@misc{Krahe1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Victim and observer characteristics as determinants of responsibility attributions to victims of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33833},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Two field studies were conducted lo investigate the influence of observer and victim characteristics on attributions of victim and assailant responsibility in a rape case. In the first study, male and female subjects completed a measure of rape myth acceptance and were presented with a rape account after which they were asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant. In the second study, a new sample was asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant on the basis of one of two rape accounts in which victim's pre-rape behavior was manipulated. Results showed that both rape myth acceptance and victims' pre-rape behavior in influenced the degree of responsibility attributed to victims and assailants. No significant effects of subject gender were found. A more complex conceptualization is suggested of the link between observer and victim characteristics in social reactions to and evaluations of rape victims.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Lay conceptions of personality : eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33827},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1992,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Topic interest and levels of text comprehension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33696},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1995,
  author    = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33668},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {This study examined relationships among interest, achievement motivation, mathematical ability, the quality of experience when doing mathematics, and mathematics achievement. One hundred eight freshmen and sophomores (41 males, 67 females) completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test. These assessments were followed by 1 week of experience sampling. Mathematics grades were available from the year before the study started, from the same year, and from the following 3 years. In addition, a measure of the students' course level in mathematics was included. The results showed that quality of experience when doing mathematics was mainly related to interest. Grades and course level were most strongly predicted by level of ability. Interest was found to contribute significantly to the prediction of grades for the second year and to the prediction of course level. Quality of experience was significantly correlated with grades but not course level.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1994,
  author    = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Interest and the Quality of Experience in Classrooms},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33647},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {This study investigated the relation between interest in four different subject areas (mathematics, biology, English, history) and the quality of experience in class. The strength of interest as a predictor of experience was contrasted with that of achievement motivation and scholastic ability. A total of208 highly able freshmen and sophomores completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT). These assessments were followed by one week of experience sampling. In addition, grades were available for the subject areas involved. The results showed that interest was a significant predictor of the experience of potency, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and perception of skill. Controlling for ability and achievement motivation did not decrease the strength of these relations. Achievement motivation and ability proved to be considerably weaker predictors of the quality of experience than was interest. In addition, interest contributed significantly to the prediction of grades in mathematics, biology, and history, but not English. The main results and some limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are made.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1990,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Situation cognition and coherence in personality : an individual-centered approach},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33554},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krah{\´e} reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1990,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {The influence of topic interest, prior knowledge, and cognitive capabilities on text comprehension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33472},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The present study investigated the influence of topic interest on the comprehension of texts. The primary goals of the study were as follows: (1) to formulate a new definition of the concept "topic interest", (2) to control for cognitive capabilities (intelligence, short-term memory) and prior knowledge, and(3) to assess different levels of comprehension. A total of 53 male students, majoring in computer science, took part in the study. Subjects were presented with a text on "Psychology of Emotion". Prior to reading the text, they were asked to indicate their level of interest in the topic. After reading the text, subjects were given a test of comprehension involving open-ended questions. The questions were designed to represent different levels of comprehension. The results show that the effect of topic interest on text comprehension is especially pronounced when a deeper level of understanding is required. Surprisingly, prior knowledge had no effect on the level of comprehension. Verbal intelligence, on the other hand, showed a clear effect on comprehension, especially in answering questions of simple knowledge. The effects of interest and verbal intelligence could be shown to be independent of one another.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1987,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {The importance of motivational factors for the acquisition and representation of knowledge},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33421},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Motivational conditions have been thus far largely neglected by contemporary theoretical approaches in knowledge psychology. The present article attempts to demonstrate the necessity for the greater integration of both. Suggestions are made regarding the choice and conceptualization of relevant motivational factors. Two possible groups of factors can be distinguished: (1) motivational factors of personality, and (2) motivational effects of action. Available theoretical approaches (e.g., the "levels of processing" approach) and examples are used to clarify the potential effects of these factors on the acquisition and representation of knowledge. Finally, a review is made of empirical studies allowing confirmatory allegations about the posited relationships between motivational factors and processes related to knowledge. This review reveals substantial research deficits on this topic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wrzus2008,
  author    = {Wrzus, Cornelia},
