@article{ZakariasSalisWartenburger2019,
  author    = {Zakari{\´a}s, Lilla and Salis, Christos and Wartenburger, Isabell},
  title     = {Transfereffekte nach Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnistraining bei Aphasie},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-448-7},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43779},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437799},
  pages     = {131 -- 133},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ZakariasKeresztesMartonetal.2016,
  author    = {Zakari{\´a}s, Lilla and Keresztes, Attila and Marton, Klara and Wartenburger, Isabell},
  title     = {Positive effects of a computerised working memory and executive function},
  series = {Neuropsychological rehabilitation},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Neuropsychological rehabilitation},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0960-2011},
  doi       = {10.1080/09602011.2016.1159579},
  pages     = {369 -- 386},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Aphasia, the language disorder following brain damage, is frequently accompanied by deficits of working memory (WM) and executive functions (EFs). Recent studies suggest that WM, together with certain EFs, can play a role in sentence comprehension in individuals with aphasia (IWA), and that WM can be enhanced with intensive practice. Our aim was to investigate whether a combined WM and EF training improves the understanding of spoken sentences in IWA. We used a pre-post-test case control design. Three individuals with chronic aphasia practised an adaptive training task (a modified n-back task) three to four times a week for a month. Their performance was assessed before and after the training on outcome measures related to WM and spoken sentence comprehension. One participant showed significant improvement on the training task, another showed a tendency for improvement, and both of them improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension. The third participant did not improve on the training task, however, she showed improvement on one measure of spoken sentence comprehension. Compared to controls, two individuals improved at least in one condition of the WM outcome measures. Thus, our results suggest that a combined WM and EF training can be beneficial for IWA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zakarias2018,
  author    = {Zakari{\´a}s, Lilla},
  title     = {Transfer effects after working memory training in post-stroke aphasia},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42360},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423600},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {178},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Individuals with aphasia after stroke (IWA) often present with working memory (WM) deficits. Research investigating the relationship between WM and language abilities has led to the promising hypothesis that treatments of WM could lead to improvements in language, a phenomenon known as transfer. Although recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving WM, the evidence to date is scarce and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. Aims: We aimed at (a) investigating whether WM can be improved through an adaptive n-back training in IWA (Study 1-3); (b) testing whether WM training leads to near transfer to unpracticed WM tasks (Study 1-3), and far transfer to spoken sentence comprehension (Study 1-3), functional communication (Study 2-3), and memory in daily life in IWA (Study 2-3); and (c) evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in IWA (Study 3). To address these goals, we conducted two empirical studies - a case-controls study with Hungarian speaking IWA (Study 1) and a multiple baseline study with German speaking IWA (Study 2) - and a systematic review (Study 3). Methods: In Study 1 and 2 participants with chronic, post-stroke aphasia performed an adaptive, computerized n-back training. 'Adaptivity' was implemented by adjusting the tasks' difficulty level according to the participants' performance, ensuring that they always practiced at an optimal level of difficulty. To assess the specificity of transfer effects and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of transfer on spoken sentence comprehension, we included an outcome measure testing specific syntactic structures that have been proposed to involve WM processes (e.g., non-canonical structures with varying complexity). Results: We detected a mixed pattern of training and transfer effects across individuals: five participants out of six significantly improved in the n-back training. Our most important finding is that all six participants improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., far transfer effects). In addition, we also found far transfer to functional communication (in two participants out of three in Study 2) and everyday memory functioning (in all three participants in Study 2), and near transfer to unpracticed n-back tasks (in four participants out of six). Pooled data analysis of Study 1 and 2 showed a significant negative relationship between initial spoken sentence comprehension and the amount of improvement in this ability, suggesting that the more severe the participants' spoken sentence comprehension deficit was at the beginning of training, the more they improved after training. Taken together, we detected both near far and transfer effects in our studies, but the effects varied across participants. The systematic review evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in stroke IWA (Study 3) showed poor internal and external validity across the included 17 studies. Poor internal validity was mainly due to use of inappropriate design, lack of randomization of study phases, lack of blinding of participants and/or assessors, and insufficient sampling. Low external validity was mainly related to incomplete information on the setting, lack of use of appropriate analysis or justification for the suitability of the analysis procedure used, and lack of replication across participants and/or behaviors. Results in terms of WM, spoken sentence comprehension, and reading are promising, but further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of WM intervention. Conclusions: Results of the empirical studies suggest that WM can be improved with a computerized and adaptive WM training, and improvements can lead to transfer effects to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. The fact that improvements were not specific to certain syntactic structures (i.e., non-canonical complex sentences) in spoken sentence comprehension suggest that WM is not involved in the online, automatic processing of syntactic information (i.e., parsing and interpretation), but plays a more general role in the later stage of spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., post-interpretive comprehension). The individual differences in treatment outcomes call for future research to clarify how far these results are generalizable to the population level of IWA. Future studies are needed to identify a few mechanisms that may generalize to at least a subpopulation of IWA as well as to investigate baseline non-linguistic cognitive and language abilities that may play a role in transfer effects and the maintenance of such effects. These may require larger yet homogenous samples.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZakariasSalisWartenburger2018,
  author    = {Zakarias, Lilla and Salis, Christos and Wartenburger, Isabell},
  title     = {Transfer effects on spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication after working memory training in stroke aphasia},
  series = {Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0911-6044},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.002},
