@phdthesis{GonzalezCamargo2016,
  author    = {Gonzalez Camargo, Rodolfo},
  title     = {Insulin resistance in cancer cachexia and metabolic syndrome},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100973},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {104},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The ever-increasing fat content in Western diet, combined with decreased levels of physical activity, greatly enhance the incidence of metabolic-related diseases. Cancer cachexia (CC) and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) are both multifactorial highly complex metabolism related syndromes, whose etiology is not fully understood, as the mechanisms underlying their development are not completely unveiled. Nevertheless, despite being considered "opposite sides", MetS and CC share several common issues such as insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. In these scenarios, tissue macrophages act as key players, due to their capacity to produce and release inflammatory mediators. One of the main features of MetS is hyperinsulinemia, which is generally associated with an attempt of the β-cell to compensate for diminished insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance). There is growing evidence that hyperinsulinemia per se may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, through the establishment of low grade inflammation in insulin responsive tissues, especially in the liver (as insulin is secreted by the pancreas into the portal circulation). The hypothesis of the present study was that insulin may itself provoke an inflammatory response culminating in diminished hepatic insulin sensitivity. To address this premise, firstly, human cell line U937 differentiated macrophages were exposed to insulin, LPS and PGE2. In these cells, insulin significantly augmented the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-8, CCL2, Oncostatin M (OSM) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES1), and of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10. Moreover, the synergism between insulin and LPS enhanced the induction provoked by LPS in IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, CCL2 and TNF-α gene. When combined with PGE2, insulin enhanced the induction provoked by PGE2 in IL-1β, mPGES1 and COX2, and attenuated the inhibition induced by PGE2 in CCL2 and TNF-α gene expression contributing to an enhanced inflammatory response by both mechanisms. Supernatants of insulin-treated U937 macrophages reduced the insulin-dependent induction of glucokinase in hepatocytes by 50\%. Cytokines contained in the supernatant of insulin-treated U937 macrophages also activated hepatocytes ERK1/2, resulting in inhibitory serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate. Additionally, the transcription factor STAT3 was activated by phosphorylation resulting in the induction of SOCS3, which is capable of interrupting the insulin receptor signal chain. MicroRNAs, non-coding RNAs linked to protein expression regulation, nowadays recognized as active players in the generation of several inflammatory disorders such as cancer and type II diabetes are also of interest. Considering that in cancer cachexia, patients are highly affected by insulin resistance and inflammation, control, non-cachectic and cachectic cancer patients were selected and the respective circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and microRNA-21-5p, a posttranscriptional regulator of STAT3 expression, assessed and correlated. Cachectic patients circulating cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly higher than those of non-cachectic and controls, and the expression of microRNA-21-5p was significantly lower. Additionally, microRNA-21-5p reduced expression correlated negatively with IL-6 plasma levels. These results indicate that hyperinsulinemia per se might contribute to the low grade inflammation prevailing in MetS patients and thereby promote the development of insulin resistance particularly in the liver. Diminished MicroRNA-21-5p expression may enhance inflammation and STAT3 expression in cachectic patients, contributing to the development of insulin resistance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{IgualGilOstKaschetal.2019,
  author    = {Igual Gil, Carla and Ost, Mario and Kasch, Juliane and Schumann, Sara and Heider, Sarah and Klaus, Susanne},