  title     = {Similarity in personal relationships : associations with relationship regulation between and within individuals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20158},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {People engage in a multitude of different relationships. Relatives, spouses, and friends are modestly to moderately similar in various characteristics, e.g., personality characteristics, interests, appearance. The role of psychological (e.g., skills, global appraisal) and social (e.g., gender, familial status) similarities in personal relationships and the association with relationship quality (emotional closeness and reciprocity of support) were examined in four independent studies. Young adults (N = 456; M = 27 years) and middle-aged couples from four different family types (N = 171 couples, M = 38 years) gave answer to a computer-aided questionnaire regarding their ego-centered networks. A subsample of 175 middle-aged adults (77 couples and 21 individuals) participated in a one-year follow-up questioning. Two experimental studies (N = 470; N = 802), both including two assessments with an interval of five weeks, were conducted to examine causal relationships among similarity, closeness, and reciprocity expectations. Results underline the role of psychological and social similarities as covariates of emotional closeness and reciprocity of support on the between-relationship level, but indicate a relatively weak effect within established relationships. In specific relationships, such as parent-child relationships and friendships, psychological similarity partly alleviates the effects of missing genetic relatedness. Individual differences moderate these between-relationship effects. In all, results combine evolutionary and social psychological perspectives on similarity in personal relationships and extend previous findings by means of a network approach and an experimental manipulation of existing relationships. The findings further show that psychological and social similarity have different implications for the study of personal relationships depending on the phase in the developmental process of relationships.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WernerCiceroneKliegletal.1984,
  author    = {Werner, John S. and Cicerone, Carola M. and Kliegl, Reinhold and DellaRosa, Denise},
  title     = {Spectral efficiency of blackness induction},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16897},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The spectral efficiency of blackness induction was measured in three normal trichromatic observers and in one deuteranomalous observer. The psychophysical task was to adjust the radiance of a monochromatic 60-120′ annulus until a 45′ central broadband field just turned black and its contour became indiscriminable from a dark surrounding gap that separated it from the annulus. The reciprocal of the radiance required to induce blackness with annulus wavelengths between 420 and 680 nm was used to define a spectral-efficiency function for the blackness component of the achromatic process. For each observer, the shape of this blackness-sensitivity function agreed with the spectral-efficiency function based on heterochromatic flicker photometry when measured with the same 60-120′ annulus. Both of these functions matched the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Vλ function except at short wavelengths. Ancillary measurements showed that the latter difference in sensitivity can be ascribed to nonuniformities of preretinal absorption, since the annular field excluded the central 60′ of the fovea. Thus our evidence indicates that, at least to a good first approximation, induced blackness is inversely related to the spectral-luminosity function. These findings are consistent with a model that separates the achromatic and the chromatic pathways.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OlsonDavidsonKliegletal.1984,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davies, Susan E.},
  title     = {Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16888},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The development of phonetic codes in memory of 141 pairs of normal and disabled readers from 7.8 to 16.8 years of age was tested with a task adapted from L. S. Mark, D. Shankweiler, I. Y. Liberman, and C. A. Fowler (Memory \& Cognition, 1977, 5, 623-629) that measured false-positive errors in recognition memory for foil words which rhymed with words in the memory list versus foil words that did not rhyme. Our younger subjects replicated Mark et al., showing a larger difference between rhyming and nonrhyming false-positive errors for the normal readers. The older disabled readers' phonetic effect was comparable to that of the younger normal readers, suggesting a developmental lag in their use of phonetic coding in memory. Surprisingly, the normal readers' phonetic effect declined with age in the recognition task, but they maintained a significant advantage across age in the auditory WISC-R digit span recall test, and a test of phonological nonword decoding. The normals' decline with age in rhyming confusion may be due to an increase in the precision of their phonetic codes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MacWhinneyBatesKliegl1984,
  author    = {MacWhinney, Brian and Bates, Elizabeth and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the "competition model" of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WernerDonnellyKliegl1987,
  author    = {Werner, John S. and Donnelly, Seaneen K. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Aging and human macular pigment density : appended with translations from the work of Max Schultze and Ewald Hering},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16836},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {The optical density of human macular pigment was measured for 50 observers ranging in age from 10 to 90 years. The psychophysical method required adjusting the radiance of a 1°, monochromatic light (400-550 nm) to minimize flicker (15 Hz) when presented in counterphase with a 460 nm standard. This test stimulus was presented superimposed on a broad-band, short-wave background. Macular pigment density was determined by comparing sensitivity under these conditions for the fovea, where macular pigment is maximal, and 5° temporally. This difference spectrum, measured for 12 observers, matched Wyszecki and Stiles's standard density spectrum for macular pigment. To study variation in macular pigment density for a larger group of observers, measurements were made at only selected spectral points (460, 500 and 550 nm). The mean optical density at 460 nm for the complete sample of 50 subjects was 0.39. Substantial individual differences in density were found (ca. 0.10-0.80), but this variation was not systematically related to age.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Muschalla2008,
  author    = {Muschalla, Beate},