  pages     = {47 -- 63},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving working memory (WM) in individuals with aphasia. However, the evidence to date is small and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. To address these issues, we conducted a multiple baseline study with three German-speaking individuals with chronic post stroke aphasia. Participants practised two computerised WM tasks (n-back with pictures and aback with spoken words) four times a week for a month, targeting two WM processes: updating WM representations and resolving interference. All participants showed improvement on at least one measure of spoken sentence comprehension and everyday memory activities. Two of them showed improvement also on measures of WM and functional communication. Our results suggest that WM can be improved through computerised training in chronic aphasia and this can transfer to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ZakariasKellySailsetal.2019,
  author    = {Zakarias, Lilla and Kelly, Helen and Sails, Christos and Code, Chris},
  title     = {The methodological quality of short-term/working memory treatments in poststroke aphasia},
  series = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc.},
  address   = {Rockville},
  issn      = {1092-4388},
  doi       = {10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0057},
  pages     = {1979 -- 2001},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Purpose: The aims of this systematic review are to provide a critical overview of short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) treatments in stroke aphasia and to systematically evaluate the internal and external validity of STM/WM treatments. Method: A systematic search was conducted in February 2014 and then updated in December 2016 using 13 electronic databases. We provided descriptive characteristics of the included studies and assessed their methodological quality using the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials quantitative scale (Tate et al., 2015), which was completed by 2 independent raters. Results: The systematic search and inclusion/exclusion procedure yielded 17 single-case or case-series studies with 37 participants for inclusion. Nine studies targeted auditory STM consisting of repetition and/or recognition tasks, whereas 8 targeted attention and WM, such as attention process training including n-back tasks with shapes and clock faces as well as mental math tasks. In terms of their methodological quality, quality scores on the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials scale ranged from 4 to 17 (M = 9.5) on a 0-30 scale, indicating a high risk of bias in the reviewed studies. Effects of treatment were most frequently assessed on STM, WM, and spoken language comprehension. Transfer effects on communication and memory in activities of daily living were tested in only 5 studies. Conclusions: Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies make it difficult, at present, to draw firm conclusions about the effects of STM/WM treatments in poststroke aphasia. Further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of this type of intervention. To understand the underlying mechanisms of STM/WM treatment effects and how they relate to language functioning, a careful choice of outcome measures and specific hypotheses about potential improvements on these measures are required. Future studies need to include outcome measures of memory functioning in everyday life and psychosocial functioning more generally to demonstrate the ecological validity of STM and WM treatments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zaccarella2015,
  author    = {Zaccarella, Emiliano},
  title     = {Breaking down complexity},
  series = {MPI series human cognitive and brain sciences ; 175},
  journal   = {MPI series human cognitive and brain sciences ; 175},
  publisher = {Max-Planck-Institute},
  address   = {Leipzig},
  isbn      = {978-3-941504-60-8},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {217},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The unbounded expressive capacity of human language cannot boil down to an infinite list of sentences stored in a finite brain. Our linguistic knowledge is rather grounded around a rule-based universal syntactic computation—called Merge—which takes categorized units in input (e.g. this and ship), and generates structures by binding words recursively into more complex hierarchies of any length (e.g. this ship; this ship sinks…). Here we present data from different fMRI datasets probing the cortical implementation of this fundamental process. We first pushed complexity down to a three-word level, to explore how Merge creates minimally hierarchical phrases and sentences. We then moved to the most fundamental two-word level, to directly assess the universal invariant nature of Merge, when no additive mechanisms are involved. Our most general finding is that Merge as the basic syntactic operation is primarily performed by confined area, namely BA 44 in the IFG. Activity reduces to its most ventral-anterior portion at the most fundamental level, following fine-grained sub-anatomical parcellation proposed for the region. The deep frontal operculum/anterior-dorsal insula (FOP/adINS), a phylogenetically older and less specialized region, rather appears to support word-accumulation processing in which the categorical information of the word is first accessed based on its lexical status, and then maintained on hold before further processing takes place. The present data confirm the general notion of BA 44 being activated as a function of complex structural hierarchy, but they go beyond this view by proposing that structural sensitivity in BA 44 is already appreciated at the lowest levels of complexity during which minimal phrase-structures are build up, and syntactic Merge is assessed. Further, they call for a redefinition of BA 44 from multimodal area to a macro-region with internal localizable functional profiles},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YueBastiaanseAlter2014,
  author    = {Yue, Jinxing and Bastiaanse, Roelien and Alter, Kai},
  title     = {Cortical plasticity induced by rapid Hebbian learning of novel tonal word-forms: Evidence from mismatch negativity},
  series = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  volume    = {139},
  journal   = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0093-934X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.bandl.2014.09.007},
  pages     = {10 -- 22},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Although several experiments reported rapid cortical plasticity induced by passive exposure to novel segmental patterns, few studies have devoted attention to the neural dynamics during the rapid learning of novel tonal word-forms in tonal languages, such as Chinese. In the current study, native speakers of Mandarin Chinese were exposed to acoustically matched real and novel segment-tone patterns. By recording their Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses (an ERP indicator of long-term memory traces for spoken words), we found enhanced MMNs to the novel word-forms over the left-hemispheric region in the late exposure phase relative to the early exposure phase. In contrast, no significant changes were identified in MMN responses to the real word during familiarisation. Our results suggest a rapid Hebbian learning mechanism in the human neocortex which develops long-term memory traces for a novel segment-tone pattern by establishing new associations between the segmental and tonal representations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YueAlterHowardetal.2017,
  author    = {Yue, Jinxing and Alter, Kai-Uwe and Howard, David and Bastiaanse, Roelien},
  title     = {Early access to lexical-level phonological representations of Mandarin word-forms},
  series = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {2327-3798},
