@article{FroemerDimigenNiefindetal.2015,
  author    = {Fr{\"o}mer, Romy and Dimigen, Olaf and Niefind, Florian and Krause, Niels and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner},
  title     = {Are Individual Differences in Reading Speed Related to Extrafoveal Visual Acuity and Crowding?},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121986},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Readers differ considerably in their speed of self-paced reading. One factor known to influence fixation durations in reading is the preprocessing of words in parafoveal vision. Here we investigated whether individual differences in reading speed or the amount of information extracted from upcoming words (the preview benefit) can be explained by basic differences in extrafoveal vision-i.e., the ability to recognize peripheral letters with or without the presence of flanking letters. Forty participants were given an adaptive test to determine their eccentricity thresholds for the identification of letters presented either in isolation (extrafoveal acuity) or flanked by other letters (crowded letter recognition). In a separate eye-tracking experiment, the same participants read lists of words from left to right, while the preview of the upcoming words was manipulated with the gaze-contingent moving window technique. Relationships between dependent measures were analyzed on the observational level and with linear mixed models. We obtained highly reliable estimates both for extrafoveal letter identification (acuity and crowding) and measures of reading speed (overall reading speed, size of preview benefit). Reading speed was higher in participants with larger uncrowded windows. However, the strength of this relationship was moderate and it was only observed if other sources of variance in reading speed (e.g., the occurrence of regressive saccades) were eliminated. Moreover, the size of the preview benefit-an important factor in normal reading-was larger in participants with better extrafoveal acuity. Together, these results indicate a significant albeit moderate contribution of extrafoveal vision to individual differences in reading speed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithHeckhausenetal.1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Heckhausen, Jutta and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Ged{\"a}chtnisk{\"u}nstler : ein experimenteller Zugang zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Theorien kognitiven Lernens und Alterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40247},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Der hier berichtete Forschungsansatz kombiniert entwicklungs- und kognitionspsychologische Fragestellungen. Das entwicklungspsychologische Ziel war, Potential und Grenzen latenter kognitiver Leistungsreserven bei jungen und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen sichtbar zu machen. Eine systematische Heranf{\"u}hrung an Leistungsgrenzen sollte außerdem die unterschiedliche Alterssensitivit{\"a}t kognitiver Prozesse verdeutlichen und zu einer Vergr{\"o}ßerung interindividueller Unterschiede f{\"u}hren. Das kognitionspsychologische Ziel war, die Genese kognitiver Expertise unter Laborbedingungen zu simulieren, wobei vor allem die Transformation von Laien- in Expertenwissen untersucht werden sollte. Diese {\"U}berlegungen wurden in einem Trainingsprogramm {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, in dessen Verlauf junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in einer Ged{\"a}chtniskunst f{\"u}r das Behalten von Zufallszahlen und Wortlisten unterwiesen wurden. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses experimentellen Paradigmas f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der theoretischen Fragen wird durch Ergebnisse aus vier Einzelfallstudien belegt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Kliegl1981,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Automated and interactive analysis of eye fixation data in reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39861},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {A package of five FORTRAN programs that provides for fast user-controlled analyses of reading eye fixations is described. The package requires the data to be in a fixation format and to be rescaled to screen dimensions. OLDEYE identifies six types of fixations and calculates descriptive statistics on each of them, on their associated saccades, and on their average pupil diameter. CONVRT represents the text as a string of words that can be coded according to experimentally relevant variables. PLTFIX prints fixation durations by letter position and sequence of occurrence. MODDAT is an interactive program for marking parts of the text in which the data quality is below acceptable standards. It also allows the correction of systematic errors due to calibration or drift. MATCH combines the outputs from OLDEYE, CONVRT, and MODDAT and calculates 11 dependent measures for every word. The output of MATCH is suitable for input to conventional multivariate statistical programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HortobagyiUematsuSandersetal.2018,
  author    = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Uematsu, Azusa and Sanders, Lianne and Kliegl, Reinhold and Tollar, Jozsef and Moraes, Renato and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease},
  series = {Gerontology},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Gerontology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0304-324X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000493360},
  pages     = {332 -- 339},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected "dynamic balance tests," and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-{\`a}-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LindenbergerBrehmerKliegletal.2008,
  author    = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Brehmer, Y. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon?},
  isbn      = {978-0-521-87205-8},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerKliegl2001,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertKliegl2003,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Binocular coordination in microsaccades},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YanKliegl2016,
  author    = {Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {CarPrice versus CarpRice: Word Boundary Ambiguity Influences Saccade Target Selection During the Reading of Chinese Sentences},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  doi       = {10.1037/xlm0000276},
