited and expanded PAH/PAzo is Δn/n = - 2.6*10-4. Calibration of the generated strain is performed by ultrafast X-ray diffraction calibrated the strain in a Mica substrate, into which the hyper-sound is transduced. By simulating the X-ray data with a linear-chain-model the strain in the transducer under the excitation is derived to be Δd/d ~ 5*10-4. Additional to the investigation of the properties of the transducer itself, I have performed a series of experiments to study the penetration of the generated strain into various adjacent materials. By depositing the PAzo/PAH film onto a PAH/PSS structure with gold nanorods incorporated in it, I have shown that nanoscale impurities can be detected via the scattering of hyper-sound. Prior to the investigation of complex structures containing GNRs and the transducer, I have performed several sets of experiments on GNRs deposited on a small buffer of PSS/PAH. The static and transient response of GNRs is investigated for different fluence of the pump beam and for different dielectric environments (GNRs covered by PSS/PAH). A systematic analysis of sample architectures is performed in order to construct a sample with the desired effect of GNRs responding to the hyper-sound strain wave. The observed shift of a feature related to the longitudinal plasmon resonance in the transient reflection spectra is interpreted as the event of GNRs sensing the strain wave. We argue that the shift of the longitudinal plasmon resonance is caused by the viscoelastic deformation of the polymer around the nanoparticle. The deformation is induced by the out of plane difference in strain in the area directly under a particle and next to it. Simulations based on the linear chain model support this assumption. Experimentally this assumption is proven by investigating the same structure, with GNRs embedded in a PSS/PAH polymer layer. The response of GNRs to the hyper-sound wave is also observed for the sample structure with GNRs embedded in PAzo/PAH films. The response of GNRs in this case is explained to be driven by the change of the refractive index of PAzo during the strain propagation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hoffmann2016, author = {Hoffmann, Bernd}, title = {Plant organic matter mobilization and export in fluvial systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99336}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xiii, 131}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The global carbon cycle is closely linked to Earth's climate. In the context of continuously unchecked anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, the importance of natural CO₂ bond and carbon storage is increasing. An important biogenic mechanism of natural atmospheric CO₂ drawdown is the photosynthetic carbon fixation in plants and the subsequent longterm deposition of plant detritus in sediments. The main objective of this thesis is to identify factors that control mobilization and transport of plant organic matter (pOM) through rivers towards sedimentation basins. I investigated this aspect in the eastern Nepalese Arun Valley. The trans-Himalayan Arun River is characterized by a strong elevation gradient (205 - 8848 m asl) that is accompanied by strong changes in ecology and climate ranging from wet tropical conditions in the Himalayan forelad to high alpine tundra on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, the Arun is an excellent natural laboratory, allowing the investigation of the effect of vegetation cover, climate, and topography on plant organic matter mobilization and export in tributaries along the gradient. Based on hydrogen isotope measurements of plant waxes sampled along the Arun River and its tributaries, I first developed a model that allows for an indirect quantification of pOM contributed to the mainsetm by the Arun's tributaries. In order to determine the role of climatic and topographic parameters of sampled tributary catchments, I looked for significant statistical relations between the amount of tributary pOM export and tributary characteristics (e.g. catchment size, plant cover, annual precipitation or runoff, topographic measures). On one hand, I demonstrated that pOMsourced from the Arun is not uniformly derived from its entire catchment area. On the other, I showed that dense vegetation is a necessary, but not sufficient, criterion for high tributary pOM export. Instead, I identified erosion and rainfall and runoff as key factors controlling pOM sourcing in the Arun Valley. This finding is supported by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide concentrations measured on river sands along the Arun and its tributaries in order to quantify catchment wide denudation rates. Highest denudation rates corresponded well with maximum pOM mobilization and export also suggesting the link between erosion and pOM sourcing. The second part of this thesis focusses on the applicability of stable isotope records such as plant wax n-alkanes in sediment archives as qualitative and quantitative proxy for the variability of past Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) strength. First, I determined how ISM strength affects the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic composition (reported as δD and δ18O values vs. