@article{LeimuMutikainenKorichevaetal.2006, author = {Leimu, Roosa and Mutikainen, Pia and Koricheva, Julia and Fischer, Markus}, title = {How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation?}, issn = {0022-0477}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {1 Relationships between plant population size, fitness and within-population genetic diversity are fundamental for plant ecology, evolution and conservation. We conducted meta-analyses of studies published between 1987 and 2005 to test whether these relationships are generally positive, whether they are sensitive to methodological differences among studies, whether they differ between species of different life span, mating system or rarity and whether they depend on the size ranges of the studied populations. 2 Mean correlations between population size, fitness and genetic variation were all significantly positive. The positive correlation between population size and female fitness tended to be stronger in field studies than in common garden studies, and the positive correlation between genetic variation and fitness was significantly stronger in DNA than in isoenzyme studies. 3 The strength and direction of correlations between population size, fitness and genetic variation were independent of plant life span and the size range of the studied populations. The mean correlations tended to be stronger for the rare species than for common species. 4 Expected heterozygosity, the number of alleles and the number or proportion of polymorphic loci significantly increased with population size, but the level of inbreeding F-IS was independent of population size. The positive relationship between population size and the number of alleles and the number or proportion of polymorphic loci was stronger in self- incompatible than in self-compatible species. Furthermore, fitness and genetic variation were positively correlated in self-incompatible species, but independent of each other in self-compatible species. 5 The close relationships between population size, genetic variation and fitness suggest that population size should always be taken into account in multipopulation studies of plant fitness or genetic variation. 6 The observed generality of the positive relationships between population size, plant fitness and genetic diversity implies that the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on plant fitness and genetic variation are common. Moreover, the stronger positive associations observed in self- incompatible species and to some degree in rare species, suggest that these species are most prone to the negative effects of habitat fragmentation}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockKlieglEngbert2006, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading}, issn = {0149-7634}, doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{LandaUshakovKurths2006, author = {Landa, Polina S. and Ushakov, Vladimir and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Rigorous theory of stochastic resonance in overdamped bistable oscillators for weak signals}, series = {Chaos, solitons \& fractals : applications in science and engineering}, volume = {30}, journal = {Chaos, solitons \& fractals : applications in science and engineering}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0960-0779}, doi = {10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.116}, pages = {574 -- 578}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The results of the theoretical consideration of stochastic resonance in overdamped bistable oscillators are given. These results are founded not on the model of two states as in [McNamara B, Wiesenfeld K. Theory of stochastic resonance. Phys Rev A 1989;39:4854-69], but on splitting of motion into regular and random and the rigorous solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the random component. We show that this resonance is caused by a change, under the influence of noise, of the system's effective stiffness and damping factor contained in the equation for the regular component. For a certain value of the noise intensity the effective stiffness is minimal, and this fact causes non-monotonic change of the output signal amplitude as the noise intensity changes. It is important that the location of the minimum and its value depend essentially on the signal frequency.}, language = {en} } @article{KuesterHetzelKrbetscheketal.2006, author = {K{\"u}ster, Yvonne and Hetzel, Ralf and Krbetschek, Matthias and Tao, Mingxin}, title = {Holocene loess sedimentation along the Qilian Shan (China) : significance for understanding the processes and timing of loess deposition}, issn = {0277-3791}, doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.003}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We present optical ages for well preserved loess deposits along the Qilian Shan, a 500-km-long mountain belt forming the tectonically active northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Loess on tectonically controlled fill terraces along the Shiyou and Baiyong rivers was dated by applying the single-aliquot regeneration (SAR) technique to coarse-grained (90-160 mu m) quartz samples. Additional measurements on polymineralic fine-grained (5-10 mu m) samples were carried out to allow a comparison between various optical dating techniques currently in use. The results demonstrate that (i) loess accumulation started between 13 and 11 ka B.P., continuing to the present, (ii) mean loess accumulation rates range between similar to 9 and similar to 16 cm ka(-1), and (iii) Holocene loess is not restricted to certain sites only, but is a prevalent phenomenon along the Qilian Shan mountain front. The absence of loess deposits of Late Pleistocene age is a result of a combination of cold and dry climate conditions, strong winds, and the absence of a vegetation cover during the last glacial period. Only with the change to a warmer and moister climate at the onset of the Holocene did a plant cover develop, which acted as a dust trap, thus initiating the formation of loess.}, language = {en} } @article{Kuhlmann2006, author = {Kuhlmann, Sabine}, title = {Local government reform between 'exogenous' and 'endogenous' driving forces : Institution building in the city of Paris}, issn = {1471-9037}, doi = {10.1080/14719030500518790}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The article attempts to analyse institutional reforms in the multi-level system of the French capital city. The key questions are the developments in central-local relations and what factors influenced these changes over the last century. The author seeks to identify 'critical junctures' in institutional development and explore their impact on the relationships between state and municipality on the one hand and between upper and lower tiers of city- government on the other. Looking at institution building in Paris as the dependent variable the article takes a primarily institutionalist approach in identifying the relevant factors which explain local government reform in the capital city ('what shapes institutions?')}, language = {en} } @article{KroenerWildeZhaoetal.2006, author = {Kr{\"o}ner, Alfred and Wilde, Simon A. and Zhao, Guochun and O'Brien, Patrick J. and Sun, Min and Liu, Dun Yi and Wan, Yusheng and Liu, S. W. and Guo, Jianbin H.}, title = {Zircon geochronology and metamorphic evolution of mafic dykes in the Hengshan Complex of northern China: Evidence for late Palaeoproterozoic extension and subsequent high-pressure metamorphism in the North China Craton}, issn = {0301-9268}, doi = {10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.008}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Magmatic and metamorphic zircons have been dated from ductilely deformed gabbroic dykes defining a dyke swarm and signifying crustal extension in the northern part of the Hengshan Complex of the North China Craton, These dykes now occur as boudins and deformed sheets within migmatitic tonalitic, trondhjemitic, granodioritic and granitic gneisses and are conspicuous due to relics of high-pressure granulite or even former eclogite facies garnet + pyroxene-bearing assemblages. SHRIMP ages for magmatic zircons from two dykes reflect the time of dyke emplacement at similar to 1915 Ma, whereas metamorphic zircons dated by both SHRIMP and evaporation techniques are consistently in the range 1848-1888 Ma. The Youngest granitoid gneiss yet dated in the Hengshan has an emplacement age of 18 2 17 Ma. These results complement recent geochronological studies from the neighbouring Wutai and Fuping Complexes, to the SE of the Hengshan, showing that a crustal extension event Occurred in the late Palaeoproterozoic. This preceded a major high-pressure collision- type metamorphic event in the central part of the North China Craton that occurred in the Palaeoproterozoic and not in the late Archaean as previously thought. Our data support recent suggestions that the North China Craton experienced a major, craton-wide orogenic event in the late Palaeoproterozoic after which it became cratonized and acted as a stable block.