  pages     = {1832 -- 1838},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {As a contribution to a theoretical debate about the degree of high-level influences on saccade targeting during sentence reading, we investigated eye movements during the reading of structurally ambiguous Chinese character strings and examined whether parafoveal word segmentation could influence saccade-target selection. As expected, ambiguous strings took longer to process. More critically there were theoretically relevant interactions between ambiguity and launch site when first-fixation location and saccade amplitude served as dependent variables: Ambiguous strings in the parafovea triggered longer saccades and more rightward fixations for close launch sites than unambiguous ones; the reverse result was obtained for far launch sites. These crossover interactions indicate that parafoveal word segmentation influences saccade generation in Chinese and provide support of the hypothesis that high-level information can be involved in the decision about where to fixate next.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchroederWuerznerHeisteretal.2015,
  author    = {Schroeder, Sascha and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Heister, Julian and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {childLex: a lexical database of German read by children},
  series = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1554-351X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1},
  pages     = {1085 -- 1094},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This article introduces childLex, an online database of German read by children. childLex is based on a corpus of children's books and comprises 10 million words that were syntactically annotated and lemmatized. childLex reports linguistic norms for lexical, superlexical, and sublexical variables in three different age groups: 6-8 (grades 1-2), 9-10 (grades 3-4), and 11-12 years (grades 5-6). Here, we describe how childLex was collected and analyzed. In addition, we provide information about the distributions of word frequency, word length, and orthographic neighborhood size, as well as their intercorrelations. Finally, we explain how childLex can be accessed using a Web interface.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglPhilipp2002,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris},
  title     = {Cognitive plasticity},
  isbn      = {0-7619-5494-5},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesSowarkaKliegl1989,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Sowarka, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterKliegl2012,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-178-3},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKliegl2000,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go?},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertKlieglLongtin2004,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Longtin, Andre},
  title     = {Complexity of eye movements in reading},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {During reading, our eyes perform complicated sequences of fixations on words. Stochastic models of eye movement control suggest that this seemingly erratic behaviour can be attributed to noise in the oculomotor system and random fluctuations in lexical processing. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of a recently published dynamical model [Engbert et al., 2002] and propose that deterministic nonlinear control accounts for much of the observed complexity of eye movement patterns during reading. Based on a symbolic coding technique we analyze robust statistical features of simulated fixation sequences},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglKemper1999,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Kemper, Susan},
  title     = {Concluding observations},
  isbn      = {0-7923-8526-8},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OngKliegl2008,
  author    = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations},
  issn      = {1995-8692},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{KemperKliegl1999,
  author    = {Kemper, Susan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Constraints on language : aging, grammar, and memory},
  publisher = {Kluwer},
  address   = {Boston},
  pages     = {324 S.},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LiWangMoetal.2018,
  author    = {Li, Nan and Wang, Suiping and Mo, Luxi and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914},
  pages     = {241 -- 249},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DimigenSommerHohlfeldetal.2011,
  author    = {Dimigen, Olaf and Sommer, Werner and Hohlfeld, Annette and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading analyses and review},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : General},
  volume    = {140},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : General},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-3445},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0023885},
  pages     = {552 -- 572},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Brain-electric correlates of reading have traditionally been studied with word-by-word presentation, a condition that eliminates important aspects of the normal reading process and precludes direct comparisons between neural activity and oculomotor behavior. In the present study, we investigated effects of word predictability on eye movements (EM) and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) during natural sentence reading. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and EM (via video-based eye tracking) were recorded simultaneously while subjects read heterogeneous German sentences, moving their eyes freely over the text. FRPs were time-locked to first-pass reading fixations and analyzed according to the cloze probability of the currently fixated word. We replicated robust effects of word predictability on EMs and the N400 component in FRPs. The data were then used to model the relation among fixation duration, gaze duration, and N400 amplitude, and to trace the time course of EEG effects relative to effects in EM behavior. In an extended Methodological Discussion section, we review 4 technical and data-analytical problems that need to be addressed when FRPs are recorded in free-viewing situations (such as reading, visual search, or scene perception) and propose solutions. Results suggest that EEG recordings during normal vision are feasible and useful to consolidate findings from EEG and eye-tracking studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RolfsEngbertKliegl2005,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor control and spatial attention in vision and audition},