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) of precipitation in the Arun Valley and if this amount effect (Dansgaard, 1964) is strong enough to be recorded in potential paleo-ISM isotope proxies. Second, I investigated if potential isotope records across the Arun catchment reflect ISM strength dependent precipitation δD values only, or if the ISM isotope signal is superimposed by winter precipitation or glacial melt. Furthermore, I tested if δD values of plant waxes in fluvial deposits reflect δD values of environmental waters in the respective catchments. I showed that surface water δD values in the Arun Valley and precipitation δD from south of the Himalaya both changed similarly during two consecutive years (2011 \& 2012) with distinct ISM rainfall amounts (~20\% less in 2012). In order to evaluate the effect of other water sources (Winter-Westerly precipitation, glacial melt) and evapotranspiration in the Arun Valley, I analysed satellite remote sensing data of rainfall distribution (TRMM 3B42V7), snow cover (MODIS MOD10C1), glacial coverage (GLIMSdatabase, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space), and evapotranspiration (MODIS MOD16A2). In addition to the predominant ISM in the entire catchment I found through stable isotope analysis of surface waters indications for a considerable amount of glacial melt derived from high altitude tributaries and the Tibetan Plateau. Remotely sensed snow cover data revealed that the upper portion of the Arun also receives considerable winter precipitation, but the effect of snow melt on the Arun Valley hydrology could not be evaluated as it takes place in early summer, several months prior to our sampling campaigns. However, I infer that plant wax records and other potential stable isotope proxy archives below the snowline are well-suited for qualitative, and potentially quantitative, reconstructions of past changes of ISM strength.}, language = {en} } @misc{WippertFliesser2016, author = {Wippert, Pia-Maria and Fliesser, Michael}, title = {National doping prevention guidelines : Intent, efficacy and lessons learned}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100406}, pages = {7}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Background Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools. Methods The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54.5 \% male, 45.5 \% female, age M = 16.7 ± 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p <0.001), although this difference was small. Conclusion The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP"booster sessions" had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior.}, language = {en} } @misc{GerthKlassertDolketal.2016, author = {Gerth, Sabrina and Klassert, Annegret and Dolk, Thomas and Fliesser, Michael and Fischer, Martin H. and Nottbusch, Guido and Festman, Julia}, title = {Is Handwriting Performance Affected by the Writing Surface?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100384}, pages = {18}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Due to their multifunctionality, tablets offer tremendous advantages for research on handwriting dynamics or for interactive use of learning apps in schools. Further, the widespread use of tablet computers has had a great impact on handwriting in the current generation. But, is it advisable to teach how to write and to assess handwriting in pre- and primary schoolchildren on tablets rather than on paper? Since handwriting is not automatized before the age of 10 years, children's handwriting movements require graphomotor and visual feedback as well as permanent control of movement execution during handwriting. Modifications in writing conditions, for instance the smoother writing surface of a tablet, might influence handwriting performance in general and in particular those of non-automatized beginning writers. In order to investigate how handwriting performance is affected by a difference in friction of the writing surface, we recruited three groups with varying levels of handwriting automaticity: 25 preschoolers, 27 second graders, and 25 adults. We administered three tasks measuring graphomotor abilities, visuomotor abilities, and handwriting performance (only second graders and adults). We evaluated two aspects of handwriting performance: the handwriting quality with a visual score and the handwriting dynamics using online handwriting measures [e.g., writing duration, writing velocity, strokes and number of inversions in velocity (NIV)]. In particular, NIVs which describe the number of velocity peaks during handwriting are directly related to the level of