  doi       = {10.1080/23273798.2017.1290261},
  pages     = {1148 -- 1163},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {An auditory habituation design was used to investigate whether lexical-level phonological representations in the brain can be rapidly accessed after the onset of a spoken word. We studied the N1 component of the auditory event-related electrical potential, and measured the amplitude decrements of N1 associated with the repetition of a monosyllabic tone word and an acoustically similar pseudo-word in Mandarin Chinese. Effects related to the contrastive onset consonants were controlled for by introducing two control words. We show that repeated pseudo-words consistently elicit greater amplitude decrements in N1 than real words. Furthermore, this lexicality effect is free from sensory fatigue or rapid learning of the pseudo-word. These results suggest that a lexical-level phonological representation of a spoken word can be accessed as early as 110ms after the onset of the word-form.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YadavHusainFutrell2021,
  author    = {Yadav, Himanshu and Husain, Samar and Futrell, Richard},
  title     = {Do dependency lengths explain constraints on crossing dependencies?},
  series = {Linguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Linguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
  address   = {Berlin ; New York, NY},
  issn      = {2199-174X},
  doi       = {10.1515/lingvan-2019-0070},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In syntactic dependency trees, when arcs are drawn from syntactic heads to dependents, they rarely cross. Constraints on these crossing dependencies are critical for determining the syntactic properties of human language, because they define the position of natural language in formal language hierarchies. We study whether the apparent constraints on crossing syntactic dependencies in natural language might be explained by constraints on dependency lengths (the linear distance between heads and dependents). We compare real dependency trees from treebanks of 52 languages against baselines of random trees which are matched with the real trees in terms of their dependency lengths. We find that these baseline trees have many more crossing dependencies than real trees, indicating that a constraint on dependency lengths alone cannot explain the empirical rarity of crossing dependencies. However, we find evidence that a combined constraint on dependency length and the rate of crossing dependencies might be able to explain two of the most-studied formal restrictions on dependency trees: gap degree and well-nestedness.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Yadav2023,
  author    = {Yadav, Himanshu},
  title     = {A computational evaluation of feature distortion and cue weighting in sentence comprehension},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-58505},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585055},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {iv, 115},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Successful sentence comprehension requires the comprehender to correctly figure out who did what to whom. For example, in the sentence John kicked the ball, the comprehender has to figure out who did the action of kicking and what was being kicked. This process of identifying and connecting the syntactically-related words in a sentence is called dependency completion. What are the cognitive constraints that determine dependency completion? A widely-accepted theory is cue-based retrieval. The theory maintains that dependency completion is driven by a content-addressable search for the co-dependents in memory. The cue-based retrieval explains a wide range of empirical data from several constructions including subject-verb agreement, subject-verb non-agreement, plausibility mismatch configurations, and negative polarity items. However, there are two major empirical challenges to the theory: (i) Grammatical sentences' data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, where the theory predicts a slowdown at the verb in sentences like the key to the cabinet was rusty compared to the key to the cabinets was rusty, but the data are inconsistent with this prediction; and, (ii) Data from antecedent-reflexive dependencies, where a facilitation in reading times is predicted at the reflexive in the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves vs. the bodybuilder who worked with the trainer injured themselves, but the data do not show a facilitatory effect. The work presented in this dissertation is dedicated to building a more general theory of dependency completion that can account for the above two datasets without losing the original empirical coverage of the cue-based retrieval assumption. In two journal articles, I present computational modeling work that addresses the above two empirical challenges. To explain the grammatical sentences' data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, I propose a new model that assumes that the cue-based retrieval operates on a probabilistically distorted representation of nouns in memory (Article I). This hybrid distortion-plus-retrieval model was compared against the existing candidate models using data from 17 studies on subject-verb number agreement in 4 languages. I find that the hybrid model outperforms the existing models of number agreement processing suggesting that the cue-based retrieval theory must incorporate a feature distortion assumption. To account for the absence of facilitatory effect in antecedent-reflexive dependen� cies, I propose an individual difference model, which was built within the cue-based retrieval framework (Article II). The model assumes that individuals may differ in how strongly they weigh a syntactic cue over a number cue. The model was fitted to data from two studies on antecedent-reflexive dependencies, and the participant-level cue-weighting was estimated. We find that one-fourth of the participants, in both studies, weigh the syntactic cue higher than the number cue in processing reflexive dependencies and the remaining participants weigh the two cues equally. The result indicates that the absence of predicted facilitatory effect at the level of grouped data is driven by some, not all, participants who weigh syntactic cues higher than the number cue. More generally, the result demonstrates that the assumption of differential cue weighting is important for a theory of dependency completion processes. This differential cue weighting idea was independently supported by a modeling study on subject-verb non-agreement dependencies (Article III). Overall, the cue-based retrieval, which is a general theory of dependency completion, needs to incorporate two new assumptions: (i) the nouns stored in memory can undergo probabilistic feature distortion, and (ii) the linguistic cues used for retrieval can be weighted differentially. This is the cumulative result of the modeling work presented in this dissertation. The dissertation makes an important theoretical contribution: Sentence comprehension in humans is driven by a mechanism that assumes cue-based retrieval, probabilistic feature distortion, and differential cue weighting. This insight is theoretically important because there is some independent support for these three assumptions in sentence processing and the broader memory literature. The modeling work presented here is also methodologically important because for the first time, it demonstrates (i) how the complex models of sentence processing can be evaluated using data from multiple studies simultaneously, without oversimplifying the models, and (ii) how the inferences drawn from the individual-level behavior can be used in theory development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WuerznerSchroeder2015,