}, language = {en} } @article{KreftGeorgievaBaeumleretal.2006, author = {Kreft, Oliver and Georgieva, Radostina and B{\"a}umler, Hans and Steup, Martin and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd and Sukhorukov, Gleb B. and M{\"o}hwald, Helmuth}, title = {Red blood cell templated polyelectrolyte capsules : a novel vehicle for the stable encapsulation of DNA and proteins}, issn = {1022-1336}, doi = {10.1002/marc.200500777}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A novel method for the encapsulation of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, into polyelectrolyte microcapsules is described. Fluorescence-labelled double-stranded DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) are used as model substances for encapsulation in hollow microcapsules templated on human erythrocytes. The encapsulation procedure involves an intermediate drying C, step. The accumulation of DNA and HSA in the capsules is observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, UV spectroscopy, and flourimetry. The mechanism of encapsulation is discussed}, language = {en} } @article{KozlevcarOdlazekGolobicetal.2006, author = {Kozlevcar, Bojan and Odlazek, Darja and Golobic, Amalija and Pevec, Andrej and Strauch, Peter and Segedin, Primoz}, title = {Complexes with lignin model compound vanillic acid : two different carboxylate ligands in the same dinuclear tetracarboxylate complex [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(CH3OH)(2)]}, issn = {0277-5387}, doi = {10.1016/j.poly.2005.08.031}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Two copper(II) coordination compounds with vanillic acid C8H8O4 (1), namely [Cu- 2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(CH3OH)(2)] (2) and [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(4)(H2O2)(2)] (3), were synthesized and characterized. Single crystals of 1-3 were obtained and their crystal structures determined. The structure of 2 shows dinuclear cage structure of copper acetate hydrate type, however with two different carboxylates, acetates and vanillic acid anions,. respectively. Both bridging anions are in pairs in trans orientation. Methanol molecules are apically coordinated (Cu-O7 2.160(2) angstrom), fulfilling square-pyramidal coordination sphere around both copper ions. The compound 2 decomposes outside mother-liquid (yielding [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (2a)) with the removal of methanol, but without significant change of the dicopper tetracarboxylate cage structure, as noticed by mu(eff) 1.48 BM for 2a. Similar was found also in the X-band EPR spectra with three signals H-z1, H-perpendicular to 2 and H-z2 in the region from 0 to 600 mT. The structure of free vanillic acid 1 is composed of dimeric units of two molecules, connected by two parallel hydrogen bonds between carboxylate group of each other (O1-H(...)O2 2.642(3) angstrom), while the structure of 3 is of [Cu-2(O2CCH3)(4)(H2O)(2)] type. Interestingly, an additional signal in the EPR spectra of 3 is found at 80 mT (H- perpendicular to 1) at 298 and at 116 K, next to three signals H-z1, H-perpendicular to 2 and H-z2.}, language = {en} } @article{KofodPaajanenBauer2006, author = {Kofod, Guggi and Paajanen, Mika and Bauer, Siegfried}, title = {Self-organized minimum-energy structures for dielectric elastomer actuators}, issn = {0947-8396}, doi = {10.1007/s00339-006-3680-3}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{KoetzJagielskiKosmellaetal.2006, author = {Koetz, Joachim and Jagielski, Nicole and Kosmella, Sabine and Friedrich, Alwin and Kleinpeter, Erich}, title = {CdS nanocubes formed in phosphatidylcholin-based template phases}, volume = {288}, issn = {0927-7757}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.01.013}, pages = {43 -- 1-3}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The paper is focused on the characterization and use of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based inverse microemulsions as a template phase for the CdS nanoparticle formation. The optically clear, isotropic phase in the oil corner was identified as a "classical{\"o} water-in-oil microemulsion by means of NMR-diffusion measurements. Because of the very small dimensions of the water droplets, the isotropic phase shows a Newtonian-like flow behavior, and adequate amounts of bulk water cannot be detected by DSC. It is demonstrated that this w/o microemulsion can be used successfully as a nanoreactor for the formation of CdS nanoparticles with diameters of 4-5 nm. During the following process of solvent evaporation the individual small CdS nanoparticles aggregate to significant larger cubic nanoparticles, with an edge length of 2-40 nm, arranged in well-defined mosaic-like superstructures. In presence of SDS the nanocubes were stable up to 800 °C. It has to be stated here that polyelectrolytes prevent the formation of such well-ordered superstructures.}, language = {en} } @article{KleinpeterHolzberger2006, author = {Kleinpeter, Erich and Holzberger, Anja}, title = {Structure, intramolecular flexibility, and complexation of aza crown ethers to anions H2PO4- and HSO4- in nonprotic solvents}, series = {Tetrahedron}, volume = {62}, journal = {Tetrahedron}, number = {43}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0040-4020}, doi = {10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.074}, pages = {10237 -- 10247}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Both the structure and intramolecular flexibility of a series of aza crown ethers were studied by experimental NMR and theoretical molecular modeling. The stoichiometries of complexation to the anions H2PO4- and resulting complex stabilities were determined by experimental NMR (1H, 31P) titration and, in addition, the structure and mobility changes of the aza crown ethers upon complexation were also examined.}, language = {en} } @article{KetmaierGiustiCaccone2006, author = {Ketmaier, Valerio and Giusti, Folco and Caccone, Adalgisa}, title = {Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the land snail genus Solatopupa (Pulmonata) in the peri- Tyrrhenian area}, issn = {1055-7903}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.008}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The land snail genus Solatopupa consists of six species and has a peri-Tyrrhenian distribution; most of the species have a very narrow range and all of them except one (Solatopupa cianensis, which inhabits porphyritic rocks) are strictly bound to calcareous substrates. One species (Solatopupa gidoni) is limited to Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba Island. Because the potential for dispersal of these snails is low, the insular range of this species has been traditionally related to the Oligocenic detachment of the Sardinia-Corsica microplate from the Iberian plate and its subsequent rotation towards the Italian peninsula. In this Study, we used sequences of three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus. Our phylogenetic results are consistent with the genetic relationships found using allozymes, but contrast with the phylogenetic hypotheses based on karyology and morphology. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the main cladogenetic events in the genus occurred between the middle Miocene and the middle-late Pliocene. Patterns of phylogenetic relationships and geological considerations suggest that the cladogenesis of the genus can be explained by vicariant (tectonic) processes. Our datings do not support a causal relation between the split of S. guidoni from its continental sister taxon and the initial phases of the detachment of the Corsica-Sardinia microplate from the mainland. On the contrary, time estimates coincide with the very last phase of detachment of the microplate (from 5 to 3 Myrs ago). Overall, our molecular clock estimates are in good agreement with the latest geological views on the tectonic evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian area.