@misc{BrentenMorrisSaltetal.2014,
  author    = {Brenten, Thomas and Morris, Penelope J. and Salt, Carina and Raila, Jens and Kohn, Barbara and Brunnberg, Leo and Schweigert, Florian J. and Zentek, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Energy intake, growth rate and body composition of young Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Schnauzers fed different dietary levels of vitamin A},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {603},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41568},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415681},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Research in rodents has shown that dietary vitamin A reduces body fat by enhancing fat mobilisation and energy utilisation; however, their effects in growing dogs remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the development of body weight and body composition and compared observed energy intake with predicted energy intake in forty-nine puppies from two breeds (twenty-four Labrador Retriever (LAB) and twenty-five Miniature Schnauzer (MS)). A total of four different diets with increasing vitamin A content between 5.24 and 104.80 mu mol retinol (5000-100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) metabolisable energy were fed from the age of 8 weeks up to 52 (MS) and 78 weeks (LAB). The daily energy intake was recorded throughout the experimental period. The body condition score was evaluated weekly using a seven-category system, and food allowances were adjusted to maintain optimal body condition. Body composition was assessed at the age of 26 and 52 weeks for both breeds and at the age of 78 weeks for the LAB breed only using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The growth curves of the dogs followed a breed-specific pattern. However, data on energy intake showed considerable variability between the two breeds as well as when compared with predicted energy intake. In conclusion, the data show that energy intakes of puppies particularly during early growth are highly variable; however, the growth pattern and body composition of the LAB and MS breeds are not affected by the intake of vitamin A at levels up to 104.80 mu mol retinol (100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal).},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RebekkaMummReimannScheffler2021,
  author    = {Rebekka Mumm, and Reimann, Anna and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Estimation of percentage of body fat in field studies - a method based on relative elbow breadth (Frame Index) and BMI},
  series = {Human Biology and Public Health},
  volume    = {2021},
  journal   = {Human Biology and Public Health},
  number    = {1},
  editor    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Koziel, Slawomir and Hermanussen, Michael and Bogin, Barry},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2748-9957},
  doi       = {10.52905/hbph.v1.3},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Over the last 20 years, a decreasing trend in external skeletal robusticity and an increasing trend in overweight and obesity was observed worldwide in adults and children as modern lifestyles in nutritional and activity behavior have changed. However, body mass index (BMI) as a measure for overweight is not an ideal predictor of \% body fat (\%BF) either in children and adolescents or in adults. On the contrary, it disguises a phenomenon called "hidden obesity". Objectives We aim to approximate \%BF by combining skeletal robusticity and BMI and develop an estimation-based tool to identify normal weight obese children and adolescents. Sample and Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data on height, weight, elbow breadth, and skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) of German children aged 6 to 18 years (N=15,034). We used modified Hattori charts and multiple linear regression to develop a tool, the "\%BF estimator", to estimate \%BF by using BMI and skeletal robusticity measured as Frame Index. Results Independent of sex and age an increase in BMI is associated with an increase in \%BF, an increase in Frame Index is associated with a decrease in \%BF. The developed tool "\%BF estimator" allows the estimation of \%BF per sex and age group after calculation of BMI and Frame Index. Conclusion The "\%BF estimator" is an easily applicable tool for the estimation of \%BF in respect of body composition for clinical practice, screening, and public health research. It is non-invasive and has high accuracy. Further, it allows the identification of normal weight obese children and adolescents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wiedmer2004,
  author    = {Wiedmer, Petra},