  issn      = {0014-4819},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention. Here, we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e. an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets, microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. We argue that microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MacWhinneyBatesKliegl1984,
  author    = {MacWhinney, Brian and Bates, Elizabeth and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the "competition model" of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RichterEngbertKliegl2006,
  author    = {Richter, Eike M. and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Current advances in SWIFT},
  issn      = {1389-0417},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Das Janusgesicht des Alters : {\"u}ber Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Ged{\"a}chtnis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Vier Forschungsans{\"a}tze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersged{\"a}chtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverl{\"a}ufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) {\"u}ber interindividuelle Variabilit{\"a}t und historischen Wandel, (3) {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und Reservekapazit{\"a}t und (4) {\"u}ber Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz ersch{\"o}pft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und {\"u}ben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Ver{\"a}nderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird f{\"u}r die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise f{\"u}r Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Altersdemenz, empfohlen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OlsonDavidsonKliegletal.1984,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davies, Susan E.},
  title     = {Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16888},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The development of phonetic codes in memory of 141 pairs of normal and disabled readers from 7.8 to 16.8 years of age was tested with a task adapted from L. S. Mark, D. Shankweiler, I. Y. Liberman, and C. A. Fowler (Memory \& Cognition, 1977, 5, 623-629) that measured false-positive errors in recognition memory for foil words which rhymed with words in the memory list versus foil words that did not rhyme. Our younger subjects replicated Mark et al., showing a larger difference between rhyming and nonrhyming false-positive errors for the normal readers. The older disabled readers' phonetic effect was comparable to that of the younger normal readers, suggesting a developmental lag in their use of phonetic coding in memory. Surprisingly, the normal readers' phonetic effect declined with age in the recognition task, but they maintained a significant advantage across age in the auditory WISC-R digit span recall test, and a test of phonological nonword decoding. The normals' decline with age in rhyming confusion may be due to an increase in the precision of their phonetic codes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TetznerKlieglKraheetal.2017,
  author    = {Tetzner, Julia and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Developmental problems in adolescence},
  series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0193-3973},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003},
  pages     = {40 -- 53},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6\%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKliegl2003,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2014,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0034997},
  pages     = {653 -- 668},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse \& Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerDemmrichMayretal.2001,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Demmrich, Anke and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research},
  series = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0033-3042},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  pages     = {10 -- 20},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank f{\"u}r die psychologische und linguistische Forschung},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von W{\"o}rtern zur Verf{\"u}gung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wort{\"a}hnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen W{\"o}rterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit {\"u}ber 100 Millionen laufenden W{\"o}rtern. Wir illustrieren die Validit{\"a}t dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidson1983,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41071},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements were compared while tracking a moving fixation point and in reading. Contrary to previous reports, the dyslexic and normal readers did not differ in their number of saccades, percentage of regressions, or stability of fixations in the tracking task. Thus, defective oculomotor control was not associated with or a causal factor in dyslexia, and the dyslexics' abnormal eye movements in reading must be related to differences in higher cognitive processes. However, individual differences in oculmotor efficiency, independent of reading ability, were found within both the dyslexic and normal groups, and these differences were correlated in reading and tracking tasks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margic and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeckJungaKliegletal.2021,
  author    = {Weck, Florian and Junga, Yvonne Marie and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hahn, Daniela and Brucker, Katharina and Witth{\"o}ft, Michael},
  title     = {Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome},
  series = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-006X},
  doi       = {10.1037/ccp0000686},
  pages     = {885 -- 897},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Ein Beitrag zur Binnenstruktur des Freundschaftsverst{\"a}ndnisses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19929},
  year      = {1984},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {EMAN : a modular and iterative eye-movement analysis program},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39909},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {EMAN is an eye-movement analysis program that consists of four modules. The first module rescales eye positions to coordinates of the display. The second and third modules reduce data to a fixation format and identify areas of bad measurement by means of iterative passes over the data. In the fourth module iterative algorithms are employed for the identification of line numbers and for achieving congruence between fixations and display.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DambacherRolfsGoellneretal.2009,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Rolfs, Martin and G{\"o}llner, Kristin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