  author    = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Schroeder, Sascha},
  title     = {Morphologische und phonologische Repr{\"a}sentationen in childLex},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 8) - Schwerpunktthema: Besonders behandeln? : Sprachtherapie im Rahmen prim{\"a}rer St{\"o}rungsbilder},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 8) - Schwerpunktthema: Besonders behandeln? : Sprachtherapie im Rahmen prim{\"a}rer St{\"o}rungsbilder},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-79842},
  pages     = {183 -- 200},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WuerznerHeisterSchroeder2014,
  author    = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Heister, Julian and Schroeder, Sascha},
  title     = {Altersgruppeneffekte in childLex},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71490},
  pages     = {123 -- 131},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Forschung 3 Methode 4 Analysen 5 Diskussion 6 Literatur},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Wunderlich2019,
  author    = {Wunderlich, Dieter},
  title     = {{\"U}ber naturnotwendige und kulturaffine Schritte in der Sprachentstehung und -entwicklung},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43318},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433182},
  pages     = {383 -- 394},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WulffBuschhueterWestphaletal.2020,
  author    = {Wulff, Peter and Buschh{\"u}ter, David and Westphal, Andrea and Nowak, Anna and Becker, Lisa and Robalino, Hugo and Stede, Manfred and Borowski, Andreas},
  title     = {Computer-based classification of preservice physics teachers' written reflections},
  series = {Journal of science education and technology},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Journal of science education and technology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1059-0145},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10956-020-09865-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 15},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Reflecting in written form on one's teaching enactments has been considered a facilitator for teachers' professional growth in university-based preservice teacher education. Writing a structured reflection can be facilitated through external feedback. However, researchers noted that feedback in preservice teacher education often relies on holistic, rather than more content-based, analytic feedback because educators oftentimes lack resources (e.g., time) to provide more analytic feedback. To overcome this impediment to feedback for written reflection, advances in computer technology can be of use. Hence, this study sought to utilize techniques of natural language processing and machine learning to train a computer-based classifier that classifies preservice physics teachers' written reflections on their teaching enactments in a German university teacher education program. To do so, a reflection model was adapted to physics education. It was then tested to what extent the computer-based classifier could accurately classify the elements of the reflection model in segments of preservice physics teachers' written reflections. Multinomial logistic regression using word count as a predictor was found to yield acceptable average human-computer agreement (F1-score on held-out test dataset of 0.56) so that it might fuel further development towards an automated feedback tool that supplements existing holistic feedback for written reflections with data-based, analytic feedback.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WulffDeDeyneJonesetal.2019,
  author    = {Wulff, Dirk U. and De Deyne, Simon and Jones, Michael N. and Mata, Rui and Austerweil, Joseph L. and Baayen, R. Harald and Balota, David A. and Baronchelli, Andrea and Brysbaert, Marc and Cai, Qing and Dennis, Simon and Hills, Thomas T. and Kenett, Yoed N. and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Marelli, Marco and Pakhomov, Serguei and Ramscar, Michael and Schooler, Lael J. and Shing, Yee Lee and da Souza, Alessandra S. and Siew, Cynthia S. Q. and Storms, Gert and Ver{\´i}ssimo, Joao Marques},
  title     = {New Perspectives on the Aging Lexicon},
  series = {Trends in cognitive science},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Trends in cognitive science},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London},
  organization    = {Aging Lexicon Consortium},
  issn      = {1364-6613},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.003},
  pages     = {686 -- 698},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The field of cognitive aging has seen considerable advances in describing the linguistic and semantic changes that happen during the adult life span to uncover the structure of the mental lexicon (i.e., the mental repository of lexical and conceptual representations). Nevertheless, there is still debate concerning the sources of these changes, including the role of environmental exposure and several cognitive mechanisms associated with learning, representation, and retrieval of information. We review the current status of research in this field and outline a framework that promises to assess the contribution of both ecological and psychological aspects to the aging lexicon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WuKaiserVasishth2017,
  author    = {Wu, Fuyun and Kaiser, Elsi and Vasishth, Shravan},
  title     = {Effects of early cues on the processing of chinese relative clauses},
  series = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0364-0213},
  doi       = {10.1111/cogs.12551},
  pages     = {1101 -- 1133},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {We used Chinese prenominal relative clauses (RCs) to test the predictions of two competing accounts of sentence comprehension difficulty: the experience-based account of Levy () and the Dependency Locality Theory (DLT; Gibson, ). Given that in Chinese RCs, a classifier and/or a passive marker BEI can be added to the sentence-initial position, we manipulated the presence/absence of classifiers and the presence/absence of BEI, such that BEI sentences were passivized subject-extracted RCs, and no-BEI sentences were standard object-extracted RCs. We conducted two self-paced reading experiments, using the same critical stimuli but somewhat different filler items. Reading time patterns from both experiments showed facilitative effects of BEI within and beyond RC regions, and delayed facilitative effects of classifiers, suggesting that cues that occur before a clear signal of an upcoming RC can help Chinese comprehenders to anticipate RC structures. The data patterns are not predicted by the DLT, but they are consistent with the predictions of experience-based theories.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Wotschack2009,
  author    = {Wotschack, Christiane},
  title     = {Zum Einfluß von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der kognitiven Kontrolle},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Wotschack2009,
  author    = {Wotschack, Christiane},
  title     = {Zum Einfluss von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der kognitiven Kontrolle},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32636},
  pages     = {69 -- 78},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 1.1 Blickbewegungen beim Lesen 1.2 Kognitive Kontrolle und verteilte Verarbeitung 2. Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 3. Methoden 3.1 Probanden 3.2 Material 3.3 Durchf{\"u}hrung und Auswertung 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Unterschiede in Effekten der Wortvorhersagbarkeit 4.2 Unterschiede in Effekten der Wortfrequenz 5. Diskussion 6. Literatur},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Woolford2009,
  author    = {Woolford, Ellen},
  title     = {Aspect splits and parasitic marking},
