@techreport{Sanner2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Price responses to market entry with and without endogenous product choice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14399},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Textbook wisdom says that competition yields lower prices and higher consumer surplus than monopoly. We show in two versions of a simple location-product differentiation model with and without endogenous choice of products that these two results have to be qualified. In both models, more than half of the reasonable parameter values lead to higher prices with duopoly than with monopoly. If the product characteristics are exogenous to the firms, consumers may even be be better off with monopoly in average.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BarkholdtReiners2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Barkholdt, Janina and Reiners, Nina},
  title     = {Pronouncements of Expert Treaty Bodies},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {40},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475886},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {While some pronouncements of expert treaty bodies have been considered 'key catalysts' for the development of international human rights law, others are only selectively referred to in legal practice. This article argues that the varying normative impact is due to the informal character of pronouncements. In the absence of treaty provisions specifying their legal effect, practitioners tend to rely on different factors and arguments when either drawing on or rejecting certain pronouncements. Scholars in turn face difficulties when trying to identify explanatory patterns within this diverging practice as the informal character confronts both international lawyers and international relations scholars with their respective methodological 'blind spots'. In light of these intradisciplinary challenges, this article explores the extent as to which an interdisciplinary approach helps to assess the reasons for the varying impact of pronouncements. After analysing the factors determining their legal significance on the basis of State practice and the academic debate, this article identifies the drafting process as a factor which promises to be particularly insightful when explored from an interdisciplinary perspective and sketches out a framework for future research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckOshiroSatō2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Oshiro, Jun and Satō, Yasuhiro},
  title     = {Property tax competition},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562228},
  pages     = {71},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We develop a model of property taxation and characterize equilibria under three alternative taxa-tion regimes often used in the public finance literature: decentralized taxation, centralized taxation, and "rent seeking" regimes. We show that decentralized taxation results in inefficiently high tax rates, whereas centralized taxation yields a common optimal tax rate, and tax rates in the rent-seeking regime can be either inefficiently high or low. We quantify the effects of switching from the observed tax system to the three regimes for Japan and Germany. The decentralized or rent-seeking regime best describes the Japanese tax system, whereas the centralized regime does so for Germany. We also quantify the welfare effects of regime changes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Rajput2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Rajput, Aniruddha},
  title     = {Protection of Foreign Investment in India and International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42197},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421970},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper narrates the changes in the Indian policy towards foreign investment and analyses them in the backdrop of overall changes in the field of international law and particularly within the framework of the international rule of law. The policy changes that have taken place in India can be categorised into three periods. The first period commences after independence from colonial rule. This period is intriguing. At the international level, India insisted on national treatment for foreign investment and supported the New International Economic Order. Domestically, however, nationalisation was not pursued, and even when pursued, was not applied to foreign investors. This period continued until the 1990s when India faced serious economic problems and this coincided with the high point of the Washington consensus, often seen as the rise of the international rule of law. During this time, national treatment was abandoned and innumerable investment treaties granting liberal protection were entered into. This process ended abruptly after India lost the first investment case. This turn of events comments the third period, where efforts were made towards balancing between investor protection and conserving regulatory freedom. Although this period may appear to be a decline of the international rule of law, a nuanced approach shows that it is rather a rise. India has not withdrawn from the system of investor protection, as has been done by some other States. This period is characterised by extensive and detailed treaties to replace the prior sketchy treaty provisions. This is a move towards a more rule based investment protection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{HuberRolvering2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Huber, Katrin and Rolvering, Geske},
  title     = {Public child care and mothers' career trajectories},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {64},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-58731},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-587310},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of public child care on mothers' career trajectories. To this end, we combine county-level data on child care coverage with detailed individual-level information from the German social security records and exploit a set of German reforms leading to a substantial temporal and spatial variation in child care coverage for children under the age of three. We conduct an event study approach that investigates the labor market outcomes of mothers in the years around the birth of their first child. We thereby explore career trajectories, both in terms of quantity and quality of employment. We find that public child care improves maternal labor supply in the years immediately following childbirth. However, the results on quality-related outcomes suggest that the effect of child care provision does not reach far beyond pure employment effects. These results do not change for mothers with different 'career costs of children'.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Eberhardt2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Eberhardt, Bj{\"o}rn},
  title     = {Public pensions in the U.S.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9058},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Contents: The Public Old Age Insurance of the U.S. -Historical overview -Technical details -Individual equity and social adequacy The Economic Problem of Old Age -Risks and economic security -Old age, retirement, and idividual precaution -Insurance markets, market failures, and social insurance -Options for public pension systems The Problems of Social Security -The financial balance of OASDI -Causes of the long-run problems -Rates of return -Conclusion - The case for Social Security reform Proposed Remedies -Full, partial, or no privatization? -The President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security -Kotlikoff's Personal Security System -The Diamond-Orszag Three-Part plan},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler2000,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Regional market areas at the EU border},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13647},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Contens - Introduction - Modell with Trade Policy - Some Numerical Results - Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2001,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Regional unemployment insurance},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13705},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {We examine the effects of regionalising the budget of unemployment insurance (UI) on wages, employment, and on UI parameters, which, for their part, determine the agents' preferences concerning such a reform. A numerical example shows that, under reasonable assumptions, the intuition that the reform would enhance efficiency and improve the economic situation of agents from the low- unemployment region to the disadvantage of agents from the high- unemployment region is not valid in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sandholtz2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sandholtz, Wayne},