  title     = {Role of GDF15 in active lifestyle induced metabolic adaptations and acute exercise response in mice},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1090},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46054},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-460541},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Physical activity is an important contributor to muscle adaptation and metabolic health. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is established as cellular and nutritional stress-induced cytokine but its physiological role in response to active lifestyle or acute exercise is unknown. Here, we investigated the metabolic phenotype and circulating GDF15 levels in lean and obese male C57BI/6J mice with long-term voluntary wheel running (VWR) intervention. Additionally, treadmill running capacity and exercise-induced muscle gene expression was examined in GDF15-ablated mice. Active lifestyle mimic via VWR improved treadmill running performance and, in obese mice, also metabolic phenotype. The post-exercise induction of skeletal muscle transcriptional stress markers was reduced by VWR. Skeletal muscle GDF15 gene expression was very low and only transiently increased post-exercise in sedentary but not in active mice. Plasma GDF15 levels were only marginally affected by chronic or acute exercise. In obese mice, VWR reduced GDF15 gene expression in different tissues but did not reverse elevated plasma GDF15. Genetic ablation of GDF15 had no effect on exercise performance but augmented the post exercise expression of transcriptional exercise stress markers (Atf3, Atf6, and Xbp1s) in skeletal muscle. We conclude that skeletal muscle does not contribute to circulating GDF15 in mice, but muscle GDF15 might play a protective role in the exercise stress response.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KesslerHornemannRudovichetal.2020,
  author    = {Kessler, Katharina and Hornemann, Silke and Rudovich, Natalia and Weber, Daniela and Grune, Tilman and Kramer, Achim and Pfeiffer, Andreas F. H. and Pivovarova-Ramich, Olga},
  title     = {Saliva samples as a tool to study the effect of meal timing on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51207},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-512079},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Meal timing affects metabolic regulation in humans. Most studies use blood samples fortheir investigations. Saliva, although easily available and non-invasive, seems to be rarely used forchrononutritional studies. In this pilot study, we tested if saliva samples could be used to studythe effect of timing of carbohydrate and fat intake on metabolic rhythms. In this cross-over trial, 29 nonobese men were randomized to two isocaloric 4-week diets: (1) carbohydrate-rich meals until13:30 and high-fat meals between 16:30 and 22:00 or (2) the inverse order of meals. Stimulated salivasamples were collected every 4 h for 24 h at the end of each intervention, and levels of hormones andinflammatory biomarkers were assessed in saliva and blood. Cortisol, melatonin, resistin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 and MCP-1 demonstrated distinct diurnal variations, mirroring daytime reports inblood and showing significant correlations with blood levels. The rhythm patterns were similar forboth diets, indicating that timing of carbohydrate and fat intake has a minimal effect on metabolicand inflammatory biomarkers in saliva. Our study revealed that saliva is a promising tool for thenon-invasive assessment of metabolic rhythms in chrononutritional studies, but standardisation of sample collection is needed in out-of-lab studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Klauder2021,
  author    = {Klauder, Julia},
  title     = {Makrophagenaktivierung durch Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie als Ausl{\"o}ser eines Teufelkreises der Entz{\"u}ndung im Kontext des metabolischen Syndroms},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52019},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-520199},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {IX, 227},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Insulinresistenz ist ein zentraler Bestandteil des metabolischen Syndroms und tr{\"a}gt maßgeblich zur Ausbildung eines Typ-2-Diabetes bei. Eine m{\"o}gliche Ursache f{\"u}r die Entstehung von Insulinresistenz ist eine chronische unterschwellige Entz{\"u}ndung, welche ihren Ursprung im Fettgewebe {\"u}bergewichtiger Personen hat. Eingewanderte Makrophagen produzieren vermehrt pro-inflammatorische Mediatoren, wie Zytokine und Prostaglandine, wodurch die Konzentrationen dieser Substanzen sowohl lokal als auch systemisch erh{\"o}ht sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus weisen {\"u}bergewichtige Personen einen gest{\"o}rten Fetts{\"a}uremetabolismus und eine erh{\"o}hte Darmpermeabilit{\"a}t auf. Ein gesteigerter Flux an freien Fetts{\"a}uren vom Fettgewebe in andere Organe f{\"u}hrt zu einer lokalen Konzentrationssteigerung in diesen Organen. Eine erh{\"o}hte Darmpermeabilit{\"a}t erleichtert das Eindringen von Pathogenen und anderer k{\"o}rperfremder Substanzen in den K{\"o}rper. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu untersuchen, ob hohe Konzentrationen von Insulin, des bakteriellen Bestandteils Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) oder der freien Fetts{\"a}ure Palmitat eine Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion in Makrophagen ausl{\"o}sen oder verst{\"a}rken k{\"o}nnen und ob diese Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort zur Ausbildung einer Insulinresistenz beitragen kann. Weiterhin sollte untersucht werden, ob Metabolite und Signalsubstanzen, deren Konzentrationen beim metabolischen Syndrom erh{\"o}ht sind, die Produktion des Prostaglandins (PG) E2 beg{\"u}nstigen k{\"o}nnen und ob dieses wiederum die Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktion und seine eigene Produktion in Makrophagen regulieren kann. Um den Einfluss dieser Faktoren auf die Produktion pro-inflammatorischer Mediatoren in Makrophagen zu untersuchen, wurden Monozyten-artigen Zelllinien und prim{\"a}re humane Monozyten, welche aus dem Blut gesunder Probanden isoliert wurden, in Makrophagen differenziert und mit Insulin, LPS, Palmitat und/ oder PGE2 inkubiert. {\"U}berdies wurden prim{\"a}re Hepatozyten der Ratte isoliert und mit {\"U}berst{\"a}nden Insulin-stimulierter Makrophagen inkubiert, um zu untersuchen, ob die Entz{\"u}ndungsanwort in Makrophagen an der Ausbildung einer Insulinresistenz in Hepatozyten beteiligt ist. Insulin induzierte die Expression pro-inflammatorischer Zytokine in Makrophagen-artigen Zelllinien wahrscheinlich vorrangig {\"u}ber den Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase (PI3K)-Akt-Signalweg mit anschließender Aktiverung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-κB (nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells). Die dabei ausgesch{\"u}tteten Zytokine hemmten in prim{\"a}ren Hepatozyten der Ratte die Insulin-induzierte Expression der Glukokinase durch {\"U}berst{\"a}nde Insulin-stimulierter Makrophagen. Auch LPS oder Palmitat, deren lokale Konzentrationen im Zuge des metabolischen Syndroms erh{\"o}ht sind, waren in der Lage, die Expression pro-inflammatorischer Zytokine in Makrophagen-artigen Zelllinien zu stimulieren. W{\"a}hrend LPS seine Wirkung, laut Literatur, unbestritten {\"u}ber eine Aktivierung des Toll-{\"a}hnlichen Rezeptors (toll-like receptor; TLR) 4 vermittelt, scheint Palmitat jedoch weitestgehend TLR4-unabh{\"a}ngig wirken zu k{\"o}nnen. Vielmehr schien die de novo-Ceramidsynthese eine entscheidene Rolle zu spielen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus verst{\"a}rkte Insulin sowohl die LPS- als auch die Palmitat-induzierte Ent-z{\"u}ndungsantwort in beiden Zelllinien. Die in Zelllinien gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden gr{\"o}ßtenteils in prim{\"a}ren humanen Makrophagen best{\"a}tigt. Desweiteren induzierten sowohl Insulin als auch LPS oder Palmitat die Produktion von PGE2 in den untersuchten Makrophagen. Die Daten legen nahe, dass dies auf eine gesteigerte Expression PGE2-synthetisierender Enzyme zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. PGE2 wiederum hemmte auf der einen Seite die Stimulus-abh{\"a}ngige Expression des pro-inflammatorischen Zytokins Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF) α in U937-Makrophagen. Auf der anderen Seite verst{\"a}rkte es jedoch die Expression der pro-inflammatorischen Zytokine Interleukin- (IL-) 1β und IL-8. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus verst{\"a}rkte es die Expression von IL-6-Typ-Zytokinen, welche sowohl pro- als auch anti-inflammatorisch wirken k{\"o}nnen. Außerdem vest{\"a}rkte PGE2 die Expression PGE2-synthetisierender Enzyme. Es scheint daher in der Lage zu sein, seine eigene Synthese zu verst{\"a}rken. Zusammenfassend kann die Freisetzung pro-inflammatorischer Mediatoren aus Makro-phagen im Zuge einer Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie die Entstehung einer Insulinresistenz beg{\"u}nstigen. Insulin ist daher in der Lage, einen Teufelskreis der immer st{\"a}rker werdenden Insulin-resistenz in Gang zu setzen. Auch Metabolite und Signalsubstanzen, deren Konzentrationen beim metabolischen Syndrom erh{\"o}ht sind (zum Beispiel LPS, freie Fetts{\"a}uren und PGE2), l{\"o}sten Entz{\"u}ndungsantworten in Makrophagen aus. Das wechselseitige Zusammenspiel von Insulin und diesen Metaboliten und Signalsubstanzen l{\"o}ste eine st{\"a}rkere Entz{\"u}ndungsantwort in Makrophagen aus als jeder der Einzelkomponenten. Die dadurch freigesetzten Zytokine k{\"o}nnten zur Manifestation einer Insulinresistenz und des metabolischen Syndroms beitragen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{HenkelOberlaenderKlauderStatzetal.2021,
  author    = {Henkel-Oberl{\"a}nder, Janin and Klauder, Julia and Statz, Meike and Wohlenberg, Anne-Sophie and Kuipers, Sonja and Vahrenbrink, Madita},
  title     = {Enhanced Palmitate-Induced Interleukin-8 Formation in Human Macrophages by Insulin or Prostaglandin E₂},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1149},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51837},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-518377},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Macrophages in pathologically expanded dysfunctional white adipose tissue are exposed to a mix of potential modulators of inflammatory response, including fatty acids released from insulin-resistant adipocytes, increased levels of insulin produced to compensate insulin resistance, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) released from activated macrophages. The current study addressed the question of how palmitate might interact with insulin or PGE₂ to induce the formation of the chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Human THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages. In these macrophages, palmitate induced IL-8 formation. Insulin enhanced the induction of IL-8 formation by palmitate as well as the palmitate-dependent stimulation of PGE₂ synthesis. PGE₂ in turn elicited IL-8 formation on its own and enhanced the induction of IL-8 release by palmitate, most likely by activating the EP4 receptor. Since IL-8 causes insulin resistance and fosters inflammation, the increase in palmitate-induced IL-8 formation that is caused by hyperinsulinemia and locally produced PGE₂ in chronically inflamed adipose tissue might favor disease progression in a vicious feed-forward cycle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HauffeRathAgyapongetal.2022,
  author    = {Hauffe, Robert and Rath, Michaela and Agyapong, Wilson and Jonas, Wenke and Vogel, Heike and Schulz, Tim Julius and Schwarz, Maria and Kipp, Anna Patricia and Bl{\"u}her, Matthias and Kleinridders, Andr{\´e}},
  title     = {Obesity Hinders the Protective Effect of Selenite Supplementation on Insulin Signaling},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56170},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561709},
  pages     = {1 -- 16},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The intake of high-fat diets (HFDs) containing large amounts of saturated long-chain fatty acids leads to obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The trace element selenium, as a crucial part of antioxidative selenoproteins, can protect against the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) by increasing glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and insulin receptor (IR) expression. Whether selenite (Se) can attenuate insulin resistance in established lipotoxic and obese conditions is unclear. We confirm that GPX3 mRNA expression in adipose tissue correlates with BMI in humans. Cultivating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in palmitate-containing medium followed by Se treatment attenuates insulin resistance with enhanced GPx3 and IR expression and adipocyte differentiation. However, feeding obese mice a selenium-enriched high-fat diet (SRHFD) only resulted in a modest increase in overall selenoprotein gene expression in WAT in mice with unaltered body weight development, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. While Se supplementation improved adipocyte morphology, it did not alter WAT insulin sensitivity. However, mice fed a SRHFD exhibited increased insulin content in the pancreas. Overall, while selenite protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in vitro, obesity impedes the effect of selenite on insulin action and adipose tissue metabolism in vivo.},
  language  = {en}
}