  series = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  journal   = {Linguistics in Potsdam},
  number    = {28},
  issn      = {1616-7392},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32236},
  pages     = {39 -- 72},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Aspect splits can affect agreement, Case, and even preposition insertion. This paper discusses the functional 'why' and the theoretical 'how' of aspect splits. Aspect splits are an economical way to mark aspect by preserving or suppressing some independent element in one aspect. In formal terms, they are produced in the same way as coda conditions in phonology, with positional/contextual faithfulness.This approach captures the additive effects of cross-cutting splits. Aspect splits are analyzed here from Hindi, Nepali, Yucatec Maya, Chontal, and Palauan.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WollenbergStadieHanne,
  author    = {Wollenberg, Maxi and Stadie, Nicole and Hanne, Sandra},
  title     = {Therapie von Wortfindungsst{\"o}rungen bei Restaphasien: Ein systematischer Literatur{\"u}berblick und ein exemplarisches Behandlungskonzept},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {13},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-488-3},
  issn      = {1866-9433},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47497},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474970},
  pages     = {123 -- 137},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WolfBleiss2009,
  author    = {Wolf-Bleiß, Birgit},
  title     = {Neologismen},
  series = {Sprachwandel und Entwicklungstendenzen als Themen im Deutschunterricht : fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien},
  journal   = {Sprachwandel und Entwicklungstendenzen als Themen im Deutschunterricht : fachliche Grundlagen - Unterrichtsanregungen - Unterrichtsmaterialien},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-003-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37063},
  pages     = {83 -- 101},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wolf2004,
  author    = {Wolf, Angelika},
  title     = {Sprachverstehen mit Cochlea-Implantat : EKP-Studien mit postlingual ertaubten erwachsenen CI-Tr{\"a}gern},
  series = {MPI series in human cognitive and brain sciences},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {MPI series in human cognitive and brain sciences},
  publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften},
  address   = {Leipzig},
  isbn      = {3-936816-17-4},
  pages     = {259 S.},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WittenbergPaczynskiWieseetal.2014,
  author    = {Wittenberg, Eva and Paczynski, Martin and Wiese, Heike and Jackendoff, Ray and Kuperberg, Gina},
  title     = {The difference between "giving a rose" and "giving a kiss": Sustained neural activity to the light verb construction},
  series = {Journal of memory and language},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2014.02.002},
  pages     = {31 -- 42},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with processing light verb constructions such as "give a kiss". These constructions consist of a semantically underspecified light verb ("give") and an event nominal that contributes most of the meaning and also activates an argument structure of its own ("kiss"). This creates a mismatch between the syntactic constituents and the semantic roles of a sentence. Native speakers read German verb-final sentences that contained light verb constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a kiss"), non-light constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a rose"), and semantically anomalous constructions (e.g., 'Julius gave Anne a conversation"). ERPs were measured at the critical verb, which appeared after all its arguments. Compared to non-light constructions, the light verb constructions evoked a widely distributed, frontally focused, sustained negative-going effect between 500 and 900 ms after verb onset. We interpret this effect as reflecting working memory costs associated with complex semantic processes that establish a shared argument structure in the light verb constructions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Winst2012,
  author    = {Winst, Silke},
  title     = {Narration in the late middle ages seriality and complexity in the epic prose "Loher and Maller"},
  series = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur},
  volume    = {134},
  journal   = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Niemeyer},
  address   = {T{\"u}bingen},
  issn      = {0005-8076},
  pages     = {220 -- 238},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WilzekFrankvandenEnglHoeketal.2017,
  author    = {Wilzek, Alexa and Frank, Ulrike and van den Engl-Hoek, Lenie and Huckabee, Maggie-Lee},
  title     = {Normdatenerhebung f{\"u}r den »Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids« f{\"u}r Kinder und Jugendliche im Altersbereich von 4 bis 14 Jahren},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10) - Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10) - Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405195},
  pages     = {123 -- 129},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WilliamsEscuderoGafos2018,
  author    = {Williams, Daniel Philip and Escudero, Paola and Gafos, Adamantios I.},
  title     = {Spectral change and duration as cues in Australian English listeners' front vowel categorization},
  series = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  volume    = {144},
  journal   = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Melville},
  issn      = {0001-4966},
  doi       = {10.1121/1.5055019},
  pages     = {EL215 -- EL221},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Australian English /iː/, /ɪ/, and /ɪə/ exhibit almost identical average first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequencies and differ in duration and vowel inherent spectral change (VISC). The cues of duration, F1 × F2 trajectory direction (TD) and trajectory length (TL) were assessed in listeners' categorization of /iː/ and /ɪə/ compared to /ɪ/. Duration was important for distinguishing both /iː/ and /ɪə/ from /ɪ/. TD and TL were important for categorizing /iː/ versus /ɪ/, whereas only TL was important for /ɪə/ versus /ɪ/. Finally, listeners' use of duration and VISC was not mutually affected for either vowel compared to /ɪ/.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WilliamsEscuderoGafos2018,
  author    = {Williams, Daniel and Escudero, Paola and Gafos, Adamantios I.},
  title     = {Perceptual sensitivity to spectral change in Australian English close front vowels},
  series = {19 th annual conference of the international speech communicaton association (INTERSPEECH 2018), VOLS 1-6: Speech research for emerging marjets in multilingual societies},
  journal   = {19 th annual conference of the international speech communicaton association (INTERSPEECH 2018), VOLS 1-6: Speech research for emerging marjets in multilingual societies},
  publisher = {ISCA-International Speech Communication Association},
  address   = {Baixas},
  isbn      = {978-1-5108-7221-9},
  issn      = {2308-457X},
  doi       = {10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2505},
  pages     = {1442 -- 1446},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Speech scientists have long noted that the qualities of naturally-produced vowels do not remain constant over their durations regardless of being nominally "monophthongs" or "diphthongs". Recent acoustic corpora show that there are consistent patterns of first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequency change across different vowel categories. The three Australian English (AusE) close front vowels /i:, 1, i/ provide a striking example: while their midpoint or mean F1 and F2 frequencies are virtually identical, their spectral change patterns distinctly differ. The results indicate that, despite the distinct patterns of spectral change of AusE /i:, i, la/ in production, its perceptual relevance is not uniform, but rather vowel-category dependent.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WieseOncuBracker2017,