  title     = {Resurgent Authoritarianism and the International Rule of Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {38},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43589},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435899},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Modern rule of law and post-war constitutionalism are both anchored in rights-based limitations on state authority. Rule-of-law norms and principles, at both domestic and international levels, are designed to protect the freedom and dignity of the person. Given this "thick" conception of the rule of law, authoritarian practices that remove constraints on domestic political leaders and weaken mechanisms for holding them accountable necessarily erode both domestic and international rule of law. Drawing on political science research on authoritarian politics, this study identifies three core elements of authoritarian political strategies: subordination of the judiciary, suppression of independent news media and freedom of expression, and restrictions on the ability of civil society groups to organize and participate in public life. According to available data, each of these three practices has become increasingly common in recent years. This study offers a composite measure of the core authoritarian practices and uses it to identify the countries that have shown the most marked increases in authoritarianism. The spread and deepening of these authoritarian practices in diverse regimes around the world diminishes international rule of law. The conclusion argues that resurgent authoritarianism degrades international rule of law even if this is defined as the specifically post-Cold War international legal order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Reilich2011,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Reilich, Julia},
  title     = {Returns to education and smoking},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53883},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Looking at smoking-behavior it can be shown that there are differences concerning the time-preference-rate. Therefore this has an effect on the optimal schooling decision in the way that we appear a lower average human capital level for smokers. According to a higher time-preference-rate additionally we suppose a higher return to education for smokers who go further on education. With our empirical findings we can confirm the presumptions. We use interactions-terms to regress the average rate of return with IV. Therefore we obtain that smokers have a significantly higher average return to education than non-smokers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Becker2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Becker, Ralf E.},
  title     = {Revisiting public investment},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9025},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The consumption equivalence method is the theoretical basis of public cost-benefit analysis. Consumption equivalence public capital prices are explicitly introduces in order to sufficiently care for the opportunity cost of public expenditure. This can solve the dispute about the social rate of discount within public cost-benefit analysis witch was generated on a criterion looking similar to the capital value formula, known as Lind's approach. The social rate of discount is liberated from opportunity costs considerations and the discounting away of the effects for future welfare vanishes. The corresponding question whether one should accept a positive value of the pure rate of social time preference is an old issue. Its current state between the prescriptive and descriptive view can also be interpreted as a consequence of the oversimplification of standard cost- benefit analysis. But apart from an economic self-process the pure rate of social time preference is also defined as a business-as-usual value of social distance discounting. Hence, a political choice has to be made about this rate which is free in principal.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Krieger2016,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Krieger, Heike},
  title     = {Rights and Obligations of Third Parties in Armed Conflict},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42073},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420732},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This paper will turn into a contribution to a book on community obligations. It focusses on third parties' rights and obligations in armed conflict. It is often said that international law has developed from a legal order which is designed to protect sovereignty to a system which also promotes community interests. This shift is said to be reflected in structural changes of the legal system. The creation of rights and obligations for third parties is generally seen as a part of this perceived paradigmatic shift. Community interests can be furthered either by negative duties of abstention, by an entitlement for third states, or even by duties to take positive measures. Since the shift towards protecting community interests apparently requires some form of cooperation, positive rights and duties to protect and to promote appear to be indispensable. Authors relying on a community perspective often dismiss duties of abstention as an expression of indifference in the face of a violation of a fundamental norm. Solidarity seems to require that third states take a more proactive role in actively enforcing community interests. The paper aims to test this understanding on the basis of an analysis of rights and obligations of third states in armed conflict. In order to argue that duties of abstention of third states are a central instrument for promoting community interests in relation to armed conflicts, the paper will first trace pertinent structural changes in international law. In particular, it will question the extent to which positive rights and obligations of third states have been firmly established in international law. In a second step, this contribution will evaluate the overall tendencies in the ongoing lawmaking process for promoting community interests in relation to armed conflict.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Jo2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Jo, Hyeran},
  title     = {Rise and Decline of International Rule of Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {39},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43590},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435900},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper assesses the rise and decline of international rule of law in the case of non-state armed actors. Both signs of rise and signs of decline of international rule of law show in the case of non- state armed actors. Signs of rise include the expansion of coverage of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law, as well as international legal argumentation and rhetoric made by non-state armed groups. Some non-state armed actors express that they are governed by IHL in public statements or bilateral agreements with international actors, partly acknowledging universality of international humanitarian norms, and sometimes act as such. Signs of decline in the international rule of law also show - although some of them can be seen as business-as-usual - privileging of military advantage, instrumental use of international law (as justification and local interpretations), as well as conflicting understanding of IHL between local and global norms. The multiplicity of non-state actors also