  title     = {Workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia : a concept of domain-specific mental disorders},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20048},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Background: Anxiety in the workplace is a special problem as workplaces are especially prone to provoke anxiety: There are social hierarchies, rivalries between colleagues, sanctioning through superiors, danger of accidents, failure, and worries of job security. Workplace phobia is a phobic anxiety reaction with symptoms of panic occurring when thinking of or approaching the workplace, and with clear tendency of avoidance. Objectives: What characterizes workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia as domain-specific mental disorders in contrast to conventional anxiety disorders? Method: 230 patients from an inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation center were interviewed with the (semi-)structured Mini-Work-Anxiety-Interview and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, concerning workplace-related anxieties and conventional mental disorders. Additionally, the patients filled in the self-rating questionnaires Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R)measuring job-related and general psychosomatic symptom load. Results: Workplace-related anxieties occurred together with conventional anxiety disorders in 35\% of the patients, but also alone in others (23\%). Workplace phobia could be found in 17\% of the interviewed, any diagnosis of workplace-related anxiety was stated in 58\%. Workplace phobic patients had significantly higher scores in job-anxiety than patients without workplace phobia. Patients with workplace phobia were significantly longer on sick leave in the past 12 months (23,5 weeks) than patients without workplace phobia (13,4 weeks). Different qualities of workplace-related anxieties lead with different frequencies to work participation disorders. Conclusion: Workplace phobia cannot be described by only assessing the general level of psychosomatic symptom load and conventional mental disorders. Workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia have an own clinical value which is mainly defined by specific workplace-related symptom load and work-participation disorders. They require special therapeutic attention and treatment instead of a "sick leave" certification by the general health physician. Workplace phobia should be named with a proper diagnosis according to ICD-10 chapter V, F 40.8: "workplace phobia".},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FayGuillaume2007,
  author    = {Fay, Doris and Guillaume, Yves R. F.},
  title     = {Team diversity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18295},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Team diversity refers to the differences between team members on any attribute that may lead each single member of the group to perceive any other member of the group as being different from the self of this particular member. These attributes and perceptions refer to all dimensions people can differ on, such as age, gender, ethnicity, religious and functional background, personality, skills, abilities, beliefs, and attitudes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FreseGarstFay2007,
  author    = {Frese, Michael and Garst, Harry and Fay, Doris},
  title     = {Making things happen : reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18278},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The authors used the frameworks of reciprocal determinism and occupational socialization to study the effects of work characteristics (consisting of control and complexity of work) on personal initiative (PI)--mediated by control orientation (a 2nd-order factor consisting of control aspiration, perceived opportunity for control, and self-efficacy) and the reciprocal effects of PI on changes in work characteristics. They applied structural equation modeling to a longitudinal study with 4 measurement waves (N = 268) in a transitional economy: East Germany. Results confirm the model plus 1 additional, nonhypothesized effect. Work characteristics had a synchronous effect on PI via control orientation (full mediation). There were also effects of control orientation and of PI on later changes in work characteristics: As predicted, PI functioned as partial mediator, changing work characteristics in the long term (reciprocal effect); unexpectedly, there was a 2nd reciprocal effect of an additional lagged partial mediation of control orientation on later work characteristics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglOlsenDavidson1982,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Olsen, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Regression analyses as a tool for studying reading processes : comment on Just and Carpenter's eye fixation theory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16857},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {Just and Carpenter (1980) presented a theory of reading based on eye fixations wherein their "psycholinguistic" variables accounted for 72\% of the variance in word gaze durations. This comment raises some statistical and theoretical problems with their use of simultaneous regression analysis of gaze duration measures and with the resulting theory of reading. A major problem was the confounding of perceptual with psycholinguistic factors. New eye fixation data are presented to support these criticisms. Analysis of fixations within words revealed that most gaze duration variance was contributed by number of fixations rather than by fixation duration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{GuastiEngbertKrampeetal.2000,
  author    = {Guasti, Giovanna and Engbert, Ralf and Krampe, Ralf T. and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Phase transitions, complexity, and stationarity in the production of polyrhythms},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14933},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Contents: 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 3 Data 4 Symbolic dynamics 4.1 Symbolic dynamics as a tool for data analysis 4.2 2-symbols coding 4.3 3-symbols coding 5 Measures of complexity 5.1 Word statistics 5.2 Shannon entropy 6 Testing for stationarity 6.1 Stationarity 6.2 Time series of cycle durations 6.3 Chi-square test 7 Control parameters in the production of rhythms 8 Analysis of relative phases 9 Discussion 10 Outlook},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rolfs2007,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin},
