@techreport{ŠedovaČizmaziovaCook2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Šedov{\´a}, Barbora and Čizmaziov{\´a}, Lucia and Cook, Athene},
  title     = {A meta-analysis of climate migration literature},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {29},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49982},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-499827},
  pages     = {83},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The large literature that aims to find evidence of climate migration delivers mixed findings. This meta-regression analysis i) summarizes direct links between adverse climatic events and migration, ii) maps patterns of climate migration, and iii) explains the variation in outcomes. Using a set of limited dependent variable models, we meta-analyze thus-far the most comprehensive sample of 3,625 estimates from 116 original studies and produce novel insights on climate migration. We find that extremely high temperatures and drying conditions increase migration. We do not find a significant effect of sudden-onset events. Climate migration is most likely to emerge due to contemporaneous events, to originate in rural areas and to take place in middle-income countries, internally, to cities. The likelihood to become trapped in affected areas is higher for women and in low-income countries, particularly in Africa. We uniquely quantify how pitfalls typical for the broader empirical climate impact literature affect climate migration findings. We also find evidence of different publication biases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Zivkovic2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Zivkovic, Velimir},
  title     = {International Rule of Law Through International Investment Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {16},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42218},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422181},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In challenging times for international law, there might be a heightened need for both analysis and prescription. The international rule of law as a connecting thread that goes through the global legal order is a particularly salient topic. By providing a working understanding of the content and contexts of the international rule of law, and by taking the regime of international investment law as a case study, this paper argues that assessing 'rise' or 'decline' motions in this sphere warrants a nuanced approach that should recognise parallel positive and negative developments. Whilst prominent procedural and substantive aspects of international investment law strongly align with the international rule of law requirements, numerous challenges threaten the future existence of the regime and appeal of international rule of law more broadly. At the same time, opportunities exist to adapt the substantive decision-making processes in investor-State disputes so to pursue parallel goals of enhancing rule of law at both international and national levels. Through recognising the specificities of interaction between international and national sphere, arbitrators can further reinvigorate the legitimacy of international rule of law through international investment law - benefitting thus the future of both.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{ZimmermannBoos2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Boos, Felix},
  title     = {Bringing States to Justice for Crimes against Humanity},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42203},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422035},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Draft Art. 15 CCAH attempts to strike a balance between State autonomy and robust judicial supervision. It largely follows Article 22 CERD conditioning the jurisdiction of the ICJ on prior negotiations. Hence, the substance of the clause is interpreted in light of the Court's recent case law, especially Georgia v. Russia. Besides, several issues regarding the scope ratione temporis of the compromissory clause are discussed. The article advances several proposals to further improve the current draft, addressing the missing explicit reference to State responsibility, as well as the relationship between the Court and a possible treaty body, It also proposes to recalibrate the interplay of a requirement of prior negotiations respectively the seizing of a future treaty body on the one hand and provisional measures to be indicated by the Court on the other.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Ziemann2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {You will receive your money next week!},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {56},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56398},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563983},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Against the background of the increasingly discussed "Linguistic Saving Hypothesis" (Chen, 2013), I studied whether the targeted use of a present tense (close tense) and a future tense (distant tense) within the same language have an impact on intertemporal decision-making. In a monetarily incentivized laboratory experiment in Germany, I implemented two different treatments on intertemporal choices. The treatments differed in the tense in which I referred to future rewards. My results show that individuals prefer to a greater extent rewards which are associated with a present tense (close tense). This result is in line with my prediction and the first empirical support for the Linguistic Saving Hypothesis within one language. However, this result holds exclusively for males. Females seem to be unaffected by the linguistic manipulation. I discuss my findings in the context of "gender-as-culture" as well as their potential policy-implications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wiener2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wiener, Antje},
  title     = {Norm(ative) Change in International Relations},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {44},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47607},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476076},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Current contestations of the liberal international order stand in notable contrast with the earlier rise of international law during the post-cold war period. As Krieger and Liese argue, this situation calls for assessment of the type of change that is currently observed, i.e. norm change (Wandel) or a more fundamental transformation of international law - a metamorphosis (Verwandlung)? To address this question, this paper details the bi-focal approach to norms in order to reflect and take account of the complex interrelation between fact-based and value-based conceptions of norms. The paper is organised in three sections. The first section presents three axioms underlying the conceptual framework to study norm(ative) change which are visualised by a triangular operation to analyse