portends the decline of international rule of law, with the proliferation of many non-organized groups without legitimacy-seeking motivations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoCobbClarkObstetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Obst, Cosima and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Risk Preferences and Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {23},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-48092},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-480927},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We analyze workers' risk preferences and training investments. Our conceptual framework differentiates between the investment risk and insurance mechanisms underpinning training decisions. Investment risk leads risk-averse workers to train less; they undertake more training if it insures them against future losses. We use the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to demonstrate that risk affinity is associated with more training, implying that, on average, investment risks dominate the insurance benefits of training. Crucially, this relationship is evident only for general training; there is no relationship between risk attitudes and specific training. Thus, as expected, risk preferences matter more when skills are transferable - and workers have a vested interest in training outcomes - than when they are not. Finally, we provide evidence that the insurance benefits of training are concentrated among workers with uncertain employment relationships or limited access to public insurance schemes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KriegerPueschmann2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Krieger, Heike and P{\"u}schmann, Jonas},
  title     = {Securing of Resources as a Valid Reason for Using Force?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {31},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43573},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435738},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A growing demand for natural resources embedded in current changes of the international order will put pressure on states to secure the future availability of these resources. Some political discourses suggest that states might respond by challenging the foundations of international law. Whereas the UN Charter was inter alia aimed at eliminating uses of force for economic reasons, one may observe an on-going trend of securitization of matters of resource supply resulting into the revival of self-preservation doctrines. The chapter will show that those claims lack a normative foundation in the current framework of the prohibition of the use of force. Moreover, international law has sufficient instruments to cope with disputes over access to resources by other means than the use of force. The international community, therefore, must oppose claims that may contribute to normative uncertainties and strengthen already existing instruments of pacific settlement of disputes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Devaney2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Devaney, James Gerard},
  title     = {Selecting Investment Arbitrators},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {33},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43579},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435797},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper focuses on one particular issue which has arisen in the course of the ongoing debate on the reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), namely that of the appointment of arbitrators. Taking as its starting point that there now exists tentative consensus that the present system for the appointment of arbitrators either causes or exacerbates certain problematic aspects of the current ISDS system, the paper explores one option for reform, namely the introduction of an independent panel for the selection of investment arbitrators. In doing so, it is argued that a shift in the normative basis of the rules governing appointments is required in order to accommodate the principles of party autonomy and the international rule of law. Such reform, while not completely removing the initiative that parties presently enjoy, is the most efficient way to introduce rule of law considerations such as a measure of judicial independence into the current appointments system. This, it is argued, would in turn help to address some of the problematic features of the appointment of arbitrators in ISDS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{GallegoGranadosWrohlich2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Gallego Granados, Patricia and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Selection into Employment and the Gender Wage Gap across the Distribution and Over Time},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {15},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44169},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441691},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Using quantile regression methods, this paper analyses the gender wage gap across the wage distribution and over time (1990-2014), while controlling for changing sample selection into full-time employment. Our findings show that the selection-corrected gender wage gap is much larger than the one observed in the data, which is mainly due to large positive selection of women into full-time employment. However, we show that selection-corrected wages of male and female workers at the lower half of the distribution have moderately converged over time. The reason for this development have been changes in the composition of the male full-time employment force over time, which in spite of the rather constant male full-time employment rate, have given place to a small but rising selection bias in male observed wages. In the upper half of the wage distribution, however, neither the observed nor the selection-corrected gender wage gap has narrowed over time.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosRodriguezetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Rodriguez, Daniel and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {61},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572527},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Self-efficacy reflects the self-belief that one can persistently perform difficult and novel tasks while coping with adversity. As such beliefs reflect how individuals behave, think, and act, they are key for successful entrepreneurial activities. While existing literature mainly analyzes the influence of the task-related construct of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, we take a different perspective and investigate, based on a representative sample of 1,405 German business founders, how the personality characteristic of generalized self-efficacy influences start-up performance as measured by a broad set of business outcomes up to 19 months after business creation. Outcomes include start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, as well as growth-oriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically important positive effects of high scores of self-efficacy on start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, which become even stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is similarly distributed between female and male business founders, with effects being partly stronger for female entrepreneurs. Our findings are important for policy instruments that are meant to support firm growth by facilitating the design of more target-oriented offers for training, coaching, and entrepreneurial incubators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KriegerZimmermann2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Krieger, Heike and Zimmermann, Andreas},