}, language = {en} } @article{KappeMenzelOstermeyer2006, author = {Kappe, Philip and Menzel, Ralf and Ostermeyer, Martin}, title = {Analysis of the temporal and spectral output properties of a mode-locked and Q-switched laser oscillator with a nonlinear mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering}, issn = {1050-2947}, doi = {10.1103/Physreva.74.013809}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The emission dynamics of a mode-locked laser oscillator with a nonlinear mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been investigated with regard to its spectrum and to its intensity distribution. The investigation was carried out experimentally as well as by numerical simulations. The laser yields trains of pulses with measured durations of 410 ps and energies of the single pulse of up to 2 mJ. Two theoretical models describing the complex emission dynamics of a mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator are introduced. The first model consists of spectrally resolved laser rate equations and thus describes the mode locking in the frequency domain by the superposition of the longitudinal resonator modes. The SBS-Q-switch is incorporated by a phenomenological description of the time dependent SBS reflectivity. Numerical simulations based on this model yield the evolution of a few 100 longitudinal laser modes and the corresponding intensity distribution during the course of a Q-switch pulse with 10-ps resolution. The influences of the different components on the spectrum and thus on the pulse duration will be discussed. The second model describes all occurring dynamics in the time domain providing easy access to the study of misalignment on the output dynamics. Results of numerical simulations of both models and measurement results are compared}, language = {en} } @article{JuergensenKonstantinidis2006, author = {J{\"u}rgensen, Helmut and Konstantinidis, Stavros}, title = {(Near-)inverses of sequences}, issn = {0020-7160}, doi = {10.1080/00207160500537801}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We introduce the notion of a near-inverse of a non-decreasing sequence of positive integers; near-inverses are intended to assume the role of inverses in cases when the latter cannot exist. We prove that the near-inverse of such a sequence is unique; moreover, the relation of being near-inverses of each other is symmetric, i.e. if sequence g is the near-inverse of sequence f, then f is the near-inverse of g. There is a connection, by approximations, between near- inverses of sequences and inverses of continuous strictly increasing real-valued functions which can be exploited to derive simple expressions for near-inverses}, language = {en} } @article{Jessel2006, author = {Jessel, Beate}, title = {Elements, characteristics and character : information functions of landscapes in terms of indicators}, issn = {1470-160X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.009}, year = {2006}, abstract = {When monitoring landscape changes, the visual landscape should also be considered. This pertains to the information function of ecosystems and landscapes that refers to environmental structure and its function for satisfying needs. These needs of human perception include a certain equipment of landscape with stimuli, spatial orientation, as well as aesthetical-emotional needs. However, previous approaches of environment monitoring and registration of landscape changes exclusively focus on the ecosystem; aesthetic and structural characteristics are evalu-ated, if at all, only via easily quantifiable variables in a data oriented manner that illustrates the diversity of individual landscape elements without theoretically grounding them based on general hypotheses and a theoretical concept. Based on results from perception research and information theory, therefore, a method for registering the visual landscape on different complexity levels was developed. This includes: Elements (i.e. "element level"), that is the description of the different types of land use and structure elements within a landscape unit. Furthermore, under these elements a variety of manifestations are also subsumed such as small spatial dimensional relations, as well as individual synesthetic perceptions (noise, smells);}, language = {en} } @article{Reichard2006, author = {Reichard, Christoph}, title = {Local government reforms in Europe : a mini symposium}, issn = {1471-9037}, doi = {10.1080/14719030500518618}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{HossnerHegeleErlacheretal.2006, author = {Hossner, Ernst-Joachim and Hegele, Matthias C. and Erlacher, Daniel and Ehrlenspiel, Felix}, title = {Dimensions of distality : Spatial, temporal, and perceptual features of attentional control}, issn = {0895-2779}, year = {2006}, language = {en} } @article{HoernigWeskottKliegletal.2006, author = {H{\"o}rnig, Robin and Weskott, Thomas and Kliegl, Reinhold and Fanselow, Gisbert}, title = {Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs}, issn = {0090-502X}, doi = {10.3758/BF03193264}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing.}, language = {en} } @article{Herzschuh2006, author = {Herzschuh, Ulrike}, title = {Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years}, issn = {0277-3791}, doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.006}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The late-Quaternary climate history of monsoonal Central Asia was inferred from 75 palaeoclimatic records which provide information about moisture conditions in the last 50 ka (or part of this period). Wet conditions occurred during middle and late Marine Isotope Stage 3, while the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was characterized by dry climate conditions in the region. A stepwise climate amelioration is suggested by the climate records following the LGM. Several climate signals of this period, which were reported from high-latitude ice core records, are preserved in archives from monsoonal Central Asia as well. During the early Holocene, high effective moisture was inferred from most records from the area dominated by the Indian Monsoon (e.g. the Tibetan Plateau) suggesting that Holocene optimal climate conditions occurred there during this period. In contrast, areas which are dominated by the South-East Asian monsoon (SE Monsoon) and the Westerlies (in north-western and north-central China, Mongolia) do not uniformly show an early Holocene climate optimum. For this area optimal conditions prevailed during the mid-Holocene. These apparent contradictions can possibly be explained by the regional uplift and descent of air masses in the Holocene. During the early Holocene, strengthened insolation possibly caused an enhanced low-level convergence over the Tibetan Plateau which led to the intensification of the summer monsoon. The strong air uplift caused intensified precipitation and air divergence in the upper troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau. The areas adjacent to the north therefore experienced an intensified descent of air masses and consequently increased aridity. The majority of the palaeoclimatic records suggest reduced effective moisture since the late Holocene in the region.}, language = {en} } @article{HennebergPietschPanzneretal.2006, author = {Henneberg, Oliver and Pietsch, Ullrich and Panzner, Tobias and Geue, Thomas and Finkelstein, Kenneth D.}, title = {Simultaneous X-ray and visible light diffraction for the investigation of surface relief and density grating formation in azobenzene containing polymer films}, issn = {1542-1406}, doi = {10.1080/15421400500383345}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The development of surface relief and density patterns in azobenzene polymer films was studied by diffraction at two different wavelengths. We used x-ray diffraction of synchrotron radiation at 0.124 nm in combination with visible light diffraction at a wavelength of 633 nm. In contrast to visible light scattering x-ray diffraction allows the separation of a surface relief and a density grating contribution due to the different functional dependence of the scattering power. Additionally, the x-ray probe is most sensitive for the onset of the surface grating formation}, language = {en} } @article{PetruTielboergerBelkinetal.2006, author = {Petru, Martina and Tielb{\"o}rger, Katja and Belkin, Ruthie and Sternberg, Marcelo and Jeltsch, Florian}, title = {Life history variation in an annual plant under two opposing environmental constraints along an aridity gradient}, doi = {10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04310.x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Environmental gradients represent an ideal framework for studying adaptive variation in the life history of plant species. However, on very steep gradients, largely contrasting conditions at the two gradient ends often limit the distribution of the same species across the whole range of environmental conditions. Here, we study phenotypic variation in a winter annual crucifer Biscutella didyma persisting along a steep gradient of increasing rainfall in Israel. In particular, we explored whether the life history at the arid end of the gradient indicates adaptations to drought and unpredictable conditions, while adaptations to the highly competitive environment prevail at the mesic Mediterranean end. We examined several morphological and reproductive traits in four natural populations and in populations cultivated in standard common environment. Plants from arid environments were faster in phenological development, more branched in architecture and tended to maximize reproduction, while the Mediterranean plants invested mainly in vertical vegetative growth. Differences between cultivation and field in diaspore production were very large for arid populations as opposed to Mediterranean ones, indicating a larger potential to increase reproduction under favorable conditions. Our overall findings indicate two strongly opposing selective forces at the two extremes of the aridity gradient, which result in contrasting strategies within the studied annual plant species}, language = {en} } @article{HalfarGodinezOrtaMuttietal.2006, author = {Halfar, Jochen and Godinez-Orta, Lucio and Mutti, Maria and Valdez-Holguin, Jose Eduardo and Borges, Jose M.