handwriting automaticity. In general, we found differences between writing on paper compared to the tablet. These differences were partly task-dependent. The comparison between tablet and paper revealed a faster writing velocity for all groups and all tasks on the tablet which indicates that all participants—even the experienced writers—were influenced by the lower friction of the tablet surface. Our results for the group-comparison show advancing levels in handwriting automaticity from preschoolers to second graders to adults, which confirms that our method depicts handwriting performance in groups with varying degrees of handwriting automaticity. We conclude that the smoother tablet surface requires additional control of handwriting movements and therefore might present an additional challenge for learners of handwriting.}, language = {en} } @misc{WarschburgerKroeller2016, author = {Warschburger, Petra and Kr{\"o}ller, Katja}, title = {Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100359}, pages = {9}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Background Attrition is a serious problem in intervention studies. The current study analyzed the attrition rate during follow-up in a randomized controlled pediatric weight management program (EPOC study) within a tertiary care setting. Methods Five hundred twenty-three parents and their 7-13-year-old children with obesity participated in the randomized controlled intervention trial. Follow-up data were assessed 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Attrition was defined as providing no objective weight data. Demographic and psychological baseline characteristics were used to predict attrition at 6- and 12-month follow-up using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Objective weight data were available for 49.6 (67.0) \% of the children 6 (12) months after the end of treatment. Completers and non-completers at the 6- and 12-month follow-up differed in the amount of weight loss during their inpatient stay, their initial BMI-SDS, educational level of the parents, and child's quality of life and well-being. Additionally, completers supported their child more than non-completers, and at the 12-month follow-up, families with a more structured eating environment were less likely to drop out. On a multivariate level, only educational background and structure of the eating environment remained significant. Conclusions The minor differences between the completers and the non-completers suggest that our retention strategies were successful. Further research should focus on prevention of attrition in families with a lower educational background.}, language = {en} } @misc{FeldmannMaduarSanteretal.2016, author = {Feldmann, David and Maduar, Salim R. and Santer, Mark and Lomadze, Nino and Vinogradova, Olga I. and Santer, Svetlana}, title = {Manipulation of small particles at solid liquid interface}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100338}, pages = {10}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The strong adhesion of sub-micron sized particles to surfaces is a nuisance, both for removing contaminating colloids from surfaces and for conscious manipulation of particles to create and test novel micro/nano-scale assemblies. The obvious idea of using detergents to ease these processes suffers from a lack of control: the action of any conventional surface-modifying agent is immediate and global. With photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactants we overcome these limitations. Such photo-soaps contain optical switches (azobenzene molecules), which upon illumination with light of appropriate wavelength undergo reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization resulting in a subsequent change of the physico-chemical molecular properties. In this work we show that when a spatial gradient in the composition of trans- and cis- isomers is created near a solid-liquid interface, a substantial hydrodynamic flow can be initiated, the spatial extent of which can be set, e.g., by the shape of a laser spot. We propose the concept of light induced diffusioosmosis driving the flow, which can remove, gather or pattern a particle assembly at a solid-liquid interface. In other words, in addition to providing a soap we implement selectivity: particles are mobilized and moved at the time of illumination, and only across the illuminated area.}, language = {en} } @misc{KibrikKhudyakovaDobrovetal.2016, author = {Kibrik, Andrej A. and Khudyakova, Mariya V. and Dobrov, Grigory B. and Linnik, Anastasia and Zalmanov, Dmitrij A.