  author    = {Wiese, Heike and Oncu, Mehmet Tahir and Bracker, Philip},
  title     = {Verb-third-position in Turkish-German Language Contact},
  series = {Deutsche Sprache : ds ; Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Theorie, Praxis, Dokumentation},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Deutsche Sprache : ds ; Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Theorie, Praxis, Dokumentation},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Erich Schmidt},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0340-9341},
  pages     = {31 -- 52},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In present-day German we find new word order options, particularly well-known from Turkish-German bilingual speakers in the contexts of new urban dialects, which allow violations of the canonical verb-second position in independent declarative clauses. In these cases, two positions are occupied in the forefield in front of the finite verb, usually by an adverbial and a subject, which identify, at the level of information structure, frame-setter and topic, respectively. Our study investigates the influence of verbal versus language -independent information-structural preferences for this linearisation, comparing Turkish-German multilingual speakers who have grown up in Germany with monolingual German and Turkish speakers. For tasks, in which grammatical restrictions were largely minimised, the results indicate a general tendency to place verbs in a position after the frame-setter and the topic; in addition, we found language-specific influences that distinguish Turkish-German and monolingual German speakers from monolingual Turkish ones. We interpret this as evidence for an information-structural motivation for verb-third, and for a clear dominance of German for Turkish-German speakers in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WieseMayrKraemeretal.2017,
  author    = {Wiese, Heike and Mayr, Katharina and Kr{\"a}mer, Philipp and Seeger, Patrick and M{\"u}ller, Hans-Georg and Mezger, Verena},
  title     = {Changing teachers' attitudes towards linguistic diversity},
  series = {International Journal of Applied Linguistics},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {International Journal of Applied Linguistics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0802-6106},
  doi       = {10.1111/ijal.12121},
  pages     = {198 -- 220},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {We discuss an intervention programme for kindergarten and school teachers' continuing education in Germany that targets biases against language outside a perceived monolingual 'standard' and its speakers. The programme combines anti-bias methods relating to linguistic diversity with objectives of raising critical language awareness. Evaluation through teachers' workshops in Berlin and Brandenburg points to positive and enduring attitudinal changes in participants, but not in control groups that did not attend workshops, and effects were independent of personal variables gender and teaching subject and only weakly associated with age. We relate these effects to such programme features as indirect and inclusive methods that foster active engagement, and the combination of 'safer' topics targeting attitudes towards linguistic structures with more challenging ones dealing with the discrimination of speakers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WieseAlexiadouAllenetal.2022,
  author    = {Wiese, Heike and Alexiadou, Artemis and Allen, Shanley and Bunk, Oliver and Gagarina, Natalia and Iefremenko, Kateryna and Martynova, Maria and Pashkova, Tatiana and Rizou, Vicky and Schroeder, Christoph and Shadrova, Anna and Szucsich, Luka and Tracy, Rosemarie and Tsehaye, Wintai and Zerbian, Sabine and Zuban, Yulia},
  title     = {Heritage speakers as part of the native language continuum},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717973},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We argue for a perspective on bilingual heritage speakers as native speakers of both their languages and present results from a large-scale, cross-linguistic study that took such a perspective and approached bilinguals and monolinguals on equal grounds. We targeted comparable language use in bilingual and monolingual speakers, crucially covering broader repertoires than just formal language. A main database was the open-access RUEG corpus, which covers comparable informal vs. formal and spoken vs. written productions by adolescent and adult bilinguals with heritage-Greek, -Russian, and -Turkish in Germany and the United States and with heritage-German in the United States, and matching data from monolinguals in Germany, the United States, Greece, Russia, and Turkey. Our main results lie in three areas. (1) We found non-canonical patterns not only in bilingual, but also in monolingual speakers, including patterns that have so far been considered absent from native grammars, in domains of morphology, syntax, intonation, and pragmatics. (2) We found a degree of lexical and morphosyntactic inter-speaker variability in monolinguals that was sometimes higher than that of bilinguals, further challenging the model of the streamlined native speaker. (3) In majority language use, non-canonical patterns were dominant in spoken and/or informal registers, and this was true for monolinguals and bilinguals. In some cases, bilingual speakers were leading quantitatively. In heritage settings where the language was not part of formal schooling, we found tendencies of register leveling, presumably due to the fact that speakers had limited access to formal registers of the heritage language. Our findings thus indicate possible quantitative differences and different register distributions rather than distinct grammatical patterns in bilingual and monolingual speakers. This supports the integration of heritage speakers into the native-speaker continuum. Approaching heritage speakers from this perspective helps us to better understand the empirical data and can shed light on language variation and change in native grammars. Furthermore, our findings for monolinguals lead us to reconsider the state-of-the art on majority languages, given recurring evidence for non-canonical patterns that deviate from what has been assumed in the literature so far, and might have been attributed to bilingualism had we not included informal and spoken registers in monolinguals and bilinguals alike.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Wiese2011,
  author    = {Wiese, Heike},
  title     = {So as a focus marker in German},
  series = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0024-3949},
  doi       = {10.1515/LING.2011.028},
  pages     = {991 -- 1039},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This paper discusses a hitherto undescribed usage of the particle so as a dedicated focus marker in contemporary German. I discuss grammatical and pragmatic characteristics of this focus marker, supporting my account with natural linguistic data and with controlled experimental evidence showing that so has a significant influence on speakers' understanding of what the focus expression in a sentence is. Against this background, I sketch a possible pragmaticalization path from referential usages of so via hedging to a semantically bleached focus marker, which, unlike particles such as auch 'also'/'too' or nur 'only', does not contribute any additional meaning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WierzbaFanselow2020,
  author    = {Wierzba, Marta and Fanselow, Gisbert},