}, title = {Carbonates calibrated against oceanographic parameters along a latitudinal transect in the Gulf of California, Mexico}, issn = {0037-0746}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00766.x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Trophic resources are an important control governing carbonate production. Though this importance has long been recognized, no calibration exists to quantitatively compare biogenic assemblages within trophic resource fields. This study presents a field calibration of carbonate producers in a range of settings against high-resolution in situ measurements of nutrients, temperature and salinity. With its latitudinal extent from 30 degrees to 23 degrees N, the Gulf of California, Mexico, spans the warm-temperate realm and encompasses nutrient regimes from oligo-mesotrophic in the south to eutrophic in the north. Accordingly, from south to north carbonates are characterized by: (i) coral- dominated shallow carbonate factories (5-20 m water depth) with average sea-surface temperatures of 25 degrees C (min. 18 degrees C, max. 31 degrees C), average salinities of 35.06 parts per thousand and average chlorophyll a levels, which are a proxy for nutrients, of 0.25 mg Chl a m(-3) (max. 0.48, min. 0.1). (ii) Red algal-dominated subtidal to inner- shelf carbonate formation (10-25 m) in the central Gulf of California exhibiting average temperatures of 23 degrees C (min. 18 degrees C, max. 30 degrees C), average salinities of 35.25 parts per thousand, and average Chl a levels of 0.71 Chl a m(-3) (max. 5.62, min. 0). (iii) Molluskan bryozoan-rich inner to outer shelf factories in the northern Gulf of California (20-50 m) with average sea surface temperatures of only 20 degrees C (min. 13 degrees C, max 29 degrees C), average salinities of 35.01 parts per thousand, and average contents of 2.2 mg Chl a m(-3) (max. 8.38, min. 0). By calibrating sedimentological data with in situ measured oceanographic information in different environments, the response of carbonate producers to environmental parameters was established and extrapolated to carbonates on a global scale. The results demonstrate the importance of recognizing and quantifying trophic resources as a dominant control determining the biogenic composition and facies character of both modern and fossil carbonates}, language = {en} } @article{GozolchianiMoshelHausdorffetal.2006, author = {Gozolchiani, Avi and Moshel, Shay and Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. and Simon, Ely and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Havlin, Shlomo}, title = {Decaying of phase synchronization in parkinsonian tremor}, issn = {0378-4371}, doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2005.10.033}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We describe effects of the asymmetry of cycles and non-stationarity in time series on the phase synchronization method which may lead to artifacts. We develop a modified method that overcomes these effects and apply it to study parkinsonian tremor. Our results indicate that there is synchronization between two different hands and provide information about the time delay separating their dynamics. These findings suggest that this method may be useful for detecting and quantifying weak synchronization between two non-stationary signals.}, language = {en} } @article{GaedkeKamjunke2006, author = {Gaedke, Ursula and Kamjunke, Norbert}, title = {Structural and functional properties of low- and high-diversity planktonic food webs}, issn = {0142-7873}, doi = {10.1093/plankt/fb1003}, year = {2006}, abstract = {To test the consequences of decreased diversity and exclusion of keystone species, we compared the planktonic food webs in two acidic (pH <= 3), species-poor mining lakes with those in two species-rich, neutral lakes. The ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic biomass (HIA) was similar in acidic and neutral lakes with comparable productivity. However, food webs in both acidic lakes were largely restricted to two trophic levels in contrast to the four levels found in neutral lakes. This restriction in food chain length was attributed to the absence of efficient secondary consumers, rather than to productivity or lake size which resulted in unusually low predator-prey weight ratios, with small top predators hardly exceeding their pry in size. In contrast to the neutral lakes, plankton biomass size spectra of acidic lakes were discontinuous due to a lack of major functional groups. The unique size-dependence of feeding modes in pelagic food webs, with bacteria in the smallest size classes followed by autotrophs, herbivores and carnivores, was maintained for bacteria but the other feeding modes strongly overlapped in size. Thus, their characteristic succession along the size gradient was roughly preserved under extreme conditions but the flow of energy along the size gradient was truncated in the acidic lakes. For most but not all attributes studied, differences were larger between acidic and neutral lakes than between neutral lakes of different trophic state}, language = {en} } @article{FleschhutKratzerRechkemmeretal.2006, author = {Fleschhut, Jens and Kratzer, Frank and Rechkemmer, Gerhard and Kulling, Sabine E.}, title = {Stability and biotransformation of various dietary anthocyanins in vitro}, issn = {1436-6207}, doi = {10.1007/s00394-005-0557-8}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Background Anthocyanins, which are found in high concentrations in fruit and vegetable, may play a beneficial role in retarding or reversing the course of chronic degenerative diseases. However, little is known about the biotransformation and the metabolism of anthocyanins so far. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to investigate possible transformation pathways of anthocyanins by human faecal microflora and by rat liver microsomes as a source of cytochrome P450 enzymes as well as of glucuronyltransferases. Methods Pure anthocyanins, an aqueous extract of red radish as well as the assumed degradation products were incubated with human faecal suspension. The incubation mixtures were purified by solid-phase extraction and analysed by HPLC/DAD/MS and GC/MS. Quantification was done by the external standard method. Furthermore the biotransformation of anthocyanins by incubation with rat liver microsomes in the presence of the cofactor NADPH (as a model for the phase I oxidation) and in the presence of activated glucuronic acid (as a model for the phase II glucuronidation) was investigated. Results Glycosylated and acylated anthocyanins were rapidly degraded by the intestinal microflora after anaerobic incubation with a human faecal suspension. The major stable products of anthocyanin degradation are the corresponding phenolic acids derived from the B-ring of the anthocyanin skeleton. Anthocyanins were not metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, neither hydroxylated nor demethylated. However they were glucuronidated by rat liver microsomes to several products. Conclusions The gut microflora seem to play an important role in the biotransformation of anthocyanins. A rapid degradation could be one major reason for the poor bioavailability of anthocyanins in pharmacokinetic studies described so far in the literature. The formation of phenolic acids as the major stable degradation products gives an important hint to the fate of anthocyanins in vivo}, language = {en} } @article{EngelhardKumkeLoehmannsroeben2006, author = {Engelhard, Sonja and Kumke, Michael Uwe and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd}, title = {Examples of the application of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) to beer brewing and polyurethane foaming processes}, issn = {1618-2642}, doi = {10.1007/s00216-005-3364-4}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Optical methods play an important role in process analytical technologies (PAT). Four examples of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) are presented, which are based on three important experimental techniques: near- infrared absorption, luminescence quenching, and a novel method, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy. These are used to evaluate four process and quality parameters related to beer brewing and polyurethane (PU) foaming processes: the ethanol content and the oxygen (O-2) content in beer, the biomass in a bioreactor, and the cellular structures of PU foam produced in a pilot production plant}, language = {en} } @article{DomahsBarthaLochyetal.2006, author = {Domahs, Frank and Bartha, Lisa and Lochy, Aliette and Benke, Thomas and Delazer, Margarette}, title = {Number words are special : evidence from a case of primary progressive aphasia}, issn = {0911-6044}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneuroling.2005.07.001}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We present a patient with primary progressive aphasia who showed no problems dealing with a variety of semantic tasks for simple nouns and numerical material. However, massive impairments became apparent in all lexical input and output tasks for non-number words, whereas peripheral processing was demonstrated to be intact. Interestingly, no parallel impairment was observed for numerals. This is the first case study reporting an isolated sparing of number words at the level of lexical processing in all four modalities.