}, title = {Referential Choice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100313}, pages = {21}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We report a study of referential choice in discourse production, understood as the choice between various types of referential devices, such as pronouns and full noun phrases. Our goal is to predict referential choice, and to explore to what extent such prediction is possible. Our approach to referential choice includes a cognitively informed theoretical component, corpus analysis, machine learning methods and experimentation with human participants. Machine learning algorithms make use of 25 factors, including referent's properties (such as animacy and protagonism), the distance between a referential expression and its antecedent, the antecedent's syntactic role, and so on. Having found the predictions of our algorithm to coincide with the original almost 90\% of the time, we hypothesized that fully accurate prediction is not possible because, in many situations, more than one referential option is available. This hypothesis was supported by an experimental study, in which participants answered questions about either the original text in the corpus, or about a text modified in accordance with the algorithm's prediction. Proportions of correct answers to these questions, as well as participants' rating of the questions' difficulty, suggested that divergences between the algorithm's prediction and the original referential device in the corpus occur overwhelmingly in situations where the referential choice is not categorical.}, language = {en} } @misc{deCarvalhoMetzlerCherstvy2016, author = {de Carvalho, Sidney J. and Metzler, Ralf and Cherstvy, Andrey G.}, title = {Critical adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto planar and convex highly charged surfaces}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100295}, pages = {17}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We study the adsorption-desorption transition of polyelectrolyte chains onto planar, cylindrical and spherical surfaces with arbitrarily high surface charge densities by massive Monte Carlo computer simulations. We examine in detail how the well known scaling relations for the threshold transition—demarcating the adsorbed and desorbed domains of a polyelectrolyte near weakly charged surfaces—are altered for highly charged interfaces. In virtue of high surface potentials and large surface charge densities, the Debye-H{\"u}ckel approximation is often not feasible and the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann approach should be implemented. At low salt conditions, for instance, the electrostatic potential from the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is smaller than the Debye-H{\"u}ckel result, such that the required critical surface charge density for polyelectrolyte adsorption σc increases. The nonlinear relation between the surface charge density and electrostatic potential leads to a sharply increasing critical surface charge density with growing ionic strength, imposing an additional limit to the critical salt concentration above which no polyelectrolyte adsorption occurs at all. We contrast our simulations findings with the known scaling results for weak critical polyelectrolyte adsorption onto oppositely charged surfaces for the three standard geometries. Finally, we discuss some applications of our results for some physical-chemical and biophysical systems.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Semmo2016, author = {Semmo, Amir}, title = {Design and implementation of non-photorealistic rendering techniques for 3D geospatial data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99525}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {XVI, 155}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Geospatial data has become a natural part of a growing number of information systems and services in the economy, society, and people's personal lives. In particular, virtual 3D city and landscape models constitute valuable information sources within a wide variety of applications such as urban planning, navigation, tourist information, and disaster management. Today, these models are often visualized in detail to provide realistic imagery. However, a photorealistic rendering does not automatically lead to high image quality, with respect to an effective information transfer, which requires important or prioritized information to be interactively highlighted in a context-dependent manner. Approaches in non-photorealistic renderings particularly consider a user's task and camera perspective when attempting optimal expression, recognition, and communication of important or prioritized information. However, the design and implementation of non-photorealistic rendering techniques for 3D geospatial data pose a number of challenges, especially when inherently complex geometry, appearance, and thematic data must be processed interactively. Hence, a promising technical foundation is established by the programmable and parallel computing architecture of graphics processing units. This thesis proposes non-photorealistic rendering techniques that enable both the computation and selection of the abstraction level of 3D geospatial model contents according to user interaction and dynamically