@article{EngbertLongtinKliegl2002,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Longtin, Andre and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerKliegl2006,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A formal model of capacity limits in working memory},
  series = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  volume    = {55},
  journal   = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009},
  pages     = {601 -- 626},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngelmannVasishthEngbertetal.2013,
  author    = {Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control},
  series = {Topics in cognitive science},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Topics in cognitive science},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1756-8757},
  doi       = {10.1111/tops.12026},
  pages     = {452 -- 474},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, \& Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis \& Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, \& Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMassonRichter2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Masson, Michael E. J. and Richter, Eike M.},
  title     = {A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57073},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {We examined individual differences in masked repetition priming by re-analyzing item-level response-time (RT) data from three experiments. Using a linear mixed model (LMM) with subjects and items specified as crossed random factors, the originally reported priming and word-frequency effects were recovered. In the same LMM, we estimated parameters describing the distributions of these effects across subjects. Subjects' frequency and priming effects correlated positively with each other and negatively with mean RT. These correlation estimates, however, emerged only with a reciprocal transformation of RT (i.e., -1/RT), justified on the basis of distributional analyses. Different correlations, some with opposite sign, were obtained (1) for untransformed or logarithmic RTs or (2) when correlations were computed using within-subject analyses. We discuss the relevance of the new results for accounts of masked priming, implications of applying RT transformations, and the use of LMMs as a tool for the joint analysis of experimental effects and associated individual differences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SimonCabreraKliegl1993,
  author    = {Simon, Tony and Cabrera, Angel and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41083},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {This paper presents a new methodology for examining the phenomenon of subitizing. Subjects were presented with a standard numerosity-detection task but for a range of presentation times to allow Task-Accuracy Functions to be computed for individual subjects. The data appear to show a continuous change in processing for numerosities from 2 to 5 when the data are aggregated across subjects. At the level of individual subjects, there appear to be qualitative shifts in enumeration processing after 3 or 4 objects. The approach used in this experiment may be used to test the claim that subitizing is a distinct enumeration process that can be used for small numbers of objects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SimonCarbreraKliegl1993,
  author    = {Simon, Tony and Carbrera, Angel and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing},
  isbn      = {0-8058- 1487-6},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseHohensteinKliegletal.2014,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Hohenstein, Sven and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n+2 boundary paradigm},
  series = {Visual cognition},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Visual cognition},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1350-6285},
  doi       = {10.1080/13506285.2014.881444},
  pages     = {283 -- 308},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the perceptual span. Specifically, we simulated reading in the boundary paradigm and analysed the effects of denying the model to have valid preview of a parafoveal word n + 2 two words to the right of fixation. Optimizing the model parameters for the valid preview condition only, we obtained span parameters with remarkably realistic estimates conforming to the empirical findings on the size of the perceptual span. More importantly, the SWIFT model generated parafoveal processing up to word n + 2 without fitting the model to such preview effects. Our results suggest that asymmetry and dynamic modulation are plausible properties of the perceptual span in a parallel word-processing model such as SWIFT. Moreover, they seem to guide the flexible distribution of processing resources during reading between foveal and parafoveal words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhouKlieglYan2013,
  author    = {Zhou, Wei and Kliegl, Reinhold and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese},
  series = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0141-0423},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x},
  pages     = {S51 -- S63},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age difference in the perceptual span during reading},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + 1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + 1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading},
  series = {Psychology and aging},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Psychology and aging},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0882-7974},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0021616},
  pages     = {451 -- 460},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + I was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + I. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40347},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge Schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old-adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to 11 s per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50\% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high- rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoetheOberauerKliegl2008,
  author    = {G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Age differences in dual-task performance after practice},
  issn      = {0882-7974},
  doi       = {10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.596},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {This study investigated whether older adults could acquire the ability to perform 2 cognitive operations in parallel in a paradigm in which young adults had been shown to be able to do so (K. Oberauer \& R. Kliegl, 2004). Twelve young and 12 older adults practiced a numerical and a visuospatial continuous memory updating task in single-task and dual-task conditions for 16 to 24 sessions. After practice, 9 young adults were able to process the 2 tasks without dual- task costs, but none of the older adults had reached the criterion of parallel processing. The results suggest a qualitative difference between young and older adults in how they approach dual-task situations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerWendlandKliegl2003,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Wendland, Mirko and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Age differences in working memory : the roles of storage and selective access},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KrampeEngbertKliegl2001,