  title     = {Sentenza 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court and the International Rule of Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {15},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42214},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422140},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The German-Italian dispute over the scope of sovereign immunities and claims of reparations for war crimes committed by German armed forces during World War II in Italy is in many ways specific and historically contingent. At the same time, it touches upon a number of fundamental challenges which the international community has to address in the interest of furthering the international rule of law. In this working paper both authors address the question whether the current law of sovereign immunities should be changed or interpreted in a manner as to allow for exceptions from State immunities in cases of grave violations of human rights. While the first part of the paper focusses on the perspective of general international law the second part addresses the question through the lense of European law. Both authors agree that unilateral efforts to push for what many consider a progressive development of international law actually may entail adverse effects for the international rule of law and thus may even contribute to a broader crisis of the international legal order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoMahlstedtvandenBergetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Mahlstedt, Robert and van den Berg, Gerard J. and Vikstr{\"o}m, Johan},
  title     = {Side Effects of Labor Market Policies},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {22},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47883},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-478839},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Labor market policy tools such as training and sanctions are commonly used to help bring workers back to work. By analogy to medical treatments, the individual exposure to these tools may have side effects. We study effects on health using individual-level population registers on labor market events outcomes, drug prescriptions and sickness absence, comparing outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. We find that training improves cardiovascular and mental health and lowers sickness absence. The results suggest that this is not due to improved employment prospects but rather to instantaneous features of participation such as, perhaps, the adoption of a more rigorous daily routine. Unemployment benefits sanctions cause a short-run deterioration of mental health, possibly due higher stress levels, but this tapers out quickly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Andree2010,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andree, Kai},
  title     = {Spatial discrimination, nations' size and transportation costs},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48117},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this paper we develop a spatial Cournot trade model with two unequally sized countries, using the geographical interpretation of the Hotelling line. We analyze the trade and welfare effects of international trade between these two countries. The welfare analysis indicates that in this framework the large country benefits from free trade and the small country may be hurt by opening to trade. This finding is contrary to the results of Shachmurove and Spiegel (1995) as well as Tharakan and Thisse (2002), who use related models to analyze size effects in international trade, where the small country usually gains from trade and the large country may lose.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Spatial patterns of segregation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14153},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Usually, in monocentric city models, the spatial patterns of segregated ethnic groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, whereas in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that empirically wedge-shaped areas predominate. In contrast to Rose-Ackerman.s discussion of the in.uence within a ring-shaped pattern which the aversion which different households in the context of racism have, Yinger showed that, depending on the population mix, a wedge-shaped pattern may arise if it is border length which causes the spatial pattern. In this contribution, a simulation based on a monocentric city model with two or more different household groups is used to derive spatial patterns. Wedge-shaped segregation is shown to be the result of positive externalities among similar households. Differences between households only lead to ring-shaped patterns if the e\iect of a city center on spatial structure dominates neighborhood e\iects. If more than two groups of households are being considered, mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas arise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{HinzStammannWanner2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Hinz, Julian and Stammann, Amrei and Wanner, Joschka},
  title     = {State Dependence and Unobserved Heterogeneity in the Extensive Margin of Trade},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51191},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-511919},
  pages     = {62},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We study the role and drivers of persistence in the extensive margin of bilateral trade. Motivated by a stylized heterogeneous firms model of international trade with market entry costs, we consider dynamic three-way fixed effects binary choice models and study the corresponding incidental parameter problem. The standard maximum likelihood estimator is consistent under asymptotics where all panel dimensions grow at a constant rate, but it has an asymptotic bias in its limiting distribution, invalidating inference even in situations where the bias appears to be small. Thus, we propose two different bias-corrected estimators. Monte Carlo simulations confirm their desirable statistical properties. We apply these estimators in a reassessment of the most commonly studied determinants of the extensive margin of trade. Both true state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity contribute considerably to trade persistence and taking this persistence into account matters significantly in identifying the effects of trade policies on the extensive margin.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Lkhagvadorj2007,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Lkhagvadorj, Ariunaa},
  title     = {Status quo on fiscal decentralisation in Mongolia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16159},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {This paper gives a review on the theoretical foundation for fiscal decentralisation and a status quo analysis of the intergovernmental relations in Mongolia. It consists of two parts. Part I briefly reviews the theories of fiscal decentralisation and its impact on the nations' welfare considering the major challenges for a transition economy. Part II of the paper describes the general structure and scope of the government and examines the current fiscal autonomy in Mongolia focusing on the four main areas of intergovernmental relations. This paper concludes that local governments in Mongolia are still far away from having the political, administrative and fiscal autonomy. New approaches for the assignments of expenditures and revenues in Mongolia are urgently needed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelFelgendreherGuethetal.2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Felgendreher, Simon and G{\"u}th, Werner and Hertwig, Ralph},