changing thematic information. To achieve this goal, the techniques integrate with hardware-accelerated rendering pipelines using shader technologies of graphics processing units for real-time image synthesis. The techniques employ principles of artistic rendering, cartographic generalization, and 3D semiotics—unlike photorealistic rendering—to synthesize illustrative renditions of geospatial feature type entities such as water surfaces, buildings, and infrastructure networks. In addition, this thesis contributes a generic system that enables to integrate different graphic styles—photorealistic and non-photorealistic—and provide their seamless transition according to user tasks, camera view, and image resolution. Evaluations of the proposed techniques have demonstrated their significance to the field of geospatial information visualization including topics such as spatial perception, cognition, and mapping. In addition, the applications in illustrative and focus+context visualization have reflected their potential impact on optimizing the information transfer regarding factors such as cognitive load, integration of non-realistic information, visualization of uncertainty, and visualization on small displays.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Berner2016, author = {Berner, Nadine}, title = {Deciphering multiple changes in complex climate time series using Bayesian inference}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100065}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xvi, 135}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Change points in time series are perceived as heterogeneities in the statistical or dynamical characteristics of the observations. Unraveling such transitions yields essential information for the understanding of the observed system's intrinsic evolution and potential external influences. A precise detection of multiple changes is therefore of great importance for various research disciplines, such as environmental sciences, bioinformatics and economics. The primary purpose of the detection approach introduced in this thesis is the investigation of transitions underlying direct or indirect climate observations. In order to develop a diagnostic approach capable to capture such a variety of natural processes, the generic statistical features in terms of central tendency and dispersion are employed in the light of Bayesian inversion. In contrast to established Bayesian approaches to multiple changes, the generic approach proposed in this thesis is not formulated in the framework of specialized partition models of high dimensionality requiring prior specification, but as a robust kernel-based approach of low dimensionality employing least informative prior distributions. First of all, a local Bayesian inversion approach is developed to robustly infer on the location and the generic patterns of a single transition. The analysis of synthetic time series comprising changes of different observational evidence, data loss and outliers validates the performance, consistency and sensitivity of the inference algorithm. To systematically investigate time series for multiple changes, the Bayesian inversion is extended to a kernel-based inference approach. By introducing basic kernel measures, the weighted kernel inference results are composed into a proxy probability to a posterior distribution of multiple transitions. The detection approach is applied to environmental time series from the Nile river in Aswan and the weather station Tuscaloosa, Alabama comprising documented changes. The method's performance confirms the approach as a powerful diagnostic tool to decipher multiple changes underlying direct climate observations. Finally, the kernel-based Bayesian inference approach is used to investigate a set of complex terrigenous dust records interpreted as climate indicators of the African region of the Plio-Pleistocene period. A detailed inference unravels multiple transitions underlying the indirect climate observations, that are interpreted as conjoint changes. The identified conjoint changes coincide with established global climate events. In particular, the two-step transition associated to the establishment of the modern Walker-Circulation contributes to the current discussion about the influence of paleoclimate changes on the environmental conditions in tropical and subtropical Africa at around two million years ago.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Roers2016, author = {Roers, Michael}, title = {Methoden zur Dynamisierung von Klimafolgenanalysen im Elbegebiet}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-98844}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xiii, 141}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Die Elbe und ihr Einzugsgebiet sind vom Klimawandel betroffen. Um die Wirkkette von projizierten Klimaver{\"a}nderungen auf den Wasserhaushalt und die daraus resultierenden N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}ge und -frachten f{\"u}r große Einzugsgebiete wie das der Elbe zu analysieren, k{\"o}nnen integrierte Umweltmodellsysteme eingesetzt werden. Fallstudien, die mit diesen Modellsystemen ad hoc durchgef{\"u}hrt werden, repr{\"a}sentieren den Istzustand von Modellentwicklungen und -unsicherheiten und sind damit statisch. Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Einstieg in die Dynamisierung von Klimafolgenanalysen im Elbegebiet. Dies umfasst zum einen eine Plausibilit{\"a}tspr{\"u}fung von Auswirkungsrechnungen, die mit Szenarien des statistischen Szenariengenerators STARS durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, durch den Vergleich mit den Auswirkungen neuerer Klimaszenarien aus dem ISI-MIP Projekt, die dem letzten Stand der Klimamodellierung entsprechen. Hierf{\"u}r wird ein integriertes Modellsystem mit "eingefrorenem Entwicklungsstand" verwendet. Die Klimawirkungsmodelle bleiben dabei unver{\"a}ndert. Zum anderen wird ein Bestandteil des integrierten Modellsystems - das {\"o}kohydrologische Modell SWIM - zu einer "live"-Version weiterentwickelt. Diese wird durch punktuelle Testung an langj{\"a}hrigen Versuchsreihen eines Lysimeterstandorts sowie an aktuellen Abflussreihen validiert und verbessert. Folgende Forschungsfragen werden bearbeitet: (i) Welche Effekte haben unterschiedliche Klimaszenarien auf den Wasserhaushalt im Elbegebiet und ist eine Neubewertung der Auswirkung des Klimawandels auf den Wasserhaushalt notwendig?, (ii) Was sind die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}ge und -frachten im Elbegebiet sowie die Wirksamkeit von Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}ge?, (iii) Ist unter der Nutzung (selbst einer sehr geringen Anzahl) verf{\"u}gbarer tagesaktueller Witterungsdaten in einem stark heterogenen Einzugsgebiet eine valide Ansprache der aktuellen {\"o}kohydrologischen Situation des Elbeeinzugsgebiets m{\"o}glich? Die aktuellen Szenarien best{\"a}tigen die Richtung, jedoch nicht das Ausmaß der Klimafolgen: Die R{\"u}ckg{\"a}nge des mittleren j{\"a}hrlichen Gesamtabflusses und der monatlichen Abfl{\"u}sse an den Pegeln bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts betragen f{\"u}r das STARS-Szenario ca. 30 \%. Die R{\"u}ckg{\"a}nge bei den auf dem ISI-MIP-Szenario basierenden Modellstudien liegen hingegen nur bei ca. 10 \%. Hauptursachen f{\"u}r diese Divergenz sind die Unterschiede in den Niederschlagsprojektionen sowie die Unterschiede in der jahreszeitlichen Verteilung der Erw{\"a}rmung. Im STARS-Szenario gehen methodisch bedingt die Niederschl{\"a}ge zur{\"u}ck und der Winter erw{\"a}rmt sich st{\"a}rker als der Sommer. In dem ISI-MIP-Szenario bleiben die Niederschl{\"a}ge nahezu stabil und die Erw{\"a}rmung im Sommer und Winter unterscheidet sich nur geringf{\"u}gig. Generell nehmen die N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}ge und -frachten mit den Abfl{\"u}ssen in beiden Szenarien unterproportional ab, wobei die Frachten jeweils st{\"a}rker als die Eintr{\"a}ge zur{\"u}ckgehen. Die konkreten Effekte der Abfluss{\"a}nderungen sind gering und liegen im einstelligen Prozentbereich. Gleiches gilt f{\"u}r die Unterschiede zwischen den Szenarien. Der Effekt von zwei ausgew{\"a}hlten Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}ge und -frachten unterscheidet sich bei verschiedenen Abflussverh{\"a}ltnissen, repr{\"a}sentiert durch unterschiedliche Klimaszenarien in unterschiedlich feuchter Auspr{\"a}gung, ebenfalls nur geringf{\"u}gig. Die Beantwortung der ersten beiden Forschungsfragen zeigt, dass die Aktualisierung von Klimaszenarien in einem ansonsten "eingefrorenen" Verbund von {\"o}kohydrologischen Daten und Modellen eine wichtige Pr{\"u}foption f{\"u}r die Plausibilisierung von Klimafolgenanalysen darstellt. Sie bildet die methodische Grundlage f{\"u}r die Schlussfolgerung, dass bei der Wassermenge eine Neubewertung der Klimafolgen notwendig ist, w{\"a}hrend dies bei den N{\"a}hrstoffeintr{\"a}gen und -frachten nicht der Fall ist. Die zur Beantwortung der dritten Forschungsfrage mit SWIM-live durchgef{\"u}hrten Validierungsstudien ergeben Diskrepanzen am Lysimeterstandort und bei den Abfl{\"u}ssen aus den Teilgebieten Saale und Spree. Sie lassen sich zum Teil mit der notwendigen Interpolationsweite der Witterungsdaten und dem Einfluss von Wasserbewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen erkl{\"a}ren. Insgesamt zeigen die Validierungsergebnisse, dass schon die Pilotversion von SWIM-live f{\"u}r eine {\"o}kohydrologische Ansprache des Gebietswasserhaushaltes im Elbeeinzugsgebiet genutzt werden kann. SWIM-live erm{\"o}glicht eine unmittelbare Betrachtung und Beurteilung simulierter Daten. Dadurch werden Unsicherheiten bei der Modellierung direkt offengelegt und k{\"o}nnen infolge dessen reduziert werden. Zum einen f{\"u}hrte die Verdichtung der meteorologischen Eingangsdaten durch die Verwendung von nun ca. 700 anstatt 19 