@article{ObstSchadHuysetal.2018,
  author    = {Obst, Elisabeth and Schad, Daniel and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Nebe, Stephan and Sommer, Christian and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.},
  title     = {Drunk decisions},
  series = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0269-8811},
  doi       = {10.1177/0269881118772454},
  pages     = {855 -- 866},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Studies in humans and animals suggest a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. We therefore tested whether acute alcohol administration reduces goal-directed and promotes habitual decision-making, and whether these effects are moderated by self-reported drinking problems. Methods: Fifty-three socially drinking males completed the two-step task in a randomised crossover design while receiving an intravenous infusion of ethanol (blood alcohol level=80 mg\%), or placebo. To minimise potential bias by long-standing heavy drinking and subsequent neuropsychological impairment, we tested 18- to 19-year-old adolescents. Results: Alcohol administration consistently reduced habitual, model-free decisions, while its effects on goal-directed, model-based behaviour varied as a function of drinking problems measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. While adolescents with low risk for drinking problems (scoring <8) exhibited an alcohol-induced numerical reduction in goal-directed choices, intermediate-risk drinkers showed a shift away from habitual towards goal-directed decision-making, such that alcohol possibly even improved their performance. Conclusions: We assume that alcohol disrupted basic cognitive functions underlying habitual and goal-directed decisions in low-risk drinkers, thereby enhancing hasty choices. Further, we speculate that intermediate-risk drinkers benefited from alcohol as a negative reinforcer that reduced unpleasant emotional states, possibly displaying a novel risk factor for drinking in adolescence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchadGarbusowFriedeletal.2018,
  author    = {Schad, Daniel and Garbusow, Maria and Friedel, Eva and Sommer, Christian and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and H{\"a}gele, Claudia and Bernhardt, Nadine and Nebe, Stephan and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Liu, Shuyan and Eichmann, Uta and Beck, Anne and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Walter, Henrik and Sterzer, Philipp and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Smolka, Michael N. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael A.},
  title     = {Neural correlates of instrumental responding in the context of alcohol-related cues index disorder severity and relapse risk},
  series = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry},
  volume    = {269},
  journal   = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0940-1334},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00406-017-0860-4},
  pages     = {295 -- 308},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The influence of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli on ongoing behavior may contribute to explaining how alcohol cues stimulate drug seeking and intake. Using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task, we investigated the effects of alcohol-related cues on approach behavior (i.e., instrumental response behavior) and its neural correlates, and related both to the relapse after detoxification in alcohol-dependent patients. Thirty-one recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 24 healthy controls underwent instrumental training, where approach or non-approach towards initially neutral stimuli was reinforced by monetary incentives. Approach behavior was tested during extinction with either alcohol-related or neutral stimuli (as Pavlovian cues) presented in the background during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients were subsequently followed up for 6 months. We observed that alcohol-related background stimuli inhibited the approach behavior in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (t = -3.86, p < .001), but not in healthy controls (t = -0.92, p = .36). This behavioral inhibition was associated with neural activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (t((30)) = 2.06, p < .05). Interestingly, both the effects were only present in subsequent abstainers, but not relapsers and in those with mild but not severe dependence. Our data show that alcohol-related cues can acquire inhibitory behavioral features typical of aversive stimuli despite being accompanied by a stronger NAcc activation, suggesting salience attribution. The fact that these findings are restricted to abstinence and milder illness suggests that they may be potential resilience factors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LiuKuschpelSchadetal.2018,
  author    = {Liu, S. and Kuschpel, M. S. and Schad, Daniel and Heinzel, Stephan and Rapp, Michael A. and Heinz, A.},
  title     = {Effects of rest on learning processes},
  series = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0924-977X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.099},
  pages     = {S67 -- S68},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}