  title     = {Strategic ignorance in repeated prisoners' dilemma experiments and its effects on the dynamics of voluntary cooperation},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43188},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431881},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Being ignorant of key aspects of a strategic interaction can represent an advantage rather than a handicap. We study one particular context in which ignorance can be beneficial: iterated strategic interactions in which voluntary cooperation may be sustained into the final round if players voluntarily forego knowledge about the time horizon. We experimentally examine this option to remain ignorant about the time horizon in a finitely repeated two-person prisoners' dilemma game. We confirm that pairs without horizon knowledge avoid the drop in cooperation that otherwise occurs toward the end of the game. However, this effect is superposed by cooperation declining more rapidly in pairs without horizon knowledge during the middle phase of the game, especially if players do not know that the other player also wanted to remain ignorant of the time horizon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlienSanner2006,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blien, Uwe and Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Structural change and regional employment dynamics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14425},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A casual look at regional unemployment rates reveals that there are vast differences, which cannot be explained by different institutional settings. Our paper attempts to trace these differences in the labor market performance back to the regions' specialization in products that are more or less advanced in their product cycle. The model we develop shows how individual profit and utility maximization endogenously yields higher employment levels in the beginning. In later phases, however, employment decreases in the presence of process innovation. Our model suggests that the only way to escape from this vicious circle is to specialize in products that are at the beginning of their "economic life". The model is based on an interaction of demand and supply side forces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Kauffmann2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kauffmann, Albrecht},
  title     = {Structural change during transition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14304},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {This paper analyses the structural change in Russia during the transition from the planned to a market economy. With regard to the famous three sector hypothesis, broad economic sectors were formed as required by this theory. The computation of their shares at GNP at market prices using Input-Output tables, and the adjustment of results from distortions, generated as side effects of tax avoidance practices, shows results that clearly reject claims that Russia would be on the road to a post-industrial service economy. Instead, at least until 2001, a tendency of "primarisation" could be observed, that presents Russia closer to less-developed countries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Petersen2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Petersen, Hans-Georg},
  title     = {Systematic change instead of curing symptoms},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {45},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9004},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Contents: Actors, Markets and Interest Groups in Health Services Private and Social Health Insurance in a Simple Model Misallocation and Malpractice in Social Health Care and Insurances -The UK Health Care System -The German Social Health Insurance System -Current Discussions: Intertemporal Perspective and Fundamental Change Interplay of Public and Private Health Insurance: Lessons for Countries in Transition Summary: The Necessary Steps to a Fundamental Reform},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Do2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Do, Truong Giang},
  title     = {Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14071},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{OPUS4-4236,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  title     = {Tax systems and tax harmonisation in the East African Community (EAC)},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {60},
  editor    = {Petersen, Hans-Georg},
  issn      = {1864-1431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44693},
  pages     = {128},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In the first part of the report of the GTZ expert group an overview on the basics of integration and tax harmonisation within a common market is given. Chapter II. concentrates on the problems of national and international tax law regarding double taxation before the harmonisation process within the EU is described in detail. This process is not a best practice example but at least the experiences made in the course of the last five decades are interesting enough and might contribute important information for regions, which more or less recently have started a similar endeavour. The harmonisation needs are discussed for value added taxation (VAT), excise taxation, and income taxation. The problems of tax administrations, procedures laws, taxpayers' rights and obligations as well as tax compliance are also taken into consideration. The second part of the study reviews the national tax systems within the EAC member countries. Before the single taxes are described in more detail, the macroeconomic situation is illuminated by some basic figures and the current stand of the inner-community integration analysed. Then the single tax bases and tax rates are confronted to shed some light on the necessities for the development of a common market within the near future. Again the value added tax laws, excise taxes and income taxes are discussed in detail, while regarding the latter the focus is on company taxation. For a better systematic analysis the national tax laws are confronted within an overview. The chapter is closed with a summary of the tax rates applied and a rough estimation of the tax burdens within the Partner States. The third part of this report contains the policy recommendations of the expert group following the same structures as the chapters before and presenting the results for the VAT, the excises and the corporate income tax (CIT). Additionally the requirements for tax procedures and administration as well as problems of transparency and information exchange are discussed in detail before the strategic recommendations are derived in close relation to the experiences made within the EU harmonisation process. The recommendations are based on the following normative arguments: (1) Tax harmonisation is a basic requirement for economic integration. (2) Equality of taxation is an imperative of tax justice and demands the avoidance of double taxation as well as the combat of tax evasion and corruption. (3) The avoidance of harmful tax competition between the Partner States. (4) The strengthening of taxpayers' rights in tax procedures. Hence, all kinds of income, goods and services should be taxed once and only once.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{McLachlan2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {McLachlan, Campbell},
  title     = {The assault on international adjudication and the limits of withdrawal},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {28},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42685},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426855},
  pages     = {38},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {International adjudication is currently under assault, encouraging a number of States to withdraw, or to consider withdrawing, from treaties providing for international dispute settlement. This Working Paper argues that the act of treaty withdrawal is not merely as the unilateral executive exercise of the individual sovereign prerogative of a State. International law places checks upon the exercise of withdrawal, recognising that it is an act that of its nature affects the interests of other States parties, which have a collective interest in constraining withdrawal. National courts have a complementary function in restraining unilateral withdrawal in order to support the domestic constitution. The arguments advanced against international adjudication in the name of popular democracy at the national level can serve as a cloak for the exercise of executive power unrestrained by law. The submission by States of their disputes to peaceful settlement through international adjudication is central, not incidental, to the successful operation of the international legal system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {The Causal Effect of Cycling Infrastructure on Traffic and Accidents},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {48},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55335},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-553359},