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherKlieglHofmannetal.2006, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hofmann, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M.}, title = {Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading}, issn = {0006-8993}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes.}, language = {en} } @article{OrgzallFrancoSchulz2006, author = {Orgzall, Ingo and Franco, Olga and Schulz, Burkhard}, title = {High pressure structural investigations of 2,5-di(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole - importance of strain studies for the description of intermolecular interactions}, doi = {10.1088/0953-8984/18/23/001}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Results of a high pressure x-ray study of 2,5-di(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole up to 2.5 GPa are presented and discussed. Parameters for the Murnaghan equation of state are derived. The bulk modulus amounts to K-0 = 4.6 +/- 0.3 GPa and its pressure derivative to K-0' = 7.4 +/- 0.6. These values are comparable to values of other diphenyl-1,3,4- oxadiazoles. The anisotropy of the compression is analysed using the strain tensor and discussed based on the anisotropy of the intermolecular interactions}, language = {en} } @article{CoutandCarrapaDeekenetal.2006, author = {Coutand, Isabelle and Carrapa, Barbara and Deeken, Anke and Schmitt, Axel K. and Sobel, Edward and Strecker, Manfred}, title = {Propagation of orographic barriers along an active range front : insights from sandstone petrography and detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the intramontane Angastaco basin, NW Argentina}, issn = {0950-091X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00283.x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The arid Puna plateau of the southern Central Andes is characterized by Cenozoic distributed shortening forming intramontane basins that are disconnected from the humid foreland because of the defeat of orogen-traversing channels. Thick Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary fills in Puna basins have reduced topographic contrasts between the compressional basins and ranges, leading to a typical low-relief plateau morphology. Structurally identical basins that are still externally drained straddle the eastern border of the Puna and document the eastward propagation of orographic barriers and ensuing aridification. One of them, the Angastaco basin, is transitional between the highly compartmentalized Puna highlands and the undeformed Andean foreland. Sandstone petrography, structural and stratigraphic analysis, combined with detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology from a similar to 6200-m-thick Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic section in the Angastaco basin, document the late Eocene to late Pliocene exhumation history of source regions along the eastern border of the Puna (Eastern Cordillera (EC)) as well as the construction of orographic barriers along the southeastern flank of the Central Andes. Onset of exhumation of a source in the EC in late Eocene time as well as a rapid exhumation of the Sierra de Luracatao (in the EC) at about 20 Ma are recorded in the detrital sediments of the Angastaco basin. Sediment accumulation in the basin began similar to 15 Ma, a time at which the EC had already built sufficient topography to prevent Puna sourced detritus from reaching the basin. After similar to 13 Ma, shortening shifted eastward, exhuming ranges that preserve an apatite fission-track partial annealing zone recording cooling during the late Cretaceous rifting event. Facies changes and fossil content suggest that after 9 Ma, the EC constituted an effective orographic barrier that prevented moisture penetration into the plateau. Between 3.4 and 2.4 Ma, another orographic barrier was uplifted to the east, leading to further aridification and pronounced precipitation gradients along the mountain front. This study emphasizes the important role of tectonics in the evolution of climate in this part of the Andes}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerWeidenfeldHoernig2006, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Weidenfeld, Andrea and H{\"o}rnig, Robin}, title = {Working memory capacity and the construction of spatial mental models in comprehension and deductive reasoning}, doi = {10.1080/17470210500151717}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We asked 149 high-school students who were pretested for their working memory capacity (WMC) to read spatial descriptions relating to five objects and to evaluate conclusions asserting an unmentioned relationship between two of the objects. Unambiguous descriptions were compatible with a single spatial arrangement, whereas ambiguous descriptions permitted two arrangements; a subset of the ambiguous descriptions still determined the relation asserted in the conclusion, whereas another subset did not. Two groups of participants received different instructions: The deduction group should accept conclusions only if they followed with logical necessity from the description, whereas the comprehension group should accept a conclusion if it agreed with their representation of the arrangement. Self-paced reading times increased on sentences that introduced an ambiguity, replicating previous findings in deductive reasoning experiments. This effect was also found in the comprehension group, casting doubt on the interpretation that people consider multiple possible arrangements online. Responses to conclusions could be modelled by a multinomial processing model with four parameters: the probability of constructing a correct mental model, the probability of detecting an ambiguity, and two guessing parameters. Participants with high and with low WMC differed mainly in the probability of successfully constructing a mental model}, language = {en} } @article{ChenReger2006, author = {Chen, Xiangdong D. and Reger, Guido}, title = {The role of technology in the investment of German firms in China}, issn = {0166-4972}, doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.009}, year = {2006}, abstract = {China, as being the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) host country in the world and the leading developing country in terms of volume of FDI inflows, has been increasingly attracting international attention from companies and policy makers. As more and more German manufacturing companies move into China, the investment is becoming larger in size and of higher quality. In the meantime, issues of the motives and nature of German FDI in China and related technological activities are developed to a more important topic for both Chinese and overseas researchers. This paper aims at the analysis and explanation of FDI movement driven by German companies in China and the role of technology hereby. Our research includes a literature review, a database analysis and a mail survey on German firms investing in China. Different indicators suggest that the motives for German FDI are long-term based and are deeply market-oriented, which can be characterised through seeking new markets and enlarging market shares. Technology transfer is therefore mainly dedicated to production and managerial facilities.}, language = {en} } @article{NasdalaWildnerWirthetal.2006, author = {Nasdala, Lutz and Wildner, Manfred and Wirth, Richard and Groschopf, Nora and Pal, Dipak C. and M{\"o}ller, Andreas}, title = {Alpha particle haloes in chlorite and cordierite}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Effects of the impact of natural long-term irradiation with alpha particles in one chamosite and one cordierite sample were characterised in detail using electron microprobe, Raman microprobe, optical absorption spectroscopy (cordierite only), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; cordierite only) analysis. In both cases, the impact of He- 4 cores (alpha particles) that were emitted from actinide-bearing mineral inclusions has caused the formation of radiation damage haloes in the host mineral. These haloes have maximum radii of about 33 mu m (chamosite) and 47 mu m (cordierite). They show notably changed optical properties, i.e., intensified absorption of light as recognised by brown (chamosite) and yellow (cordierite) pleochroism and enhanced or even anomalous interference colours. In spite of the significant disturbance of their short range order, alpha particle haloes are characterised by generally low degrees of structural radiation damage. This is indicated by rather moderate broadening of vibrational bands and, in the case of cordierite, apparently undisturbed electron diffraction patterns in the TEM. Intensive damage, virtually close to an amorphous state, was only found in cordierite up to a few tens of nanometres away from actinide-bearing inclusions. This damage is mainly assigned to recoils of heavy nuclei upon emission of an alpha particle, which have particle trajectory lengths that are three orders of magnitude shorter than those of the alpha particles. Similar to observations on biotite, alpha particle haloes