  title     = {In-between fixation and movement : on the generation of microsaccades and what they convey about saccade generation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14581},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Microsaccades are an important component of the small eye movements that constitute fixation, the basis of visual perception. The specific function of microsaccades has been a long-standing research problem. Only recently, conclusive evidence emerged, showing that microsaccades aid both visual perception and oculomotor control. The main goal of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the implementation of microsaccade generation within the circuitry of saccade control, an unsolved issue in oculomotor research. We make a case for a model according to which microsaccades and saccades result from mutually dependent motor plans, competing for expression. The model consists of an activation field, coding for fixation at its center and for saccades at peripheral locations; saccade amplitude increases with eccentricity. Activity during fixation spreads to slightly peripheral locations in the field and, thus, may result in the generation of microsaccades. Inhibition of remote and excitation of neighbouring locations govern the dynamics of the field, resulting in a strong competition between fixation and saccade generation. We propose that this common-field model of microsaccade and saccade generation finds a neurophysiological counterpart in the motor map of the superior colliculus (SC), a key brainstem structure involved in the generation of saccades. In a series of five behavioral experiments, we tested implications of the model. Predictions were derived concerning (1) the behavior of microsaccades in a given task (microsaccade rate, amplitude, and direction), (2) the interactions of microsaccades and subsequent saccades, and (3) the relationship between microsaccadic behavior and neurophysiological processes at the level of the SC. The results yielded strong support for the model at all three levels of analysis, suggesting that microsaccade statistics are indicative of the state of the fixation-related part of the SC motor map.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{EngbertScheffczykKrampeetal.1997,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Scheffczyk, Christian and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Rosenblum, Mikhael and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Tempo-induced transitions in polyrhythmic hand movements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14380},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {We investigate the cognitive control in polyrhythmic hand movements as a model paradigm for bimanual coordination. Using a symbolic coding of the recorded time series, we demonstrate the existence of qualitative transitions induced by experimental manipulation of the tempo. A nonlinear model with delayed feedback control is proposed, which accounts for these dynamical transitions in terms of bifurcations resulting from variation of the external control parameter. Furthermore, it is shown that transitions can also be observed due to fluctuations in the timing control level. We conclude that the complexity of coordinated bimanual movements results from interactions between nonlinear control mechanisms with delayed feedback and stochastic timing components.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Geiger2007,
  author    = {Geiger, Sonja Maria},
  title     = {If there are exceptions, it is still a rule : a probabilistic understanding of conditionals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13113},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Numerous recent publications on the psychological meaning of "if" have proposed a probabilistic interpretation of conditional sentences. According to the proponents of probabilistic approaches, sentences like "If the weather is nice, I will be at the beach tomorrow" (or "If p, then q" in the abstract version) express a high probability of the consequent (being at the beach), given the antecedent (nice weather). When people evaluate conditional sentences, they assumingly do so by deriving the conditional probability P(q|p) using a procedure called the Ramsey test. This is a contradicting view to the hitherto dominant Mental Model Theory (MMT, Johnson-Laird, 1983), that proposes conditional sentences refer to possibilities in the world that are represented in form of mental models. Whereas probabilistic approaches gained a lot of momentum in explaining the interpretation of conditionals, there is still no conclusive probabilistic account of conditional reasoning. This thesis investigates the potential of a comprehensive probabilistic account on conditionals that covers the interpretation of conditionals as well as conclusion drawn from these conditionals when used as a premise in an inference task. The first empirical chapter of this thesis, Chapter 2, implements a further investigation of the interpretation of conditionals. A plain version of the Ramsey test as proposed by Evans and Over (2004) was tested against a similarity sensitive version of the Ramsey test (Oberauer, 2006) in two experiments using variants of the probabilistic truth table task (Experiments 2.1 and 2.2). When it comes to decide whether an instance is relevant for the evaluation of a conditional, similarity seems to play a minor role. Once the decision about relevance is made, believability judgments of the conditional seem to be unaffected by the similarity manipulation and judgments are based on frequency of instances, in the way predicted by the plain Ramsey test. In Chapter 3 contradicting predictions of the probabilistic approaches on conditional reasoning of Verschueren et al (2005), Evans and Over (2004) and Oaksford \& Chater (2001) are tested against each other. Results from the probabilistic truth table task modified for inference tasks supports the account of Oaksford and Chater (Experiment 3.1). A learning version of the task and a design with every day conditionals yielded results unpredicted by any of the theories (Experiments 3.2-3.4). Based on these results, a new probabilistic 2-stage model of conditional reasoning is proposed. To preclude claims that the use of the probabilistic truth table task (or variants thereof) favors judgments reflecting conditional probabilities, Chapter 4 combines methodologies used by proponents of the MMT with the probabilistic truth table task. In three Experiments (4.1 -4.3) it could be shown for believability judgments of the conditional and inferences drawn from it, that causal information about counterexamples only prevails, when no frequencies of exceptional cases are present. Experiment 4.4 extends these findings to every day conditionals. A probabilistic estimation process based on frequency information is used to explain results on all tasks. The findings confirm with a probabilistic approach on conditionals and moreover constitute an explanatory challenge for the MMT. In conclusion of all the evidence gathered in this dissertation it seems justified to draw the picture of a comprehensive probabilistic view on conditionals quite optimistically. Probability estimates not only explain the believability people assign to a conditional sentence, they also explain to what extend people are willing to draw conclusions from those sentences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-1195,
  title     = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; Working papers of the SFB 632 - Vol. 5},
  editor    = {Ishihara, Shinichiro and Schmitz, Michaela and Schwarz, Anne},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-4725},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13047},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {221},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {In this paper we compare the behaviour of adverbs of frequency (de Swart 1993) like usually with the behaviour of adverbs of quantity like for the most part in sentences that contain plural definites. We show that sentences containing the former type of Q-adverb evidence that Quantificational Variability Effects (Berman 1991) come about as an indirect effect of quantification over situations: in order for quantificational variability readings to arise, these sentences have to obey two newly observed constraints that clearly set them apart from sentences containing corresponding quantificational DPs, and that can plausibly be explained under the assumption that quantification over (the atomic parts of) complex situations is involved. Concerning sentences with the latter type of Q-adverb, on the other hand, such evidence is lacking: with respect to the constraints just mentioned, they behave like sentences that contain corresponding quantificational DPs. We take this as evidence that Q-adverbs like for the most part do not quantify over the atomic parts of sum eventualities in the cases under discussion (as claimed by Nakanishi and Romero (2004)), but rather over the atomic parts of the respective sum individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mueller2006,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Dana},