  title     = {Factors influencing the acceptability of object fronting in German},
  series = {The journal of comparative Germanic linguistics},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {The journal of comparative Germanic linguistics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1383-4924},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10828-020-09113-1},
  pages     = {77 -- 124},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we address some controversially debated empirical questions concerning object fronting in German by a series of acceptability rating studies. We investigated three kinds of factors: (i) properties of the subject (given/new, pronoun/full DP), (ii) emphasis, (iii) register. The first factor is predicted to play a crucial role by models in which object fronting possibilities are limited by prosodic properties. Two experiments provide converging evidence for a systematic effect of this factor: we find that the relative acceptability of object fronting across subjects that require an accent (new DPs) is lower than across deaccentable subjects (pronouns and given DPs). Other models predict object fronting across full phrases (but not across pronouns) to be limited to an emphatic interpretation. This prediction is also borne out, suggesting that both types of models capture an empirically valid generalization and can be seen as complementing each other rather than competing with each other. Finally, we find support for the view that informal register facilitates object fronting. In sum, our experiments contribute to clarifying the empirical basis concerning a phenomenon influenced by a range of interacting factors. This, in turn, informs theoretical approaches to the prefield position and helps to identify factors that need to be carefully controlled in this field of research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wierzba2017,
  author    = {Wierzba, Marta},
  title     = {Revisiting prosodic reconstruction},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403152},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 224},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, I develop a theoretical implementation of prosodic reconstruction and apply it to the empirical domain of German sentences in which part of a focus or contrastive topic is fronted. Prosodic reconstruction refers to the idea that sentences involving syntactic movement show prosodic parallels with corresponding simpler structures without movement. I propose to model this recurrent observation by ordering syntax-prosody mapping before copy deletion. In order to account for the partial fronting data, the idea is extended to the mapping between prosody and information structure. This assumption helps to explain why object-initial sentences containing a broad focus or broad contrastive topic show similar prosodic and interpretative restrictions as sentences with canonical word order. The empirical adequacy of the model is tested against a set of gradient acceptability judgments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WieheWeilandWirsametal.2020,
  author    = {Wiehe, Lea and Weiland, Katharina and Wirsam, Anke and Hartung, Julia and Wahl, Michael},
  title     = {Pilotstudie zum lauten und leisen Lesen},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-479-1},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46953},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469539},
  pages     = {109 -- 123},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WieheWeilandWahl,
  author    = {Wiehe, Lea and Weiland, Katharina and Wahl, Michael},
  title     = {Pr{\"a}valenz und Persistenz isolierter Lesest{\"o}rungen in den Klassenstufen 1 bis 3: Eine Gegen{\"u}berstellung verschiedener Klassifikationskriterien},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {13},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-488-3},
  issn      = {1866-9433},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47540},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475408},
  pages     = {193 -- 209},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WestermannStadieFrank2011,
  author    = {Westermann, Antje and Stadie, Nicole and Frank, Ulrike},
  title     = {Messung der Atem-Schluck-Koordination w{\"a}hrend normalem Schluck und unter Anwendung des Mendelsohn-Man{\"o}vers},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1869-3822},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54286},
  pages     = {143 -- 147},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WestermannStadieFrank2011,
  author    = {Westermann, Antje and Stadie, Nicole and Frank, Ulrike},
  title     = {Messung der Atem-Schluck-Koordination w{\"a}hrend normalem Schluck und unter Anwendung des Mendelsohn- Man{\"o}vers},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WeskottFanselow2011,
  author    = {Weskott, Thomas and Fanselow, Gisbert},
  title     = {On the informativity of different measures of linguistic acceptability},
  series = {Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0097-8507},
  pages     = {249 -- 273},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This article deals with the claim that the MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION (ME) method of gathering acceptability judgments produces data that are more informative for linguists than binary or n-point scale judgments. We performed three acceptability-rating experiments that directly compared ME data to binary and seven-point scale data. The results clearly falsify the hypothesis that data gathered by the ME method carry a larger amount of information about the acceptability of a given linguistic phenomenon. The three measures are largely equivalent with respect to informativity. Moreover, ME judgments are shown to be more liable to producing spurious variance under certain circumstances.*},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Weskott2005,
  author    = {Weskott, Thomas},
  title     = {Stopn bashing givenness! a note on Elke Kasimir's "Question-answer test and givenness"},
  isbn      = {3-937786-01-5},
  year      = {2005},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Weskott2005,
  author    = {Weskott, Thomas},
  title     = {Stop bashing givenness!},
  series = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632},
  journal   = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {1866-4725},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8718},
  pages     = {53 -- 62},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Elke Kasimir's paper (in this volume) argues against employing the notion of Givenness in the explanation of accent assignment. I will claim that the arguments against Givenness put forward by Kasimir are inconclusive because they beg the question of the role of Givenness. It is concluded that, more generally, arguments against Givenness as a diagnostic for information structural partitions should not be accepted offhand, since the notion of Givenness of discourse referents is (a) theoretically simple, (b) readily observable and quantifiable, and (c) bears cognitive significance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WenglarczykWeiseHeide2012,
  author    = {Wenglarczyk, Anke and Weise, Stefanie and Heide, Judith},
  title     = {Mapping-Therapie mit reversiblen Passivs{\"a}tzen bei einer Patientin mit Agrammatismus},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{WenglarczykWeiseHeid2012,
  author    = {Wenglarczyk, Anke and Weise, Stefanie and Heid, Judith},
  title     = {Mapping-Therapie mit reversiblen Passivs{\"a}tzen bei einer Patientin mit Agrammatismus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62518},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {1 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Ziel der Therapie 2 Material und Vorgehen 3 Ergebnisse und Interpretation 4 Diskussion},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WellmannHolzgrefeLangTruckenbrodtetal.2012,