in chamosite and cordierite as observed in the optical microscope may be considered as representative of a very early stage of the metamictisation process}, language = {en} } @article{MuessigLissoCollGarciaetal.2006, author = {M{\"u}ssig, Carsten and Lisso, Janina and Coll-Garcia, Danahe and Altmann, Thomas}, title = {Molecular analysis of brassinosteroid action}, doi = {10.1055/s-2005-873043}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal plant hormones with important regulatory roles in various physiological processes, including growth, xylem differentiation, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. Several components of the BR signal transduction pathway have been identified. The extracellular domains of receptor kinases such as BRI1 perceive BRs and transduce the signal via intracellular kinase domains. Within the cell further kinases and phosphatases determine the phosphorylation status of transcription factors such as BES1 and BZR1. These factors mediate major BR effects. Studies of BR-regulated genes shed light on the molecular mode of BR action. Genes encoding cell-wall-modifying enzymes, enzymes of the BR biosynthetic pathway, transcription factors, and proteins involved in primary and secondary metabolism are subject to BR-regulation. Gene expression data also point at interactions with other phytohormones and a role of BR in stress responses. This article gives a survey of the BR-signaling pathway. Two BR-responsive genes, OPR3 and EXO, are described in detail}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerKliegl2006, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A formal model of capacity limits in working memory}, series = {Journal of Memory and Language}, volume = {55}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009}, pages = {601 -- 626}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.}, language = {en} } @article{MehdaouiKroenerPykavyetal.2006, author = {Mehdaoui, Imed and Kr{\"o}ner, Dominik and Pykavy, Mikhail and Freund, H.-J. and Kl{\"u}ner, Thorsten}, title = {Photo-induced desorption of NO from NiO(100): calculation of the four-dimensional potential energy surfaces and systematic wave packet studies}, doi = {10.1039/B512778e}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The velocity distributions of the laser-induced desorption of NO molecules from an epitaxially grown film of NiO(100) on Ni(100) have been studied [ Mull et al., J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 96, 7108]. A pronounced bimodality of velocity distributions has been found, where the NO molecules desorbing with higher velocities exhibit a coupling to the rotational quantum states J. In this article we present simulations of state resolved velocity distributions on a full ab initio level. As a basis for this quantum mechanical treatment a 4D potential energy surface (PES) was constructed for the electronic ground and a representative excited state, using a NiO5Mg1318+ cluster. The PESs of the electronic ground and an excited state were calculated at the CASPT2 and the configuration interaction (CI) level of theory, respectively. Multi-dimensional quantum wave packet simulations on these two surfaces were performed for different sets of degrees of freedom. Our key finding is that at least a 3D wave packet simulation, in which the desorption coordinate Z, polar angle theta and lateral coordinate X are included, is necessary to allow the simulation of experimental velocity distributions. Analysis of the wave packet dynamics demonstrates that essentially the lateral coordinate, which was neglected in previous studies [Kluner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 5208], is responsible for the experimentally observed bimodality. An extensive analysis shows that the bimodality is due to a bifurcation of the wave packet on the excited state PES, where the motion of the molecule parallel to the surface plays a decisive role}, language = {en} } @misc{LouMaLinetal.2006, author = {Lou, Ying and Ma, Hui and Lin, Wen-Hui and Chu, Zhao-Quing and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd and Xu, Zhi-Hong and Xue, Hong-Wei}, title = {The highly charged region of plant beta-type phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is involved in membrane targeting and phospholipid binding}, issn = {0167-4412}, doi = {10.1007/s11103-005-5548-x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, two types of PI 4-kinase (PI4Ks) have been isolated and functionally characterized. The alpha-type PI4Ks (similar to 220 kDa) contain a PH domain, which is lacking in beta-type PI4Ks (similar to 120 kDa). beta-Type PI4Ks, exemplified by Arabidopsis AtPI4K beta and rice OsPI4K2, contain a highly charged repetitive segment designated PPC (Plant PI4K Charged) region, which is an unique domain only found in plant beta-type PI4Ks at present. The PPC region has a length of similar to 300 amino acids and harboring 11 (AtPI4K beta) and 14 (OsPI4K2) repeats, respectively, of a 20-aa motif. Studies employing a modified yeast-based "Sequence of Membrane- Targeting Detection'' system demonstrate that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region, as well as the former 8 and latter 6 repetitive motifs within the PPC region, are able to target fusion proteins to the plasma membrane. Further detection on the transiently expressed GFP fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells showed that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region alone, as well as the region containing repetitive motifs 1-8, was able to direct GFP to the plasma membrane, while the regions containing less repetitive motifs, i.e. 6, 4, 2 or single motif(s) led to predominantly intracellular localization. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of PPC-GFP fusion protein further confirms the membrane-targeting capacities of PPC region. In addition, the predominant plasma membrane localization of AtPI4Kb was mediated by the PPC region. Recombinant PPC peptide, expressed in E. coli, strongly binds phosphatidic acid, PI and PI4P, but not phosphatidylcholine, PI5P, or PI(4,5) P-2 in vitro, providing insights into potential mechanisms for regulating sub- cellular localization and lipid binding for the plant beta-type PI4Ks}, language = {en} } @article{LotzKinder2006, author = {Lotz, Anja and Kinder, Annette}, title = {Transfer in artificial grammar learning : the role of repetition information}, issn = {0278-7393}, doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.32.4.707}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In this article, the authors report 2 experiments that investigated the sources of information used in transfer and nontransfer tasks in artificial grammar learning. Multiple regression analyses indicated that 2 types of information about repeating elements were crucial for performance in both tasks: information about the repetition of adjacent elements and information about repetition of elements in the whole item. Similarity of test items to specific training items and chunk information influenced participants' judgments only in nontransfer tasks}, language = {en} } @article{LitwinskiTannertJesorkaetal.2006, author = {Litwinski, Christian and Tannert, Sebastian and Jesorka, Aldo and Katterle, Martin and Roder, Beate}, title = {Photophysical properties of gallium hydroxyl tetratolylporphyrin and 13(2)-demethoxycarbonyl-(gallium hydroxyl)- methyl-pheophorbide alpha}, issn = {0009-2614}, doi = {10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.131}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Two metal tetrapyrroles containing gallium, gallium hydroxyl tetratolylporphyrin and 13(2)-demethoxycarbonyl- (gallium hydroxyl)methyl pheophorbide a (Ga-(OH)-chlorin), were synthesized from their respective free bases using Ga(III)-acetylacetonate in a phenol melt. Their photophysical properties were investigated and the quantum yields of different monomolecular deactivation processes were determined. For Ga-(OH)-porphyrin S-2-fluorescence was observed and quantified. In contrast. for Ga-(OH)-chlorin no S-2-fluorescence was observed. Both compounds should be useful as efficient photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.}, language = {en} } @article{CarminatiGreffetHenkeletal.2006, author = {Carminati, R{\´e}mi and Greffet, Jean-Jacques and Henkel, Carsten and Vigoureux, Jean-Marie}, title = {Radiative and non-radiative decay of a single molecule close to a metallic nanoparticle}, issn = {0030-4018}, doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2005.12.009}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We study the spontaneous emission of a single emitter close to a metallic nanoparticle, with the aim to clarify the distance dependence of the radiative and non-radiative decay rates. We derive analytical formulas based on a dipole- dipole model, and show that the nonradiative decay rate follows a R-6 dependence at short distance, where R is the distance between the emitter and the center of the nanoparticle, as in Forster's energy transfer. The distance dependence of the radiative decay rate is more subtle. It is chiefly dominated by a R-3 dependence, a R-6 dependence being visible at plasmon resonance. The latter is a consequence of radiative damping in the effective dipole polarizability of the nanoparticle. The different distance behavior of the radiative and non-radiative decay rates implies that the apparent quantum yield always vanishes at short distance. Moreover, non-radiative decay is strongly enhanced when the emitter radiates at the plasmon-resonance frequency of the nanoparticle.