Klima- bzw. Niederschlagstationen zu einer Verbesserung der Ergebnisse. Zum anderen wurde SWIM-live beispielhaft f{\"u}r einen Zyklus aus punktueller Modellverbesserung und fl{\"a}chiger {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Simulationsergebnisse genutzt. Die einzelnen Teilarbeiten tragen jeweils zur Dynamisierung von Klimafolgenanalysen im Elbegebiet bei. Der Anlass hierf{\"u}r war durch die fehlerhaften methodischen Grundlagen von STARS gegeben. Die Sinnf{\"a}lligkeit der Dynamisierung ist jedoch nicht an diesen konkreten Anlass gebunden, sondern beruht auf der grundlegenden Einsicht, dass Ad-hoc-Szenarienanalysen immer auch pragmatische Vereinfachungen zugrunde liegen, die fortlaufend {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden m{\"u}ssen.}, language = {de} } @article{Berner2016, author = {Berner, Elisabeth}, title = {Ein Blick zur{\"u}ck}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100008}, pages = {157 -- 185}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Einleitung, 2 Die Entstehung des organisierten Turnens in Deutschland, 3 Vom Turnen zum Sport, 4 Friedrich Ludwig Jahn und die Herausbildung der deutschen Turnersprache, 5 Sportsprache in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, 6 Didaktische Anregungen, 7 Materialien und Diskussionsanregungen, 8 Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{Muehlbauer2016, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Evelyn}, title = {Mit Korbmachern zum Sieg}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99998}, pages = {129 -- 155}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Hinf{\"u}hrung, 2 Zum Buch, 3 Arbeit am Wortschatz: integrativ im wortschatzdidaktischen Dreischritt, 4 Wortschatz lehren und lernen mit dem Buch „Spielmacher", 5 Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{Siehr2016, author = {Siehr, Karl-Heinz}, title = {Der Live-Ticker als Gegenstand von Sprach- und Medientextreflexion}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99986}, pages = {101 -- 128}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Hinf{\"u}hrung, 2 Vom Nachrichtenticker zum Live-Ticker, 3 M{\"o}glichkeiten der fachdidaktischen Nutzung im Deutschunterricht, 4 Kommentierung der Aufgaben und Materialien, 5 Literatur, 6 Aufgaben}, language = {de} } @article{Hoffmann2016, author = {Hoffmann, Michael}, title = {Wie Schlagzeilen zum Schl{\"u}ssel f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis von Texten werden}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99972}, pages = {71 -- 99}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Was Schlagzeilen von {\"U}berschriften unterscheidet, 2 Wie sich Schlagzeilen in ein Kommunikationssystem einf{\"u}gen, 3 Was Schlagzeilen verraten, 4 Materialien, 5 Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{KernGrossbroehmer2016, author = {Kern, Friederike and Großbr{\"o}hmer, Christoph}, title = {Ol{\´e}! Fanges{\"a}nge im Deutschunterricht}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99961}, pages = {49 -- 69}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Einleitung, 2 Linguistische Grundlagen: Die Kommunikationsmodelle von B{\"u}hler und Schulz von Thun, 3 Fanges{\"a}nge sprachlich-kommunikativ gesehen, 4 Unterrichtsanregungen, 5 Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{Hoffmann2016, author = {Hoffmann, Michael}, title = {Sport, Sportsprache, Sportberichterstattung}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99952}, pages = {31 -- 47}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Ausgangs{\"u}berlegungen, 2 Sport als Kommunikationsgegenstand, 3 Sportsprache als Kommunikationsmittel, 4 Sportberichterstattung als Kommunikationssystem, 5 Abschließend: Sportberichterstattung und Medientextkompetenz, 6 Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{SiehrKern2016, author = {Siehr, Karl-Heinz and Kern, Friederike}, title = {Deutschunterricht und „Sport" in deutschdidaktischer Perspektive}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-99945}, pages = {11 -- 29}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1. Hinf{\"u}hrung, 2. Literatur}, language = {de} } @article{HoefnerSchepe2016, author = {H{\"o}fner, Marion and Schepe, Kerstin}, title = {Ein Fußballer-Roman als Pr{\"u}fungsgegenstand}, series = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, journal = {Sport als Thema im Deutschunterricht : Fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-381-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100040}, pages = {267 -- 290}, year = {2016}, abstract = {1 Hinf{\"u}hrung und Zielstellung, 2 Angestrebte Ergebnisse der Entwicklung lexikalischer Kompetenz - vernetzt mit der Entwicklung von Lese-/Textverstehenskompetenz, 3 Arbeit am Wortschatz und Textverstehen - Textanalyse als das Erschließen eines Feldes von M{\"o}glichkeiten, 4 Die T{\"a}tigkeit des Sch{\"u}lers optimal in Gang setzen - handlungs-regulierende Aufgaben stellen, 5 Literatur}, language = {de} }