  title     = {The representation of numbers in space : a journey along the mental number line},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12949},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The present thesis deals with the mental representation of numbers in space. Generally it is assumed that numbers are mentally represented on a mental number line along which they ordered in a continuous and analogical manner. Dehaene, Bossini and Giraux (1993) found that the mental number line is spatially oriented from left­-to­-right. Using a parity­-judgment task they observed faster left-hand responses for smaller numbers and faster right-hand responses for larger numbers. This effect has been labelled as Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect. The first study of the present thesis deals with the question whether the spatial orientation of the mental number line derives from the writing system participants are adapted to. According to a strong ontogenetic interpretation the SNARC effect should only obtain for effectors closely related to the comprehension and production of written language (hands and eyes). We asked participants to indicate the parity status of digits by pressing a pedal with their left or right foot. In contrast to the strong ontogenetic view we observed a pedal SNARC effect which did not differ from the manual SNARC effect. In the second study we evaluated whether the SNARC effect reflects an association of numbers and extracorporal space or an association of numbers and hands. To do so we varied the spatial arrangement of the response buttons (vertical vs. horizontal) and the instruction (hand­related vs. button­-related). For vertically arranged buttons and a button­related instruction we found a button-­related SNARC effect. In contrast, for a hand-­related instruction we obtained a hand­-related SNARC effect. For horizontally arranged buttons and a hand­related instruction, however, we found a button­related SNARC effect. The results of the first to studies were interpreted in terms of weak ontogenetic view. In the third study we aimed to examine the functional locus of the SNARC effect. We used the psychological refractory period paradigm. In the first experiment participants first indicated the pitch of a tone and then the parity status of a digit (locus­-of-­slack paradigma). In a second experiment the order of stimulus presentation and thus tasks changed (effect­-propagation paradigm). The results led us conclude that the SNARC effect arises while the response is centrally selected. In our fourth study we test for an association of numbers and time. We asked participants to compare two serially presented digits. Participants were faster to compare ascending digit pairs (e.g., 2-­3) than descending pairs (e.g., 3-­2). The pattern of our results was interpreted in terms of forward­associations ("1­-2-­3") as formed by our ubiquitous cognitive routines to count of objects or events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vockenberg2006,
  author    = {Vockenberg, Kerstin},
  title     = {Updating of representations in working memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11767},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The limited capacity of working memory forces people to update its contents continuously. Two aspects of the updating process were investigated in the present experimental series. The first series concerned the question if it is possible to update several representations in parallel. Similar results were obtained for the updating of object features as well as for the updating of whole objects, participants were able to update representations in parallel. The second experimental series addressed the question if working memory representations which were replaced in an updating disappear directly or interfere with the new representations. Evidence for the existence of old representations was found under working memory conditions and under conditions exceeding working memory capacity. These results contradict the hypothesis that working memory contents are protected from proactive interference of long-term memory contents.},
  subject      = {Aktualisierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-723,
  title     = {Heterogeneity in focus : creating and using linguistic databases},
  editor    = {Dipper, Stefanie and G{\"o}tze, Michael and Stede, Manfred},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-937786-48-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8244},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {145},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The papers in this volume were presented at the workshop Heterogeneity in Linguistic Databases', which took place on July 9, 2004 at the University of Potsdam. The workshop was organized by project D1: Linguistic Database for Information Structure: Annotation and Retrieval', a member project of the SFB 632, a collaborative research center entitled Information Structure: the Linguistic Means for Structuring Utterances, Sentences and Texts'. The workshop brought together both developers and users of linguistic databases from a number of research projects which work on an empirical basis, all of which have to cope with different sorts of heterogeneity: primary linguistic data and annotated information may be heterogeneous, as well as the data structures representing them. The first four papers (by Wagner, Schmidt, L{\"u}deling, and Witt) address aspects of heterogeneous data from the point of view of database developers; the remaining three papers (by Meyer, Smith, and Teich/Fankhauser) focus on data exploitation by the users.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-721,
  title     = {Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632. - Vol. 1},
  editor    = {Ishihara, Shinichiro and Schmitz, Michaela and Schwarz, Anne},
  issn      = {1866-4725},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8237},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Contents: A1: Phonology and syntax of focussing and topicalisation: Gisbert Fanselow: Cyclic Phonology-Syntax-Interaction: Movement to First Position in German Caroline F{\´e}ry and Laura Herbst: German Sentence Accent Revisited Shinichiro Ishihara: Prosody by Phase: Evidence from Focus Intonation-Wh-scope Correspondence in Japanese A2: Quantification and information structure: Cornelia Endriss and Stefan Hinterwimmer: The Influence of Tense in Adverbial Quantification A3: Rhetorical Structure in Spoken Language: Modeling of Global Prosodic Parameters: Ekaterina Jasinskaja, J{\"o}rg Mayer and David Schlangen: Discourse Structure and Information Structure: Interfaces and Prosodic Realization B2: Focussing in African Tchadic languages: Katharina Hartmann and Malte Zimmermann: Focus Strategies in Chadic: The Case of Tangale Revisited D1: Linguistic database for information structure: Annotation and retrieval: Stefanie Dipper, Michael G{\"o}tze, Manfred Stede and Tillmann Wegst: ANNIS: A Linguistic Database for Exploring Information Structure},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nuthmann2005,