  pages     = {56},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper analyzes the effect of new bicycle lanes on traffic volume, congestion, and accidents. Crucially, the new bike lanes replace existing car lanes thereby reducing available space for motorized traffic. In order to obtain causal estimates, I exploit the quasi-random timing and location of the newly built cycle lanes. Using an event study design, a two-way fixed effects model and the synthetic control group method on geo-coded data, I show that the construction of pop-up bike lanes significantly reduced average car speed by 8 to 12 percentage points (p.p.) and up to 16 p.p. in peak traffic hours. In contrast, the results for car volume are modest, while the data does not allow for a conclusive judgment of accidents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoSchroederWittbrodt2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Schr{\"o}der, Carsten and Wittbrodt, Linda},
  title     = {The Causal Effects of the Minimum Wage Introduction in Germany},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42692},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426929},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In 2015, Germany introduced a statutory hourly minimum wage that was not only universally binding but also set at a relatively high level. We discuss the short-run effects of this new minimum wage on a wide set of socio-economic outcomes, such as employment and working hours, earnings and wage inequality, dependent and self-employment, as well as reservation wages and satisfaction. We also discuss difficulties in the implementation of the minimum wage and the measurement of its effects related to non-compliance and suitability of data sources. Two years after the minimum wage introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn: while hourly wages increased for low-wage earners, some small negative employment effects are also identifiable. The effects on aspired goals, such as poverty and inequality reduction, have not materialized in the short run. Instead, a tendency to reduce working hours is found, which alleviates the desired positive impact on monthly income. Additionally, the level of non-compliance was substantial in the short run, thus drawing attention to problems when implementing such a wide-reaching policy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Eydam2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Eydam, Ulrich},
  title     = {The Distributional Implications of Climate Policies Under Uncertainty},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {33},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-50895},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-508950},
  pages     = {53},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Promoting the decarbonization of economic activity through climate policies raises many questions. From a macroeconomic perspective, it is important to understand how these policies perform under uncertainty, how they affect short-run dynamics and to what extent they have distributional effects. In addition, uncertainties directly associated with climate policies, such as uncertainty about the carbon budget or emission intensities, become relevant aspects. We study the implications of emission reduction schemes within a Two-Agent New-Keynesian (TANK) model. This quantitative exercise, based on data for the German economy, provides various insights. In the light of frictions and fluctuations, compared to other instruments, a carbon price (i.e. tax) is associated with lower volatility in output and consumption. In terms of aggregate welfare, price instruments are found to be preferable. Conditional on the distribution of revenues from climate policies, quantity instruments can exert regressive effects, posing a larger economic loss on wealth-poor households, whereas price instruments are moderately progressive. Finally, we find that unexpected changes in climate policies can induce substantial aggregate adjustments. With uncertainty about the carbon budget, the costs of adjustment are larger under quantity instruments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{McLachlan2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {McLachlan, Campbell},
  title     = {The Double-facing Foreign Relations Function of the Executive and Its Self-enforcing Obligation to Comply with International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {30},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42908},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429088},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {How does the international Rule of Law apply to constrain the conduct of the Executive within a constitutional State that adopts a dualist approach to the reception of international law? This paper argues that, so far from being inconsistent with the concept of the Rule of Law, the Executive within a dualist constitution has a self-enforcing obligation to abide by the obligations of the State under international law. This is not dependent on Parliament's incorporation of treaty obligations into domestic law. It is the correlative consequence of the allocation to the Executive of the power to conduct foreign relations. The paper develops this argument in response to recent debate in the United Kingdom on whether Ministers have an obligation to comply with international law-a reference that the Government removed from the Ministerial Code. It shows that such an obligation is consistent with both four centuries of the practice of the British State and with principle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Burdack2011,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Burdack, Doreen},
  title     = {The economic impact of water restrictions on water-dependent business in South East Queensland, Australia},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {65},
  issn      = {1864-1431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55947},
  pages     = {82},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmannRzepka2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amann, Erwin and Rzepka, Sylvi},
  title     = {The Effect of Goal-Setting Prompts in a Blended Learning Environment},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {25},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49347},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-493476},
  pages     = {22, vi},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate how inviting students to set task-based goals affects usage of an online learning platform and course performance. We design and implement a randomized field experiment in a large mandatory economics course with blended learning elements. The low-cost treatment induces students to use the online learning system more often, more intensively, and to begin earlier with exam preparation. Treated students perform better in the course than the control group: they are 18.8\% (0.20 SD) more likely to pass the exam and earn 6.7\% (0.19 SD) more points on the exam. There is no evidence that treated students spend significantly more time, rather they tend to shift to more productive learning methods. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that higher treatment effects are associated with higher levels of behavioral bias but also with poor early course behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Burchardt2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Burchardt, Dana},
  title     = {The Functions of Law and Their Challenges},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {17},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42231},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422318},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper illustrates the functional and conceptual variances of law in different contexts. Whereas legal actors on the international level might normatively aim for law to have a similar effect to that of domestic law, the way in which international and supranational law can fulfil these potential functions is different. Accordingly, this paper argues that an awareness with regard to the particularities and challenges that the potential functions of law encounter in the international and supranational context is needed. Moreover, it suggests an analytical lens to conceptually frame and locate current developments, offering a broader perspective on, or even an element of explication for, the apparent crisis that law is currently facing on the international and supranational scale. After describing the potential functions of law on an abstract scale and grouping them into analytical categories, the paper uses these categories as a lens in order to assess in which way international law can fulfil these potential functions, where priorities regarding certain functions might differ and where some aspects of these functions are challenged when law is made and applied in the international and supranational sphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{DamenKoehlerWoodard2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Damen, Juliane and K{\"o}hler, Lena and Woodard, Sean},