}, language = {en} } @article{BubeNetoDonneretal.2006, author = {Bube, Kevin and Neto, Camilo Rodrigues and Donner, Reik Volker and Schwarz, Udo and Feudel, Ulrike}, title = {Linear and nonlinear characterization of surfaces from a laser beam melt ablation process}, issn = {0022-3727}, doi = {10.1088/0022-3727/39/7/011}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We apply linear and nonlinear methods to study the properties of surfaces generated by a laser beam melt ablation process. As a result we present a characterization and ordering of the surfaces depending on the adjusted process parameters. Our findings give some insight into the performance of two widely applied multifractal analysis methods-the detrended fluctuation analysis and the wavelet transform modulus maxima method-on short real world data}, language = {en} } @article{BrovkinClaussenDriesschaertetal.2006, author = {Brovkin, Victor and Claussen, Martin and Driesschaert, Emmanuelle and Fichefet, Thierry and Kicklighter, David Wesley and Loutre, Marie-France and Matthews, H. Damon and Ramankutty, Navin Delire and Schaeffer, Michiel and Sokolov, Andrei}, title = {Biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes simulated by six Earth system models of intermediate complexity}, issn = {0930-7575}, doi = {10.1007/s00382-005-0092-6}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Six Earth system models of intermediate complexity that are able to simulate interaction between atmosphere, ocean, and land surface, were forced with a scenario of land cover changes during the last millennium. In response to historical deforestation of about 18 million sq km, the models simulate a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.13-0.25 degrees C. The rate of this cooling accelerated during the 19th century, reached a maximum in the first half of the 20th century, and declined at the end of the 20th century. This trend is explained by temporal and spatial dynamics of land cover changes, as the effect of deforestation on temperature is less pronounced for tropical than for temperate regions, and reforestation in the northern temperate areas during the second part of the 20th century partly offset the cooling trend. In most of the models, land cover changes lead to a decline in annual land evapotranspiration, while seasonal changes are rather equivocal because of spatial shifts in convergence zones. In the future, reforestation might be chosen as an option for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration. Our study indicates that biogeophysical mechanisms need to be accounted for in the assessment of land management options for climate change mitigation}, language = {en} } @article{BridgesReich2006, author = {Bridges, Thomas J. and Reich, Sebastian}, title = {Numerical methods for Hamiltonian PDEs}, issn = {0305-4470}, doi = {10.1088/0305-4470/39/19/S02}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The paper provides an introduction and survey of conservative discretization methods for Hamiltonian partial differential equations. The emphasis is on variational, symplectic and multi-symplectic methods. The derivation of methods as well as some of their fundamental geometric properties are discussed. Basic principles are illustrated by means of examples from wave and fluid dynamics}, language = {en} } @article{BookhagenFleitmannNishiizumietal.2006, author = {Bookhagen, Bodo and Fleitmann, Dominik and Nishiizumi, Kunihiko and Strecker, Manfred and Thiede, Rasmus Christoph}, title = {Holocene monsoonal dynamics and fluvial terrace formation in the northwest Himalaya, India}, issn = {0091-7613}, doi = {10.1130/G22698.1}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 surface exposure dating on cut-and-fill river-terrace surfaces from the lower Sutlej Valley (northwest Himalaya) documents the close link between Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) oscillations and intervals of enhanced fluvial incision. During the early Holocene ISM optimum, precipitation was enhanced and reached far into the internal parts of the orogen. The amplified sediment flux from these usually dry but glaciated areas caused alluviation of downstream valleys up to 120 m above present grade at ca. 9.9 k.y. B.P. Terrace formation (i.e., incision) in the coarse deposits occurred during century-long weak ISM phases that resulted in reduced moisture availability and most likely in lower sediment flux. Here, we suggest that the lower sediment flux during weak ISM phases allowed rivers to incise episodically into the alluvial fill}, language = {en} } @article{BlankertzMuellerKrusienskietal.2006, author = {Blankertz, Benjamin and M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert and Krusienski, Dean and Schalk, Gerwin and Wolpaw, Jonathan R. and Schl{\"o}gl, Alois and Pfurtscheller, Gert and Millan, Jos{\´e} del R. and Schr{\"o}der, Michael and Birbaumer, Niels}, title = {The BCI competition III : validating alternative approaches to actual BCI problems}, issn = {1534-4320}, doi = {10.1109/Tnsre.2006.875642}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that allows its users to control external devices with brain activity. Although the proof-of-concept was given decades ago, the reliable translation of user intent into device control commands is still a major challenge. Success requires the effective interaction of two adaptive controllers: the user's brain, which produces brain activity that encodes intent, and the BCI system, which translates that activity into device control commands. In order to facilitate this interaction, many laboratories are exploring a variety of signal analysis techniques to improve the adaptation of the BCI system to the user. In the literature, many machine learning and pattern classification algorithms have been reported to give impressive results when applied to BCI data in offline analyses. However, it is more difficult to evaluate their relative value for actual online use. BCI data competitions have been organized to provide objective formal evaluations of alternative methods. Prompted by the great interest in the first two BCI Competitions, we organized the third BCI Competition to address several of the most difficult and important analysis problems in BCI research. The paper describes the data sets that were provided to the competitors and gives an overview of the results.}, language = {en} } @article{BersierFruchterStrolgeretal.2006, author = {Bersier, David and Fruchter, Andrew S. and Strolger, Louis-Gregory and Gorosabel, Javier and Levan, Andrew and Burud, Ingunn and Rhoads, James E. and Becker, Andrew C. and Cassan, Andrew C. and Chornock, Ryan and Covino, Stefano and De Jong, Roelof S. and Dominis, Dijana and Filippenko, Alexei V. and Hjorth, Jens and Holmberg, Johan and Malesani, Daniele and Mobasher, Bahram and Olsen, Kurt A. G. and Stefanon, Mauro and Castro Cer{\´o}n, Jos{\´e} Mar{\´i}a C. and Fynbo, Johan P. U. and Holland, Stephen T. and Kouveliotou, Chryssa and Pedersen, Hans-Georg and Tanvir, Nieal R. and Woosley, S. E.}, title = {Evidence for a supernova associated with the X-ray flash 020903}, issn = {0004-637X}, doi = {10.1086/502640}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We present ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope optical observations of the X-ray flash ( XRF) 020903, covering 300 days. The afterglow showed a very rapid rise in the first day, followed by a relatively slow decay in the next few days. There was a clear bump in the light curve after similar to 25 days, accompanied by a drastic change in the spectral energy distribution. The light curve and the spectral energy distribution are naturally interpreted as describing the emergence and subsequent decay of a supernova ( SN), similar to SN 1998bw. At peak luminosity, the SN is estimated to be 0.8 +/- 0.1 mag fainter than SN 1998bw. This argues in favor of the existence of a SN associated with this XRF. A spectrum obtained 35 days after the burst shows emission lines from the host galaxy. We use this spectrum to put an upper limit on the oxygen abundance of the host at [O/H] <= 0.6 dex. We also discuss a possible trend between the softness of several bursts and the early behavior of the optical afterglow, in the sense that XRFs and X-ray-rich gamma- ray bursts ( GRBs) seem to have a plateau phase or even a rising light curve. This can be naturally explained in models in which XRFs are similar to GRBs but are seen off the jet axis.