  author    = {Nuthmann, Antje},
  title     = {The "where" and "when" of eye fixations in reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7931},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {To investigate eye-movement control in reading, the present thesis examined three phenomena related to the eyes' landing position within words, (1) the optimal viewing position (OVP), (2) the preferred viewing location (PVL), and (3) the Fixation-Duration Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) Effect. Based on a corpus-analytical approach (Exp. 1), the influence of variables word length, launch site distance, and word frequency was systematically explored. In addition, five experimental manipulations were conducted. First, word center was identified as the OVP, that is the position within a word where refixation probability is minimal. With increasing launch site distance, however, the OVP was found to move towards the word beginning. Several possible causes of refixations were discussed. The issue of refixation saccade programming was extensively investigated, suggesting that pre-planned and directly controlled refixation saccades coexist. Second, PVL curves, that is landing position distributions, show that the eyes are systematically deviated from the OVP, due to visuomotor constraints. By far the largest influence on mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian PVL curve was exhibited by launch site distance. Third, it was investigated how fixation durations vary as a function of landing position. The IOVP effect was replicated: Fixations located at word center are longer than those falling near the edges of a word. The effect of word frequency and/or launch site distance on the IOVP function mainly consisted in a vertical displacement of the curve. The Fixation-Duration IOVP effect is intriguing because word center (the OVP) would appear to be the best place to fixate and process a word. A critical part of the current work was devoted to investigate the origin of the effect. It was suggested that the IOVP effect arises as a consequence of mislocated fixations, i.e. fixations on unintended words, which are caused by saccadic errors. An algorithm for estimating the proportion of mislocated fixations from empirical data was developed, based on extrapolations of landing position distributions beyond word boundaries. As a new central theoretical claim it was suggested that a new saccade program is started immediately if the intended target word is missed. On average, this will lead to decreased durations for mislocated fixations. Because mislocated fixations were shown to be most prevalent at the beginning and end of words, the proposed mechanism generated the inverted U-shape for fixation durations when computed as a function of landing position. The proposed mechanism for generating the effect is generally compatible with both oculomotor and cognitive models of eye-movement control in reading.},
  subject      = {Allgemeine Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Demmrich2005,
  author    = {Demmrich, Anke},
  title     = {Improving reading comprehension by enhancing metacognitive competences : an evaluation of the reciprocal teaching method},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5245},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In an experimental study the attempt was made to examine the effects of the Reciprocal Teaching method on measures of metacognition and try to identify the effective features of this method that are necessary for the learning gains to occur. Reciprocal Teaching, originally developed by Palincsar and Brown (1984), is a very successful training program which was designed to improve student's reading comprehension skills by teaching them reading strategies. In the present study the tasks and responsibilities assumed by 5thgrade elementary students (N = 55) participating in a 16-session reading strategy training were varied systematically. Not only the students who participated in the training program in one of the three experimental conditions were compared with respect to knowledge and performance measures, but there was also a comparison to their control classmates who did not participate in strategy training (N = 86). Detailed analyses of video-taped sessions provided additional information. The strategy training was most beneficial for measures of knowledge and performance more closely related to the content of the training program, namely knowledge about specific reading strategies taught in training and application of those strategies. No significant effects were observed for more distal measures (general strategy knowledge, reading comprehension). As for the features of the program, it could be shown that students of the two experimental conditions where the students were responsible for giving each other feedback on performance (with respect to both content and strategy application) and guiding the correction of the answer outperformed both the experimental condition in which the trainer was responsible for those tasks and the control group. It is concluded that it is not merely the application of strategies, but the combination of strategy application with concurrent teaching and learning of metacognitive acquisition procedures (analysis, monitoring, evaluation, and regulation) in an inter-individual way as the precedent of these processes occurring intra-individually that seems to be an efficient way of acquiring metacognitive knowledge and skills. It was also shown that strategy training does not necessarily have to include the precise kind of interaction that characterizes the Reciprocal Teaching method. Instead, the tasks of monitoring, evaluating, and regulating other children's learning processes - i.e., tasks associated with the "teacher role" - are the ones that promote the acquisition of metacognitive knowledge and skills. Generally, any strategy training program that not only provides children with plentiful opportunities for practice, but also prompts them to engage in these kinds of metacognitive processes, may help children to acquire metacognitive knowledge and skills.},
  subject      = {Metakognition},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weidenfeld2003,
  author    = {Weidenfeld, Andrea},