  title     = {The Human Right of Privacy in the Digital Age},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-399265},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The right to privacy in the digital age generates new challenges for the international jurisdiction. The following article deals with such challenges. Therefore it firstly defines the term of privacy in general and presents an international legal framework. With whisteblower Snowden a huge political discourse was initiated and the article gives insights into its further development. In 2015 the Human Rights Council for the first time announced a special rapporteur on the right to privacy. However, the discourse is not only taking place on a political level, also civil society organizations advocate more stringent regulations and prosecutions against violations of the right to privacy. Moreover the importance of the technology sector becomes clear. Companies like Microsoft are increasingly taking responsibility to protect digital media against unjustified data misuse, surveillance, collection and storage. But whereas the IT sector is developing very quickly, legislative processes do so rather slowly. Lastly, the individual is also hold to account. To protect oneself against data misuse is to a great extent acting self-responsible. Still, therefore information on protection must be clear and accessible for everyone.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosStier2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {59},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57115},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571152},
  pages     = {43},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show - based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment - that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKuennMahlstedt2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Mahlstedt, Robert},
  title     = {The Intended and Unintended Effects of Promoting Labor Market Mobility},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53522},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-535229},
  pages     = {49},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Subsidizing the geographical mobility of unemployed workers may improve welfare by relaxing their financial constraints and allowing them to find jobs in more prosperous regions. We exploit regional variation in the promotion of mobility programs along administrative borders of German employment agency districts to investigate the causal effect of offering such financial incentives on the job search behavior and labor market integration of unemployed workers. We show that promoting mobility - as intended - causes job seekers to increase their search radius, apply for and accept distant jobs. At the same time, local job search is reduced with adverse consequences for reemployment and earnings. These unintended negative effects are provoked by spatial search frictions. Overall, the unconditional provision of mobility programs harms the welfare of unemployed job seekers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Nolte2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Nolte, Georg},
  title     = {The International Law Commission and Community Interests},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42187},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421875},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The paper looks at community interests in international law from the perspective of the International Law Commission. As the topics of the Commission are diverse, the outcome of its work is often seen as providing a sense of direction regarding general aspects of international law. After defining what he understands by "community interests", the author looks at both secondary and primary rules of international law, as they have been articulated by the Commission, as well as their relevance for the recognition and implementation of community interests. The picture which emerges only partly fits the widespread narrative of "from self-interest to community interest". Whereas the Commission has recognized, or developed, certain primary rules which more fully articulate community interests, it has been reluctant to reformulate secondary rules of international law, with the exception of jus cogens. The Commission has more recently rather insisted that the traditional State-consent-oriented secondary rules concerning the formation of customary international law and regarding the interpretation of treaties continue to be valid in the face of other actors and forms of action which push towards the recognition of more and thicker community interests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KriegerNolte2016,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Krieger, Heike and Nolte, Georg},
  title     = {The International Rule of Law - Rise or Decline?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41952},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419528},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The paper undertakes a preliminary assessment of current developments of international law for the purpose of mapping the ground for a larger research project. The research project pursues the goal of determining whether public international law, as it has developed since the end of the Cold War, is continuing its progressive move towards a more human-rights- and multi-actor-oriented order, or whether we are seeing a renewed emphasis of more classical elements of international law. In this context the term "international rule of law" is chosen to designate the more recent and "thicker" understanding of international law. The paper discusses how it can be determined whether this form of international law continues to unfold, and whether we are witnessing challenges to this order which could give rise to more fundamental reassessments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {The Leniency Rule Revisited: Experiments on Cartel Formation with Open Communication},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {24},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49169},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-491696},
  pages     = {62},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The experimental literature on antitrust enforcement provides robust evidence that communication plays an important role for the formation and stability of cartels. We extend these studies through a design that distinguishes between innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant in the role of the competition authority, who is properly incentivized to judge communication content and price setting behavior of the firms. Using this novel design, we revisit the question whether a leniency rule successfully destabilizes cartels. In contrast to existing experimental studies, we find that a leniency rule does not affect cartelization. We discuss potential explanations for this contrasting result.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MarcusSiedlerZiebarth2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Marcus, Jan and Siedler, Thomas and Ziebarth, Nicolas R.},
  title     = {The Long-Run Effects of Sports Club Vouchers for Primary School Children},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {34},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-50897},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-508978},