  title     = {Geschlechtsspezifische K{\"o}rpergewichtsregulation bei M{\"a}usen :Untersuchungen zur Set-point-Theorie der K{\"o}rpermasse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001733},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Entsprechend der sogenannten Set-point-Theorie besitzt jeder Mensch eine individuell festgelegte K{\"o}rpermasse, die {\"u}ber große Zeitr{\"a}ume konstant gehalten und gegen Abweichungen verteidigt wird. Es wird angenommen, dass der K{\"o}rper auf noch unbekannte Weise {\"A}nderungen in der K{\"o}rpermasse per se wahrnimmt und daraufhin Mechanismen aktiviert, die zur Regenerierung der urspr{\"u}nglichen Masse f{\"u}hren. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Hypothese getestet, dass eine k{\"u}nstliche Erh{\"o}hung der K{\"o}rpermasse zu einer kompensatorischen Reduktion in der K{\"o}rpermasse f{\"u}hrt, um das Ausgangsgewicht wieder zu regenerieren. Die K{\"o}rpermasse von m{\"a}nnlichen und weiblichen M{\"a}usen wurde akut durch die Implantation von Gewichten mit einer Masse von 10\% der aktuellen K{\"o}rpermasse in die Bauchh{\"o}hle erh{\"o}ht. Bei G{\"u}ltigkeit der Set-point-Theorie sollte die K{\"o}rpermassereduktion der Masse des zus{\"a}tzlichen Gewichtsimplantats entsprechen. Die M{\"a}use reagierten auf die k{\"u}nstlich erh{\"o}hte K{\"o}rpermasse geschlechtsspezifisch. M{\"a}nnchen zeigten eine partielle Reduktion in der K{\"o}rpermasse. Weibchen zeigten langfristig jedoch keine {\"A}nderungen in der K{\"o}rpermasse. Die Reduktion der K{\"o}rpermasse erfolgte bei den M{\"a}nnchen durch eine Abnahme in der Fettmasse. Die fettfreie Masse war in beiden Geschlechtern nicht ver{\"a}ndert. {\"A}nderungen in der K{\"o}rpermasse wurden vor allem durch {\"A}nderungen in der Energieaufnahme hervorgerufen. Ein Einfluss des Energieumsatzes auf {\"A}nderungen in der K{\"o}rpermasse konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Regulation der K{\"o}rpermasse entsprechend eines massespezifischen Set-points konnte partiell f{\"u}r die M{\"a}nnchen gezeigt werden. Bei den M{\"a}nnchen k{\"o}nnte daher die Wahrnehmung der K{\"o}rpermasse in die Regulation der K{\"o}rpermasse teilweise integriert sein. Weibchen verminderten ihre K{\"o}rpermasse dagegen trotz der k{\"u}nstlichen K{\"o}rpermasseerh{\"o}hung nicht. Das f{\"u}hrte zur Bewahrung der Energiereserven und spricht eher f{\"u}r die Regulation der K{\"o}rpermasse entsprechend des notwendigen Energiebedarfs im Vergleich zu {\"A}nderungen in der K{\"o}rpermasse per se. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Regulation der K{\"o}rpermasse geschlechtsspezifischen Mechanismen unterliegt. Dementsprechend sind auch geschlechtsspezifische Ans{\"a}tze zur Therapie von {\"U}bergewicht und Adipositas notwendig.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Scheffler2011,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The change of skeletal robustness of 6-12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999-2009},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0095},
  pages     = {153 -- 165},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Overweight as a global problem is a challenge to the health systems today and in the future. Detailed information about the development of body composition in children can help to design preventive measures to stop this trend. In the present study 1397 German children aged 6-12 complete years were investigated with anthropometric methods (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skeleton robustness, and percentage of body fat) in 2008/09. The results were compared with a 10 years old identical study. Today, the investigated children are a little bit smaller and the range of BMI and percentage of body fat is increasing. The large decrease of the skeletal robustness especially in the 10(th) and 3(rd) percentile is important. Decrease of physical activity as the most important reason for shrinking skeletal robustness is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KopinskiEngelCasseletal.2015,
  author    = {Kopinski, Stephan and Engel, Tilman and Cassel, Michael and Fr{\"o}hlich, Katja and Mayer, Frank and Carlsohn, Anja},
  title     = {Ultrasound Applied to Subcutaneous Fat Tissue Measurements in International Elite Canoeists},
  series = {International journal of sports medicine},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {International journal of sports medicine},
  number    = {14},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0172-4622},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0035-1555857},
  pages     = {1134 -- 1141},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) measurements with ultrasound have recently been introduced to assess body fat in elite athletes. However, appropriate protocols and data on various groups of athletes are missing. We investigated intra-rater reliability of SAT measurements using ultrasound in elite canoe athletes. 25 international level canoeists (18 male, 7 female; 23 +/- 4 years; 81 +/- 11 kg; 1.83 +/- 0.09 m; 20 +/- 3 training h/wk) were measured on 2 consecutive days. SAT was assessed with B-mode ultrasound at 8 sites (ISAK): triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, medial calf, and quantified using image analysis software. Data was analyzed descriptively (mean +/- SD, [range]). Coefficient of variation (CV \%), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, 2.1) and absolute (LoA) and ratio limits of agreement (RLoA) were calculated for day-to-day reliability. Mean sum of SAT thickness was 30.0 +/- 19.4 mm [8.0, 80.1 mm], with 3.9 +/- 1.8 mm [1.2 mm subscapular, 8.0 mm abdominal] for individual sites. CV for the sum of sites was 4.7 \%, ICC 0.99, LoA 1.7 +/- 3.6 mm, RLoA 0.940 (*/divided by 1.155). Measuring SAT with ultrasound has proved to have excellent day-to-day reliability in elite canoe athletes. Recommendations for standardization of the method will further increase accuracy and reproducibility.},
  language  = {en}
}