  title     = {Interpretation of and reasoning with conditionals : probabilities, mental models, and causality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5207},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {In everyday conversation \"if\" is one of the most frequently used conjunctions. This dissertation investigates what meaning an everyday conditional transmits and what inferences it licenses. It is suggested that the nature of the relation between the two propositions in a conditional might play a major role for both questions. Thus, in the experiments reported here conditional statements that describe a causal relationship (e.g., \"If you touch that wire, you will receive an electric shock\") were compared to arbitrary conditional statements in which there is no meaningful relation between the antecedent and the consequent proposition (e.g., \"If Napoleon is dead, then Bristol is in England\"). Initially, central assumptions from several approaches to the meaning and the reasoning from causal conditionals will be integrated into a common model. In the model the availability of exceptional situations that have the power to generate exceptions to the rule described in the conditional (e.g., the electricity is turned off), reduces the subjective conditional probability of the consequent, given the antecedent (e.g., the probability of receiving an electric shock when touching the wire). This conditional probability determines people's degree of belief in the conditional, which in turn affects their willingness to accept valid inferences (e.g., \"Peter touches the wire, therefore he receives an electric shock\") in a reasoning task. Additionally to this indirect pathway, the model contains a direct pathway: Cognitive availability of exceptional situations directly reduces the readiness to accept valid conclusions. The first experimental series tested the integrated model for conditional statements embedded in pseudo-natural cover stories that either established a causal relation between the antecedent and the consequent event (causal conditionals) or did not connect the propositions in a meaningful way (arbitrary conditionals). The model was supported for the causal, but not for the arbitrary conditional statements. Furthermore, participants assigned lower degrees of belief to arbitrary than to causal conditionals. Is this effect due to the presence versus absence of a semantic link between antecedent and consequent in the conditionals? This question was one of the starting points for the second experimental series. Here, the credibility of the conditionals was manipulated by adding explicit frequency information about possible combinations of presence or absence of antecedent and consequent events to the problems (i.e., frequencies of cases of 1. true antecedent with true consequent, 2. true antecedent with false consequent, 3. false antecedent with true consequent, 4. false antecedent with false consequent). This paradigm allows testing different approaches to the meaning of conditionals (Experiment 4) as well as theories of conditional reasoning against each other (Experiment 5). The results of Experiment 4 supported mainly the conditional probability approach to the meaning of conditionals (Edgington, 1995) according to which the degree of belief a listener has in a conditional statement equals the conditional probability that the consequent is true given the antecedent (e.g., the probability of receiving an electric shock when touching the wire). Participants again assigned lower degrees of belief to the arbitrary than the causal conditionals, although the conditional probability of the consequent given the antecedent was held constant within every condition of explicit frequency information. This supports the hypothesis that the mere presence of a causal link enhances the believability of a conditional statement. In Experiment 5 participants solved conditional reasoning tasks from problems that contained explicit frequency information about possible relevant cases. The data favored the probabilistic approach to conditional reasoning advanced by Oaksford, Chater, and Larkin (2000). The two experimental series reported in this dissertation provide strong support for recent probabilistic theories: for the conditional probability approach to the meaning of conditionals by Edgington (1995) and the probabilistic approach to conditional reasoning by Oaksford et al. (2000). In the domain of conditional reasoning, there was additionally support for the modified mental model approaches by Markovits and Barrouillet (2002) and Schroyens and Schaeken (2003). Probabilistic and mental model approaches could be reconciled within a dual-process-model as suggested by Verschueren, Schaeken, and d\&\#39;Ydewalle (2003).},
  subject      = {Konditional},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Laubrock2004,
  author    = {Laubrock, Jochen},
  title     = {Proportional slowing in old adults is modulated by episodic memory demands : an investigation of age-related slowing using compatible and arbitrary stimulus-response mappings},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001782},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Das dominante Datenmuster im Bereich des kognitiven Alterns ist der Alters-x-Komplexit{\"a}tseffekt. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob das Muster statt durch einen {\"u}blicherweise postulierten unspezifischen durch einen spezifischen Mechanismus erkl{\"a}rt werden kann: die mit dem Alter abnehmende Reliabilit{\"a}t episodischer Akkumulatoren. In sechs Reaktionszeit-Experimenten wurden junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene verglichen, dabei wurden fr{\"u}he kognitive (Stroop-Bedingung) und episodische Schwierigkeit (Reiz-Reaktions-Zuordnung) orthogonal manipuliert. Die vorhergesagte Dreifachinteraktion der beiden Faktoren mit dem Alter zeigte sich {\"u}ber die Experimente hinweg relativ konsistent. Eine modifizierte Brinley-Analyse ergibt deutlich unterschiedliche Steigungen der Regressionsgeraden im Alt-Jung-Raum f{\"u}r niedrige und hohe episodische Schwierigkeit. Als methodischer Beitrag wird im Anhang ein zur modifizierten Brinley-Analyse passendes Regressionsmodell entwickelt, das aus einigen einfachen Verarbeitungsannahmen folgt. Es wird gezeigt, dass in einer klassischen Brinley Metaanalyse die Steigung neben der theoretisch interessierenden Varianz von theoretisch uninteressanter Zwischen-Experiment-Varianz beeinflusst wird.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hofmann2002,
  author    = {Hofmann, Nadi},
  title     = {Value education of youth},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000926},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Am Anfang und am Ende des Schuljahres 2000/2001 wurden die Wertepriorit{\"a}ten der Sch{\"u}ler/innen und Lehrer/innen an acht verschiedenen Schulen gemessen. Mit dieser Studie wurde das theoretische Modell einer universellen Struktur menschlicher Wertepriorit{\"a}ten (Schwartz, 1992) erneut best{\"a}tigt. Zu beiden Messzeitpunkten ergaben sich gleiche Geschlechtseffekte wie auch {\"a}hnlich hohe positive Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Religiosit{\"a}t und Schulbindung. Die Sch{\"u}ler/innen der nicht-religi{\"o}sen Schulen gaben Hedonism als h{\"o}chsten, und Tradition als niedrigsten Wert an. In den religi{\"o}sen Schulen waren Benevolence und Self-Direction die meist gesch{\"a}tzten Werte, w{\"a}hrend Power die niedrigste Priorit{\"a}t besaß. Die Ver{\"a}nderung der Werte Conformity, Hedonism und Universalism ließ sich sowohl durch die Religiosit{\"a}t der Sch{\"u}ler/innen wie auch durch deren Schulzugeh{\"o}rigkeit vorhersagen. Die Ver{\"a}nderung von Power, Tradition, Benevolence und Achievement hingegen wurde prim{\"a}r durch Religiosit{\"a}t vorhergesagt. In drei der vier Schulen korrelierte die {\"A}hnlichkeit der Sch{\"u}ler und Lehrer positiv mit der Schulbindung der Sch{\"u}ler/innen. Die Sch{\"u}ler-Lehrer {\"A}hnlichkeit korrelierte {\"u}ber alle Schulen positiv mit Schulleistung.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gschwendt2002,