  author    = {Wellmann, Caroline and Holzgrefe-Lang, Julia and Truckenbrodt, Hubert and Wartenburger, Isabell and H{\"o}hle, Barbara},
  title     = {How each prosodic boundary cue matters evidence from German infants},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00580},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Previous studies have revealed that infants aged 6-10 months are able to use the acoustic correlates of major prosodic boundaries, that is, pitch change, preboundary lengthening, and pause, for the segmentation of the continuous speech signal. Moreover, investigations with American-English- and Dutch-learning infants suggest that processing prosodic boundary markings involves a weighting of these cues. This weighting seems to develop with increasing exposure to the native language and to underlie crosslinguistic variation. In the following, we report the results of four experiments using the headturn preference procedure to explore the perception of prosodic boundary cues in German infants. We presented 8-month-old infants with a sequence of names in two different prosodic groupings, with or without boundary markers. Infants discriminated both sequences when the boundary was marked by all three cues (Experiment 1) and when it was marked by a pitch change and preboundary lengthening in combination (Experiment 2). The presence of a pitch change (Experiment 3) or preboundary lengthening (Experiment 4) as single cues did not lead to a successful discrimination. Our results indicate that pause is not a necessary cue for German infants. Pitch change and preboundary lengthening in combination, but not as single cues, are sufficient. Hence, by 8 months infants only rely on a convergence of boundary markers. Comparisons with adults' performance on the same stimulus materials suggest that the pattern observed with the 8-month-olds is already consistent with that of adults. We discuss our findings with respect to crosslinguistic variation and the development of a language-specific prosodic cue weighting.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wellmann2023,
  author    = {Wellmann, Caroline},
  title     = {Early sensitivity to prosodic phrase boundary cues: Behavioral evidence from German-learning infants},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57393},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-573937},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xii, 136},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This dissertation seeks to shed light on the relation of phrasal prosody and developmental speech perception in German-learning infants. Three independent empirical studies explore the role of acoustic correlates of major prosodic boundaries, specifically pitch change, final lengthening, and pause, in infant boundary perception. Moreover, it was examined whether the sensitivity to prosodic phrase boundary markings changes during the first year of life as a result of perceptual attunement to the ambient language (Aslin \& Pisoni, 1980). Using the headturn preference procedure six- and eight-month-old monolingual German-learning infants were tested on their discrimination of two different prosodic groupings of the same list of coordinated names either with or without an internal IPB after the second name, that is, [Moni und Lilli] [und Manu] or [Moni und Lilli und Manu]. The boundary marking was systematically varied with respect to single prosodic cues or specific cue combinations. Results revealed that six- and eight-month-old German-learning infants successfully detect the internal prosodic boundary when it is signaled by all the three main boundary cues pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. For eight-, but not for six-month-olds, the combination of pitch change and final lengthening, without the occurrence of a pause, is sufficient. This mirrors an adult-like perception by eight-months (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016). Six-month-olds detect a prosodic phrase boundary signaled by final lengthening and pause. The findings suggest a developmental change in German prosodic boundary cue perception from a strong reliance on the pause cue at six months to a differentiated sensitivity to the more subtle cues pitch change and final lengthening at eight months. Neither for six- nor for eight-month-olds the occurrence of pitch change or final lengthening as single cues is sufficient, similar to what has been observed for adult speakers of German (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016). The present dissertation provides new scientific knowledge on infants' sensitivity to individual prosodic phrase boundary cues in the first year of life. Methodologically, the studies are pathbreaking since they used exactly the same stimulus materials - phonologically thoroughly controlled lists of names - that have also been used with adults (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016) and with infants in a neurophysiological paradigm (Holzgrefe-Lang, Wellmann, H{\"o}hle, \& Wartenburger, 2018), allowing for comparisons across age (six/ eight months and adults) and method (behavioral vs. neurophysiological methods). Moreover, materials are suited to be transferred to other languages allowing for a crosslinguistic comparison. Taken together with a study with similar French materials (van Ommen et al., 2020) the observed change in sensitivity in German-learning infants can be interpreted as a language-specific one, from an initial language-general processing mechanism that primarily focuses on the presence of pauses to a language-specific processing that takes into account prosodic properties available in the ambient language. The developmental pattern is discussed as an interplay of acoustic salience, prosodic typology (prosodic regularity) and cue reliability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WelkeFrank2019,
  author    = {Welke, Lisa-Marie and Frank, Ulrike},
  title     = {Pilotfragebogenstudie zur praktischen Umsetzung und Koordination des Trachealkan{\"u}len-Managements in Berlin und Brandenburg},
  series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  journal   = {Spektrum Patholinguistik},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-448-7},
  issn      = {1866-9085},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43778},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437780},
  pages     = {115 -- 129},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WeissenbornRoeperDeVilliers1995,
  author    = {Weissenborn, J{\"u}rgen and Roeper, Thomas and DeVilliers, Jill},
  title     = {WH-acquisition in French and German : connections between case, WH- features and unique triggers},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissenbornPennerSchoenberger1994,
  author    = {Weissenborn, J{\"u}rgen and Penner, Zvi and Sch{\"o}nberger, Manuela},
  title     = {The acquisition of object placement in early German and Swiss German},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissenbornPenner1996,
  author    = {Weissenborn, J{\"u}rgen and Penner, Zvi},
  title     = {Strong continuity, parameter setting and the trigger hierarchy : on the acquisition of the DP in Bernese Swiss German and High German},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissenbornHoehleKieferetal.2000,
  author    = {Weissenborn, J{\"u}rgen and H{\"o}hle, Barbara and Kiefer, D. and Cavar, Damir},
  title     = {On the Structure of early syntactic knowledge : continuity and Economy},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissenbornHaverkort1995,
  author    = {Weissenborn, J{\"u}rgen and Haverkort, Marco},
  title     = {Parameters and cliticization in early child german},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}