  author    = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Age-specific problems in rhythmic timing},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WernerDonnellyKliegl1987,
  author    = {Werner, John S. and Donnelly, Seaneen K. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Aging and human macular pigment density : appended with translations from the work of Max Schultze and Ewald Hering},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16836},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {The optical density of human macular pigment was measured for 50 observers ranging in age from 10 to 90 years. The psychophysical method required adjusting the radiance of a 1°, monochromatic light (400-550 nm) to minimize flicker (15 Hz) when presented in counterphase with a 460 nm standard. This test stimulus was presented superimposed on a broad-band, short-wave background. Macular pigment density was determined by comparing sensitivity under these conditions for the fovea, where macular pigment is maximal, and 5° temporally. This difference spectrum, measured for 12 observers, matched Wyszecki and Stiles's standard density spectrum for macular pigment. To study variation in macular pigment density for a larger group of observers, measurements were made at only selected spectral points (460, 500 and 550 nm). The mean optical density at 460 nm for the complete sample of 50 subjects was 0.39. Substantial individual differences in density were found (ca. 0.10-0.80), but this variation was not systematically related to age.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GlassKliegl1983,
  author    = {Glass, Gene V. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40233},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Criticisms of the integration of psychotherapy-outcome research performed by Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) are reviewed and answered. An attempt is made to account for the conflicting points of view in this disagreement in terms of certain issues that have engaged philosophers of science in the 20th century. It is hoped that, in passing, something useful is learned about research of many types on psychotherapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NuthmannKliegl2009,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data},
  issn      = {1534-7362},
  doi       = {10.1167/9.5.31},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertNuthmannKliegl2007,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An lterative algorithm for the estimation of the distribution of mislocated fixations during reading},
  isbn      = {978-0-08-044980-7},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FroemerDimigenNiefindetal.2015,
  author    = {Fr{\"o}mer, Romy and Dimigen, Olaf and Niefind, Florian and Krause, Niels and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner},
  title     = {Are Individual Differences in Reading Speed Related to Extrafoveal Visual Acuity and Crowding?},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121986},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Readers differ considerably in their speed of self-paced reading. One factor known to influence fixation durations in reading is the preprocessing of words in parafoveal vision. Here we investigated whether individual differences in reading speed or the amount of information extracted from upcoming words (the preview benefit) can be explained by basic differences in extrafoveal vision-i.e., the ability to recognize peripheral letters with or without the presence of flanking letters. Forty participants were given an adaptive test to determine their eccentricity thresholds for the identification of letters presented either in isolation (extrafoveal acuity) or flanked by other letters (crowded letter recognition). In a separate eye-tracking experiment, the same participants read lists of words from left to right, while the preview of the upcoming words was manipulated with the gaze-contingent moving window technique. Relationships between dependent measures were analyzed on the observational level and with linear mixed models. We obtained highly reliable estimates both for extrafoveal letter identification (acuity and crowding) and measures of reading speed (overall reading speed, size of preview benefit). Reading speed was higher in participants with larger uncrowded windows. However, the strength of this relationship was moderate and it was only observed if other sources of variance in reading speed (e.g., the occurrence of regressive saccades) were eliminated. Moreover, the size of the preview benefit-an important factor in normal reading-was larger in participants with better extrafoveal acuity. Together, these results indicate a significant albeit moderate contribution of extrafoveal vision to individual differences in reading speed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithHeckhausenetal.1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Heckhausen, Jutta and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Ged{\"a}chtnisk{\"u}nstler : ein experimenteller Zugang zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Theorien kognitiven Lernens und Alterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40247},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Der hier berichtete Forschungsansatz kombiniert entwicklungs- und kognitionspsychologische Fragestellungen. Das entwicklungspsychologische Ziel war, Potential und Grenzen latenter kognitiver Leistungsreserven bei jungen und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen sichtbar zu machen. Eine systematische Heranf{\"u}hrung an Leistungsgrenzen sollte außerdem die unterschiedliche Alterssensitivit{\"a}t kognitiver Prozesse verdeutlichen und zu einer Vergr{\"o}ßerung interindividueller Unterschiede f{\"u}hren. Das kognitionspsychologische Ziel war, die Genese kognitiver Expertise unter Laborbedingungen zu simulieren, wobei vor allem die Transformation von Laien- in Expertenwissen untersucht werden sollte. Diese {\"U}berlegungen wurden in einem Trainingsprogramm {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, in dessen Verlauf junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in einer Ged{\"a}chtniskunst f{\"u}r das Behalten von Zufallszahlen und Wortlisten unterwiesen wurden. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses experimentellen Paradigmas f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der theoretischen Fragen wird durch Ergebnisse aus vier Einzelfallstudien belegt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Kliegl1981,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Automated and interactive analysis of eye fixation data in reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39861},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {A package of five FORTRAN programs that provides for fast user-controlled analyses of reading eye fixations is described. The package requires the data to be in a fixation format and to be rescaled to screen dimensions. OLDEYE identifies six types of fixations and calculates descriptive statistics on each of them, on their associated saccades, and on their average pupil diameter. CONVRT represents the text as a string of words that can be coded according to experimentally relevant variables. PLTFIX prints fixation durations by letter position and sequence of occurrence. MODDAT is an interactive program for marking parts of the text in which the data quality is below acceptable standards. It also allows the correction of systematic errors due to calibration or drift. MATCH combines the outputs from OLDEYE, CONVRT, and MODDAT and calculates 11 dependent measures for every word. The output of MATCH is suitable for input to conventional multivariate statistical programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HortobagyiUematsuSandersetal.2018,
  author    = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Uematsu, Azusa and Sanders, Lianne and Kliegl, Reinhold and Tollar, Jozsef and Moraes, Renato and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease},
  series = {Gerontology},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Gerontology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0304-324X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000493360},
  pages     = {332 -- 339},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected "dynamic balance tests," and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-{\`a}-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LindenbergerBrehmerKliegletal.2008,
  author    = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Brehmer, Y. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon?},
  isbn      = {978-0-521-87205-8},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerKliegl2001,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertKliegl2003,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Binocular coordination in microsaccades},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YanKliegl2016,
  author    = {Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {CarPrice versus CarpRice: Word Boundary Ambiguity Influences Saccade Target Selection During the Reading of Chinese Sentences},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  doi       = {10.1037/xlm0000276},
  pages     = {1832 -- 1838},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {As a contribution to a theoretical debate about the degree of high-level influences on saccade targeting during sentence reading, we investigated eye movements during the reading of structurally ambiguous Chinese character strings and examined whether parafoveal word segmentation could influence saccade-target selection. As expected, ambiguous strings took longer to process. More critically there were theoretically relevant interactions between ambiguity and launch site when first-fixation location and saccade amplitude served as dependent variables: Ambiguous strings in the parafovea triggered longer saccades and more rightward fixations for close launch sites than unambiguous ones; the reverse result was obtained for far launch sites. These crossover interactions indicate that parafoveal word segmentation influences saccade generation in Chinese and provide support of the hypothesis that high-level information can be involved in the decision about where to fixate next.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchroederWuerznerHeisteretal.2015,
  author    = {Schroeder, Sascha and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Heister, Julian and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {childLex: a lexical database of German read by children},
  series = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1554-351X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1},
  pages     = {1085 -- 1094},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This article introduces childLex, an online database of German read by children. childLex is based on a corpus of children's books and comprises 10 million words that were syntactically annotated and lemmatized. childLex reports linguistic norms for lexical, superlexical, and sublexical variables in three different age groups: 6-8 (grades 1-2), 9-10 (grades 3-4), and 11-12 years (grades 5-6). Here, we describe how childLex was collected and analyzed. In addition, we provide information about the distributions of word frequency, word length, and orthographic neighborhood size, as well as their intercorrelations. Finally, we explain how childLex can be accessed using a Web interface.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglPhilipp2002,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris},
  title     = {Cognitive plasticity},
  isbn      = {0-7619-5494-5},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesSowarkaKliegl1989,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Sowarka, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterKliegl2012,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-178-3},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKliegl2000,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go?},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EngbertKlieglLongtin2004,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Longtin, Andre},
  title     = {Complexity of eye movements in reading},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {During reading, our eyes perform complicated sequences of fixations on words. Stochastic models of eye movement control suggest that this seemingly erratic behaviour can be attributed to noise in the oculomotor system and random fluctuations in lexical processing. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of a recently published dynamical model [Engbert et al., 2002] and propose that deterministic nonlinear control accounts for much of the observed complexity of eye movement patterns during reading. Based on a symbolic coding technique we analyze robust statistical features of simulated fixation sequences},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglKemper1999,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Kemper, Susan},
  title     = {Concluding observations},
  isbn      = {0-7923-8526-8},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OngKliegl2008,
  author    = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations},
  issn      = {1995-8692},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{KemperKliegl1999,
  author    = {Kemper, Susan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Constraints on language : aging, grammar, and memory},
  publisher = {Kluwer},
  address   = {Boston},