  author    = {Gschwendt, Miriam A.},
  title     = {Early manifestations of aggression in infants of high risk mother-infant dyads},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000528},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es fr{\"u}he Risikofaktoren von aggressivem Verhalten bei Kleinkindern in einer Stichprobe von Teenager-M{\"u}ttern und ihren Babys aus sozial schwachen Verh{\"a}ltnissen (high risk sample) zu identifizieren. In den zur{\"u}ckliegenden zwei Jahrzehnten haben Wissenschaftler immer wieder auf die Bedeutung von Strategien hingewiesen, die es erm{\"o}glichen, Kinder und Babys mit einem Risiko f{\"u}r aggresives Verhalten zu identifiezieren. Eine fr{\"u}he Identifizierung ist besonders wichtig, weil schon Babys und Kinder eine signifikante Psychopathologie besitzen k{\"o}nnen und u. U. von einer Behandlung profitieren. Außerdem postulieren einige Entwicklungstheorien, dass der Ursprung einer sp{\"a}teren Psychopathologie schon in Verhaltensmustern in den ersten Lebensjahren erkannt werden kann. Dies scheint insbesondere f{\"u}r aggressives Verhalten zu gelten. Deshalb besteht grosses Interesse daran, relevante Faktoren in der fr{\"u}hen Kindheit zu identifizieren, die es erlauben aggressives Verhalten im weiteren Verlauf der Kindheit vorauszusagen. Methodik 60 Teenager-M{\"u}tter im Alter zwischen 14 und 20 Jahre und ihre Kleinkinder im Alter zwischen 12 und 17 Monaten aus sozial schwachen Verh{\"a}ltnissen wurden untersucht (high risk sample). Die Teenager-M{\"u}tter f{\"u}llten Frageb{\"o}gen {\"u}ber ihre Kleinkinder (The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment [ITSEA], Carter \& Briggs-Gowan, 1993) und {\"u}ber sich selber aus (The Parenting Stress Index [PSI], Abidin, 1990, The Symptom CheckList-90-Revised [SCL-90-R], Derogatis, 1986, The Demographic Q{\"u}stionnaire, Zelenko et al., in press). Die Kleinkinder nahmen weiters an zwei objektiven Laboruntersuchungen teil (The Strange Situation Procedure, [SS], Ainsworth, 1978, The Bayley Scales of Infant Development Assessment, [BSID-II], Bayley, 1993). Die Studie untersuchte folgende Beziehungen: (1) Psychosoziale Funktionen der Mutter mit berichteter (berichet von Mutter anhand des ITSEA) und beobachteter Aggression und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern (beobachtet w{\"a}hrend des BSID-II und SS), (2) berichtete Aggression und negative Emotionalit{\"a}t mit beobachteter Aggression und negative Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern, (3) negative Emotionalit{\"a}t mit Aggression bei Kleinkindern, (4) Emotionsregulation mit Aggression und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern, und (5) eine m{\"o}gliche Interaktion zwischen Emotionsregulation und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t in Beziehung zu Aggression bei Kleinkindern. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Frage untersucht, ob Geschlecht einen Einfluss hat auf die oben genannten f{\"u}nf Beziehungen. Ergebnisse M{\"u}tter mit h{\"o}heren Depressionenswerten und Stresswerten berichteten signifikant mehr negative Emotionalit{\"a}t und tendenziell mehr Aggressionen bei ihren Kleinkindern als M{\"u}tter mit niedrigeren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten. Keine signifikanten Beziehungen konnten festgestellt werden zwischen Depressionswerten und Stresswerten der Mutter und objektiv beobachteten Aggressionen und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern. Die Beziehung zwischen beobachteter und berichteter negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern war schwach signifikant. Keine signifikante Beziehung konnte jedoch zwischen beobachteter und berichteter Aggression bei Kleinkindern gezeigt werden. Sowohl berichtete als auch beobachtete negative Emotionalit{\"a}t korrelierte signifikant mit berichteter und beobachteter Aggression bei Kleinkindern. Eine signifikante Beziehung zwischen Emotionsregulation und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t und Aggression bei Kleinkindern konnte aufgezeigt werden. Kleinkinder mit schwacher Emotionsregulation zeigten signifikant mehr negative Emotionalit{\"a}t und Aggressionen als Kleinkinder mit starker Emotionsregulation. Kleinkinder mit hohen negativen Emotionswerten und schwacher Emotionsregulation zeigten signifikant mehr Aggressionen als Kleinkinder mit hohen negativen Emotionswerten und starker Emotionsregulation und Kleinkindern mit niedrigen negativen Emotionswerten und schwacher oder starker Emotionsregulation. Das Geschlecht des Kleinkindes hatte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf folgende Beziehungen: M{\"u}tter mit h{\"o}heren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten berichteten signifikant mehr Aggressionen und negative Emotionalit{\"a}t bei ihren T{\"o}chtern, jedoch nicht signifikant mehr Aggressionen und negative Emotionalit{\"a}t bei ihren S{\"o}hnen als M{\"u}tter mit niedrigeren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten. Das Geschlecht des Kleinkindes hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Beziehung zwischen Depressionswerten und Stresswerten der Mutter und beobachteter Aggression und negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t bei Kleinkindern. Ein interessantes Ergebnis ergab sich hinsichtlich Geschlecht und Emotionsregulationsverhaltensweisen. Buben mit h{\"o}heren Aggressionswerten schauten signifikant weniger zu ihrer Mutter und signifikant weniger in die Umgebung als Buben mit niedrigeren Aggressionswerten. M{\"a}dchen mit h{\"o}heren Aggressionswerten schauten signifikant mehr zu ihrer Mutter, signifikant mehr in die Umgebung und signifikant mehr auf Spielzeuge als M{\"a}dchen mit niedrigen Aggressionswerten. Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung haben Implikationen f{\"u}r die Einsch{\"a}tzung und die Behandlung von Aggressionen bei Kleinkindern. Erstens, die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es unter Umst{\"a}nden wichtig sein k{\"o}nnte verschiedene Messverfahren (Mutter Report und objektive Messverfahren) zu verwenden, um Kleinkinder zu diagnostizieren, die ein erh{\"o}htes Risiko aufweisen im Laufe ihres Lebens Aggressionen zu entwickeln. Zweitens, Ergebnisse identifizierten m{\"u}tterliche negative Attributionen als einen m{\"o}glichen Risikofaktor f{\"u}r sp{\"a}teres Aggressionsverhalten bei Kindern. Zuk{\"u}nftige Studien sollten die Beziehung zwischen Aggressionsverhalten im Kleinkindalter und Aggressionen im sp{\"a}teren Leben untersuchen. Ein weiteres interessantes Ergebnis ergab sich hinsichtlich Emotionsregulation. Kleinkinder mit hoher negativer Emotionalit{\"a}t und schwacher Emotionsregualtion zeigten die meisten Aggressionen. F{\"u}r die Behandlung und die zuk{\"u}nftige Erforschung von Kleinkindaggressionen sollten die drei Konstrukte (Emotionsregualtion, negative Emotionalit{\"a}t und Aggression) miteinander kombiniert werden und nicht alleine untersucht werden.},
  subject      = {Junge Mutter / Kind / Aggressivit{\"a}t / Risikoverhalten},
  language  = {en}
}