@article{NormanHerder2019,
  author    = {Norman, Kristina and Herder, Christian},
  title     = {Sarkopene Adipositas und Inflammation},
  series = {Der Diabetologe},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Der Diabetologe},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1860-9716},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11428-019-0456-x},
  pages     = {311 -- 317},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: Die Kombination aus {\"U}bergewicht/Adipositas und reduzierter Skelettmuskelmasse (Sarkopenie) f{\"u}hrt zu einem prognostisch ung{\"u}nstigen Ph{\"a}notyp, der als sarkopene Adipositas bezeichnet wird. Ziel der Arbeit: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, eine {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber Diagnosekriterien der sarkopenen Adipositas, ihre klinischen Implikationen, die pathophysiologischen Ursachen mit besonderem Fokus auf der subklinischen Inflammation und den verf{\"u}gbaren therapeutischen Optionen zu geben. Ergebnisse: In aktuellen Studien werden verschiedene Diagnosekriterien der sarkopenen Adipositas verwendet, was einen Vergleich zwischen den Arbeiten erschwert und in Pr{\"a}valenzsch{\"a}tzungen von 2-48 \% in verschiedenen Studienpopulationen resultiert. Nichtsdestotrotz scheint die sarkopene Adipositas einen Risikofaktor f{\"u}r erh{\"o}hte Morbidit{\"a}t und Mortalit{\"a}t darzustellen, wobei kardiometabolische Erkrankungen und funktionelle Einschr{\"a}nkungen am besten erforscht sind. Neben Lebensstil- und genetischen Faktoren werden altersassoziierte endokrine und neuromuskul{\"a}re Parameter diskutiert. Sowohl hohes Lebensalter als auch Adipositas f{\"u}hren zu einer subklinischen Inflammation, die {\"u}ber einen fatalen Feedbackmechanismus zum Muskelabbau und zur Zunahme der Fettmasse beitr{\"a}gt. Hinsichtlich Therapieoptionen stehen derzeit kombinierte Ern{\"a}hrungs- und Bewegungsinterventionen im Vordergrund. Schlussfolgerung: Die sarkopene Adipositas stellt einen klinisch relevanten Ph{\"a}notyp dar, dessen Pathogenese aber nur z. T. verstanden ist, was Maßnahmen der Pr{\"a}vention und Therapie begrenzt. Neue Strategien zu Muskelaufbau und Fettreduktion sind daher dringend erforderlich, um gesundheitliche Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen im h{\"o}heren Lebensalter zu minimieren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{NormanOtten2019,
  author    = {Norman, Kristina and Otten, Lindsey},
  title     = {Financial impact of sarcopenia or low muscle mass - a short review},
  series = {Clinical Nutrition},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Clinical Nutrition},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Churchill Livingstone},
  address   = {Edinburgh},
  issn      = {0261-5614},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.026},
  pages     = {1489 -- 1495},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background \& aims: Low muscle mass is associated with increased falls, medical complications, length of hospital stay and loss of independence. An increasing number of studies has also shown the association between sarcopenia and health care expenditure. The following narrative review summarizes the current evidence on the economic relevance of low muscle mass (MM) or sarcopenia. Methods: An extensive search of the literature in Medline identified twelve studies in English, which evaluated direct and indirect health care expenditure in patients with low muscle mass or sarcopenia (low MM and strength or mobility). Results: Three studies analysed the cost of age-related loss of MM or strength in large surveys of the general, older population. Six retrospective analyses evaluated perioperative medical costs related to low MM in primarily older patients from different medical areas. One prospective study presented hospital costs related to sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer. Two studies presented data from general hospital patients. Despite the difference in diagnostic criteria, study population and statistical design, low MM and sarcopenia were consistently identified as predictors of increased health care expenditure in community, perioperative and general hospital settings. Conclusions: Low MM and sarcopenia are prevalent and associated with significantly higher health care costs. Considering the demographic change, which will lead to an increasing number of patients with sarcopenia, every effort should be made to identify and treat patients with sarcopenia. The use of a unified definition and diagnostic criteria would allow a better comparison of data. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HamalainenDammhahnAujardetal.2015,
  author    = {Hamalainen, Anni and Dammhahn, Melanie and Aujard, Fabienne and Kraus, Cornelia},
  title     = {Losing grip: Senescent decline in physical strength in a small-bodied primate in captivity and in the wild},
  series = {Experimental gerontology},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Experimental gerontology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0531-5565},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.017},
  pages     = {54 -- 61},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Muscle strength reflects physical functioning, declines at old age and predicts health and survival in humans and laboratory animals. Age-associated muscle deterioration causes loss of strength and may impair fitness of wild animals. However, the effects of age and life-history characteristics on muscle strength in wild animals are unknown. We investigated environment-and sex-specific patterns of physical functioning by measuring grip strength in wild and captive gray mouse lemurs. We expected more pronounced strength senescence in captivity due to condition-dependent, extrinsic mortality found in nature. Males were predicted to be stronger but potentially experience more severe senescence than females as predicted by life history theory. We found similar senescent declines in captive males and females as well as wild females, whereas wild males showed little decline, presumably due to their early mortality. Captive animals were generally weaker and showed earlier declines than wild animals. Unexpectedly, females tended to be stronger than males, especially in the reproductive season. Universal intrinsic mechanisms (e. g. sarcopenia) likely cause the similar patterns of strength loss across settings. The female advantage in muscle strength merits further study; it may follow higher reproductive investment by males, or be an adaptation associated with female social dominance.},
  language  = {en}
}