  pages     = {324 S.},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LiWangMoetal.2018,
  author    = {Li, Nan and Wang, Suiping and Mo, Luxi and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914},
  pages     = {241 -- 249},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DimigenSommerHohlfeldetal.2011,
  author    = {Dimigen, Olaf and Sommer, Werner and Hohlfeld, Annette and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading analyses and review},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : General},
  volume    = {140},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : General},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-3445},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0023885},
  pages     = {552 -- 572},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Brain-electric correlates of reading have traditionally been studied with word-by-word presentation, a condition that eliminates important aspects of the normal reading process and precludes direct comparisons between neural activity and oculomotor behavior. In the present study, we investigated effects of word predictability on eye movements (EM) and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) during natural sentence reading. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and EM (via video-based eye tracking) were recorded simultaneously while subjects read heterogeneous German sentences, moving their eyes freely over the text. FRPs were time-locked to first-pass reading fixations and analyzed according to the cloze probability of the currently fixated word. We replicated robust effects of word predictability on EMs and the N400 component in FRPs. The data were then used to model the relation among fixation duration, gaze duration, and N400 amplitude, and to trace the time course of EEG effects relative to effects in EM behavior. In an extended Methodological Discussion section, we review 4 technical and data-analytical problems that need to be addressed when FRPs are recorded in free-viewing situations (such as reading, visual search, or scene perception) and propose solutions. Results suggest that EEG recordings during normal vision are feasible and useful to consolidate findings from EEG and eye-tracking studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RolfsEngbertKliegl2005,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor control and spatial attention in vision and audition},
  issn      = {0014-4819},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention. Here, we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e. an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets, microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. We argue that microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MacWhinneyBatesKliegl1984,
  author    = {MacWhinney, Brian and Bates, Elizabeth and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the "competition model" of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RichterEngbertKliegl2006,
  author    = {Richter, Eike M. and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Current advances in SWIFT},
  issn      = {1389-0417},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Das Janusgesicht des Alters : {\"u}ber Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Ged{\"a}chtnis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Vier Forschungsans{\"a}tze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersged{\"a}chtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverl{\"a}ufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) {\"u}ber interindividuelle Variabilit{\"a}t und historischen Wandel, (3) {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und Reservekapazit{\"a}t und (4) {\"u}ber Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz ersch{\"o}pft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und {\"u}ben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Ver{\"a}nderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird f{\"u}r die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise f{\"u}r Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Altersdemenz, empfohlen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OlsonDavidsonKliegletal.1984,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davies, Susan E.},
  title     = {Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16888},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The development of phonetic codes in memory of 141 pairs of normal and disabled readers from 7.8 to 16.8 years of age was tested with a task adapted from L. S. Mark, D. Shankweiler, I. Y. Liberman, and C. A. Fowler (Memory \& Cognition, 1977, 5, 623-629) that measured false-positive errors in recognition memory for foil words which rhymed with words in the memory list versus foil words that did not rhyme. Our younger subjects replicated Mark et al., showing a larger difference between rhyming and nonrhyming false-positive errors for the normal readers. The older disabled readers' phonetic effect was comparable to that of the younger normal readers, suggesting a developmental lag in their use of phonetic coding in memory. Surprisingly, the normal readers' phonetic effect declined with age in the recognition task, but they maintained a significant advantage across age in the auditory WISC-R digit span recall test, and a test of phonological nonword decoding. The normals' decline with age in rhyming confusion may be due to an increase in the precision of their phonetic codes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TetznerKlieglKraheetal.2017,
  author    = {Tetzner, Julia and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Developmental problems in adolescence},
  series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0193-3973},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003},
  pages     = {40 -- 53},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6\%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKliegl2003,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2014,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0034997},
  pages     = {653 -- 668},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse \& Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerDemmrichMayretal.2001,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Demmrich, Anke and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research},
  series = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0033-3042},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  pages     = {10 -- 20},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank f{\"u}r die psychologische und linguistische Forschung},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von W{\"o}rtern zur Verf{\"u}gung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wort{\"a}hnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen W{\"o}rterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit {\"u}ber 100 Millionen laufenden W{\"o}rtern. Wir illustrieren die Validit{\"a}t dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen.},
  language  = {de}
}