  title     = {Event-related potentials reveal rapid verification of predicted visual input},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44953},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Human information processing depends critically on continuous predictions about upcoming events, but the temporal convergence of expectancy-based top-down and input-driven bottom-up streams is poorly understood. We show that, during reading, event-related potentials differ between exposure to highly predictable and unpredictable words no later than 90 ms after visual input. This result suggests an extremely rapid comparison of expected and incoming visual information and gives an upper temporal bound for theories of top-down and bottom-up interactions in object recognition.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2012,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0027735},
  pages     = {1026 -- 1042},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DambacherSlatteryYangetal.2013,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith},
  title     = {Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0031647},
  pages     = {1468 -- 1484},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56859},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2010,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YanPanKliegl2019,
  author    = {Yan, Ming and Pan, Jinger and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye Movement Control in Chinese Reading: A Cross-Sectional Study},
  series = {Developmental psychology},
  volume    = {55},
  journal   = {Developmental psychology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0012-1649},
  doi       = {10.1037/dev0000819},
  pages     = {2275 -- 2285},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The present study explored the age-related changes of eye movement control in reading-that is, where to send the eyes and when to move them. Different orthographies present readers with somewhat different problems to solve, and this might, in turn, be reflected in different patterns of development of reading skill. Participants of different developmental levels (Grade 3, N = 30; Grade 5, N = 27 and adults, N = 27) were instructed to read sentences for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded. Contrary to previous findings that have been well documented indicating early maturation of saccade generation in English, current results showed that saccade generation among Chinese readers was still under development at Grade 5, although immediate lexical processing was relatively well-established. The distinct age-related changes in eye movements are attributable to certain linguistic properties of Chinese including the lack of interword spaces and word boundary uncertainty. The present study offers an example of how human eye movement adapts to the orthographic environment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglDambacherDimigenetal.2012,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Dambacher, Michael and Dimigen, Olaf and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Sommer, Werner},
  title     = {Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading},
  series = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action},
  volume    = {76},
  journal   = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0340-0727},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x},
  pages     = {145 -- 158},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component) and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading. Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric potentials measured on neighboring words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FernandezShalomKliegletal.2014,
  author    = {Fernandez, Gerardo and Shalom, Diego E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sigman, Mariano},
  title     = {Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect},
  series = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {2327-3798},
  doi       = {10.1080/01690965.2012.760745},
  pages     = {260 -- 273},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Kliegl2012,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye movements during reading: Contributions of cross-language comparisons},
  series = {International journal of psychology},
  volume    = {47},
  booktitle = {International journal of psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hove},
  issn      = {0020-7594},
  pages     = {138 -- 138},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YanZhouShuetal.2014,
  author    = {Yan, Ming and Zhou, Wei and Shu, Hua and Yusupu, Rizwangul and Miao, Dongxia and Kruegel, Andre and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language},
  series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  volume    = {132},
  journal   = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0010-0277},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008},
  pages     = {181 -- 215},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidson1983,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Eye Movements in Reading Disability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39880},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Contents: I. Introduction II. Word Coding Processes A. Word Recognition B. Orthographic Coding C. Phonological Coding III. Eye Monitor and Reading Task IV. Group Differences V. Dimensions of Individual Differences A. Regressive Fixation Index and Word Recognition B. Regressive Fixation Index and IQ C. Regressive Fixation Index and Saccade Length D. Regressive Fixation Index and Relative Phonological Skill VI. Multiple Regression Models of Individual Differences A. Disabled Readers in the Aloud Condition B. Disabled Readers in the Silent Condition C. Normal Readers in Silent and Aloud Conditions VII. Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseEngbertKliegl2008,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye-movement control in reading : experimental and corpus-analysis challenges for a computational model},
  isbn      = {978-7-201-06107-8},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2013,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children},
  series = {Developmental science.},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Developmental science.},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1467-7687},
  doi       = {10.1111/desc.12075},
  pages     = {967 -- 979},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.},
  language  = {en}
}