}, language = {en} } @article{BeaulieuBennettFouqueetal.2006, author = {Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe and Bennett, David P. and Fouqu{\´e}, Pascal and Williams, Andrew and Dominik, Martin and Jorgensen, Uffe Grae and Kubas, Daniel and Cassan, Arnaud and Coutures, Christian and Greenhill, John and Hill, Kym and Menzies, John and Sackett, Penny D. and Albrow, Michael D. and Brillant, Stephane and Caldwell, John A. R. and Calitz, Johannes Jacobus and Cook, Kem H. and Corrales Cosmeli, Esperanza de Santa Cecilia and Desort, Morgan and Dieters, Stefan and Dominis, Dijana and Donatowicz, Jadzia and Hoffman, Martie and Kane, Stephen R. and Marquette, Jean-Baptiste and Martin, Ralph and Meintjes, Pieter and Pollard, Karen R. and Sahu, Kailash C. and Vinter, Christian and Wambsganss, Joachim and Woller, Kristian and Horne, Keith and Steele, Iain and Bramich, Daniel M. and Burgdorf, Martin and Snodgrass, Colin and Bode, Mike and Udalski, Andr}, title = {Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {10.1038/Nature04441}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In the favoured core-accretion model of formation of planetary systems, solid planetesimals accumulate to build up planetary cores, which then accrete nebular gas if they are sufficiently massive. Around M-dwarf stars ( the most common stars in our Galaxy), this model favours the formation of Earth-mass (M+) to Neptune-mass planets with orbital radii of 1 to 10 astronomical units (AU), which is consistent with the small number of gas giant planets known to orbit M-dwarf host stars(1-4). More than 170 extrasolar planets have been discovered with a wide range of masses and orbital periods, but planets of Neptune's mass or less have not hitherto been detected at separations of more than 0.15 AU from normal stars. Here we report the discovery of a 5.5(-2.7)(+5.5)M(+) planetary companion at a separation of 2.6(- 0.6)(+1.5) AU from a 0.22(-0.11)(+0.21)M(.) M-dwarf star, where M-. refers to a solar mass. (We propose to name it OGLE- 2005-BLG-390Lb, indicating a planetary mass companion to the lens star of the microlensing event.) The mass is lower than that of GJ876d (ref. 5), although the error bars overlap. Our detection suggests that such cool, sub-Neptune-mass planets may be more common than gas giant planets, as predicted by the core accretion theory.}, language = {en} } @article{O'Brien2006, author = {O'Brien, Patrick J.}, title = {Type-locality granulites: high-pressure rocks formed at eclogite-facies conditions}, doi = {10.1007/s00710-005-0108-2}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The type-locality granulites from the Granulitgebirge of Saxony, Germany, are rocks of broadly granitic composition containing minor garnet and kyanite within a commonly mylonitised matrix of feldspars and quartz. Petrographic evidence indicates a primary assemblage of ternary feldspar + quartz + garnet + kyanite + rutile, most likely resulting from partial melting of a granitic protolith, for which equilibrium temperature and pressure conditions of > 1000 degrees C and > 1.5 GPa have been deduced. These extreme (for crustal rocks) conditions, and the inferred peak assemblage, are supported by the newly-developed Zr-in-rutile geothermometer and experimental studies on the same bulk composition, respectively. As these conditions lie above those required for plagioclase stability in quartz tholeiites, they are thus in the eclogite facies. Widespread modification of the peak assemblage, for example mesoperthite formation after ternary feldspar, deformation-induced recrystallisation of perthites to two-feldspar + quartz aggregates, biotite replacing garnet, Ca-loss at garnet rims, sillimanite replacing kyanite or secondary garnet growth, makes reliable interpretation of equilibrium assemblages and compositions very difficult and explains the spread of published pressure- temperature values and consequent confusion about formation depths and the validity of tectonometamorphic models. Such extreme metamorphic conditions in rock compositions typical for the upper continental crust, reflecting a hot subduction environment, has important consequences for understanding some collisional orogens}, language = {en} } @article{BellWeithoffGaedke2006, author = {Bell, Elanor M. and Weithoff, Guntram and Gaedke, Ursula}, title = {Temporal dynamics and growth of Actinophrys sol (Sarcodina: Heliozoa), the top predator in an extremely acidic lake}, issn = {0046-5070}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01561.x}, year = {2006}, abstract = {1. The in situ abundance, biomass and mean cell volume of Actinophrys sol (Sarcodina: Heliozoa), the top predator in an extremely acidic German mining lake (Lake 111; pH 2.65), were determined over three consecutive years (spring to autumn, 2001-03). 2. Actinophrys sol exhibited pronounced temporal and vertical patterns in abundance, biomass and mean cell volume. Increasing from very low spring densities, maxima in abundance and biomass were observed in late June/early July and September. The highest mean abundance recorded during the study was 7 x 10(3) Heliozoa L-1. Heliozoan abundance and biomass were higher in the epilimnion than in the hypolimnion. Actinophrys sol cells from this acidic lake were smaller than individuals of the same species found in other aquatic systems. 3. We determined the growth rate of A. sol using all potential prey items available in, and isolated and cultured from, Lake 111. Prey items included: single-celled and filamentous bacteria of unknown taxonomic affinity, the mixotrophic flagellates Chlamydomonas acidophila and Ochromonas sp., the ciliate Oxytricha sp. and the rotifers Elosa worallii and Cephalodella hoodi. Actinophrys sol fed over a wide-size spectrum from bacteria to metazoans. Positive growth was not supported by all naturally available prey. Actinophrys sol neither increased in cell number (k) nor biomass (k(b)) when starved, with low concentrations of single-celled bacteria or with the alga Ochromonas sp. Positive growth was achieved with single- celled bacteria (k = 0.22 +/- 0.02 d(-1); k(b) = -0.06 +/- 0.02 d(-1)) and filamentous bacteria (k = 0.52 +/- < 0.01 d(- 1); k(b) = 0.66 d(-1)) at concentrations greater than observed in situ, and the alga C. acidophila (up to k = 0.43 +/- 0.03 d(-1); k(b) = 0.44 +/- 0.04 d(-1)), the ciliate Oxytricha sp. (k = 0.34 +/- 0.01 d(-1)) and in mixed cultures containing rotifers and C. acidophila (k = 0.23 +/- 0.02-0.32 +/- 0.02 d(-1); maximum k(b) = 0.42 +/- 0.05 d(-1)). The individual- and biomass-based growth of A. sol was highest when filamentous bacteria were provided. 4. Existing quantitative carbon flux models for the Lake 111 food web can be updated in light of our results. Actinophrys sol are omnivorous predators supported by a mixed diet of filamentous bacteria and C. acidophila in the epilimnion. Heliozoa are important components in the planktonic food webs of 'extreme' environments}, language = {en} } @article{BolduanZehe2006, author = {Bolduan, Rainer and Zehe, Erwin}, title = {Degradation of isoproturon in earthworm macropores and subsoil matrix : a field study}, issn = {1436-8730}, doi = {10.1002/jpin.200521754}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The objective is to compare the time scale of microbial degradation of the herbicide Isoproturon at the end of earthworm burrows with the time scale of microbial degradation in the surrounding soil matrix. To this end, we developed a method which allows the observation of microbial degradation on Isoproturon in macropores under field conditions. Study area was the well-investigated Weiherbach catchment (Kraichgau, SW Germany). The topsoil of a 12 m(2) large plot parcel was removed, the parcel was covered with a tent and instrumented with TDR and temperature sensors at two depths. After preliminary investigations to optimize application and sampling techniques, the bottom of 55 earthworm burrows, located at a depth of 80-100cm, was inoculated with Isoproturon. Within an interval of 8 d, soil material from the bottom of 5-6 earthworm burrows was taken into the laboratory and analyzed for the Isoproturon concentration for investigation of the degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the degradation of Isoproturon in the soil matrix, that surrounded the macropores at the field plot, was observed in the laboratory. Microbial degradation of Isoproturon at the bottom of the earthworm burrows was with a DT-50-value of 15.6 d almost as fast as in the topsoil. In the soil matrix that closely surrounded the center of the earthworm burrows, no measurable degradation was observed within 30 d. The clearly slower degradation in the soil matrix may be likely explained by a lower microbial activity that was observed in the surrounding soil matrix. The results give evidence that deterministic modeling of the fate of pesticides once transported into heterogeneous subsoils by preferential flow requires an accuracy of a few centimeters in terms of predicting spatial locations: time scales of microbial degradation in the subsoil drop almost one order of magnitude, in case the herbicides dislocates from the bottom of an earthworm burrow a few centimeter into the surrounding soil matrix. If at all, predictions of such an accuracy can only be achieved at locations at sites where the soil hydraulic properties and the macropore system are known at a very high spatial resolution}, language = {en} }