  pages     = {72},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Starting in 2009, the German state of Saxony distributed sports club membership vouchers among all 33,000 third graders in the state. The policy's objective was to encourage them to develop a long-term habit of exercising. In 2018, we carried out a large register-based survey among several cohorts in Saxony and two neighboring states. Our difference-in-differences estimations show that, even after a decade, awareness of the voucher program was significantly higher in the treatment group. We also find that youth received and redeemed the vouchers. However, we do not find significant short- or long-term effects on sports club membership, physical activity, overweightness, or motor skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Kahombo2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kahombo, Balingene},
  title     = {The Peace and Security Council of the African Union},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {23},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42286},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422864},
  pages     = {28},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper assesses, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the work of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union (AU) with respect to peace support operations. It seeks to know whether the establishment of the PSC in 2002 is leading or has led to a rise or a decline of collective security in Africa. It is demonstrated that in regard to its relative legal and institutional robustness, the PSC can be perceived as a rise of collective security compared with its predecessor, the Central Organ of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). However, it stagnates in terms of quantity and quality of actions on the ground. The main problem lies in the lack of sufficient operational autonomy from member states and international partners, such as the United Nations. Therefore, the PSC's contribution to the maintenance of peace and security, and so the rise of the international rule of law in Africa is limited. The continent is still a war-torn region, affected by political crises and the expansion of terrorism in many countries. To solve this problem, AU member states should strengthen the PSC's capacity, starting with the quick operationalisation of the African Standby Force. The implementation of the 2016 decision on alternative sources of financing AU's institutions and activities is also a priority. In this regard, the political will of African states that may show that they want to take their organisation more seriously is required. This can further the AU self-reliance policy in collective security though the promotion of African solutions to African problems, and reduce the burden of the United Nations and other non-African actors' interventions in the continent.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KritikosSchierschStiel2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander and Schiersch, Alexander and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {The productivity puzzle in business services},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {37},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51453},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-514536},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In Germany, the productivity of professional services, a sector dominated by micro and small firms, declined by 40 percent between 1995 and 2014. This productivity decline also holds true for professional services in other European countries. Using a German firm-level dataset of 700,000 observations between 2003 and 2017, we analyze this largely uncovered phenomenon among professional services, the 4th largest sector in the EU15 business economy, which provide important intermediate services for the rest of the economy. We show that changes in the value chain explain about half of the decline and the increase in part-time employment is a further minor part of the decline. In contrast to expectations, the entry of micro and small firms, despite their lower productivity levels, is not responsible for the decline. We also cannot confirm the conjecture that weakening competition allows unproductive firms to remain in the market.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AharonBrillFonsecaetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Aharon, Itzik and Brill, Antonia and Fonseca, Philip and Vandchali, Azin Alizadeh and Wendel, Nina},
  title     = {The Protection of Women Human Rights Defenders and their Collective Actions},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44427},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444278},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This paper evaluates the construction of the rights of human rights defenders within international law and its shortcomings in protecting women. Human rights defenders have historically been defined on the basis of their actions as defenders. However, as Marxist-feminist scholar Silvia Federici contends, women are inherently politicised and, moreover, face obstacles to political action which are invisible to and untouchable by the law. Labour rights set an example of handling such a disadvantaged political position by placing vital importance on workers' right to association and collective action. The paper closes with the suggestion that transposing this construction of rights to women would better protect women as human rights defenders while emphasising their capacity for self-determination in their political actions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Arajaervi2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Araj{\"a}rvi, Noora},
  title     = {The Requisite Rigour in the Identification of Customary International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42074},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420742},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Over the last few decades, the methodology for the identification of customary international law (CIL) has been changing. Both elements of CIL - practice and opinio juris - have assumed novel and broader forms, as noted in the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). This paper discusses these Reports and the draft conclusions, and reaction by States in the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), highlighting the areas of consensus and contestation. This ties to the analysis of the main doctrinal positions, with special attention being given to the two elements of CIL, and the role of the UNGA resolutions. The underlying motivation is to assess the real or perceived crisis of CIL, and the author develops the broader argument maintaining that in order to retain unity within international law, the internal limits of CIL must be carefully asserted.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmorosoHerrmannKritikos2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amoroso, Sara and Herrmann, Benedikt and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The Role of Regulation and Regional Government Quality for High Growth Firms},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {71},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61277},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612771},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {High growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and considered to be precursors of economic growth. We investigate how formal institutions, like product- and labor-market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, affect HGF development across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, OECD, WEF, and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government influence the regional shares of HGFs. More importantly, we find that the effect of labor- and product-market regulations ultimately depends on the quality of regional governments: in regions with high quality of government, the share of HGFs is neither affected by the level of product market regulation, nor by more or less flexibility in hiring and firing practices. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations by showing that regulations are not, per se, "good, bad, and ugly", rather their impact depends on the efficiency of regional governments. Our paper offers important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.},
  language  = {en}
}