this change in relation with practices and norms. The second section recalls three key interests that have guided IR norms research after the return to norms in the late 1980s. They include, first, allocating change in and through practice, second, identifying behavioural change with reference to norm- following, and third, identifying norm(ative) change with reference to discursive practice. The third section presents the two analytical tools of the conceptual frame, namely, the norm-typology and the cycle-grid model. It also indicates how to apply these tools with reference to illustrative case scenarios. The conclusion recalls the key elements of the conceptual framework for research on norm(ative) change in international relations in light of the challenge of establishing sustainable normativity in the global order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {A simulation of segregation in cities and its application for the analysis of rent control},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14177},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Social segregation in cities takes place where different household groups exist and when, according to Schelling, their location choice either minimizes the number of differing households in their neighborhood or maximizes their own group. In this contribution an evolutionary simulation based on a monocentric city model with externalities among households is used to discuss the spatial segregation patterns of four groups. The resulting complex spatial patterns can be shown as graphic animations. They can be applied as initial situation for the analysis of the effects a rent control has on segregation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Spatial patterns of segregation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14153},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Usually, in monocentric city models, the spatial patterns of segregated ethnic groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, whereas in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that empirically wedge-shaped areas predominate. In contrast to Rose-Ackerman.s discussion of the in.uence within a ring-shaped pattern which the aversion which different households in the context of racism have, Yinger showed that, depending on the population mix, a wedge-shaped pattern may arise if it is border length which causes the spatial pattern. In this contribution, a simulation based on a monocentric city model with two or more different household groups is used to derive spatial patterns. Wedge-shaped segregation is shown to be the result of positive externalities among similar households. Differences between households only lead to ring-shaped patterns if the e\iect of a city center on spatial structure dominates neighborhood e\iects. If more than two groups of households are being considered, mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas arise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Optimal spatial patterns of two, three and four segregated household groups in a monocentric city},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14165},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Usually, in monocentric city models the spatial patterns of segregated household groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, while early in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that wedge-shaped areas empirically predominate. This contribution presents a monocentric city model with different household groups generating positive externalities within the groups. At first, border length is founded as a criterion of optimality. Secondly, it is shown that mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas represent multiple equilibria if more than two groups of households are being considered. The welfare optimal segregated pattern depends on the relative purchasing power of different household groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Verlaan2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Verlaan, Stephanie},
  title     = {Male victims of wartime sexual violence: an ignored phenomenon},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412632},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The phenomenon of male-to-male sexual assault undoubtedly occurs, both in domestic and conflict contexts. There is a small but growing discourse supporting the analysis of this phenomenon, however it remains significantly limited and its growth disproportionate to the concerns it warrants. The international law, NGO and State actors are largely responsible for this inhibition, predominately attributable to their intent in preserving the feminist and patriarchal values on which their institutions are founded. The strength with which the feminist discourse has embedded itself into the agendas of relevant actors is obstructing attempts at unbiased analysis of gender-based violence and the development of a discourse dedicated to understanding male sexual assault. It appears to be a prevailing sector-wide perception that females are the only victims of sexual violence and that creating space for a discussion on male-sexual assault will detract worth from the feminist discourse on female sexual assault. This paper discusses the means in which the sectors ignorance towards male sexual assault manifests and the harmful implications of ignoring this phenomenon. The author uses contextual analyses from development, international law, and cultural examples.},
  subject      = {Geschlechterrolle},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{VasquezCarruthers2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Vasquez Carruthers, Juan Francisco},
  title     = {UNHCR and the European refugee crisis},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-410429},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Since 2015, the European Union has struggled to deal with the influx of refugees coming into its territories. The number of institutions involved in designing a competent response approach, com-bined with the unilateral and uncoordinated state reactions, have left unclear where to look for when searching for answers and new alternatives. Can the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) take a leading role in solving this and future crises? After a brief recapitulation of the crisis, an analysis of UNHCR's statue, relationship to international law, and doctrine will put this question to the test while exploring options that are not only available but also feasible in a system where politics trump both legality and morality. If UNHCR is to play an active role in fu-ture refugee policies and become the lead agency it once was, a new daring and innovative approach has to emerge in order to readapt to the power relations that prevail in the twenty-first century.},
  subject      = {V{\"o}lkerrecht},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{UlfsteinZimmermann2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ulfstein, Geir and Zimmermann, Andreas},
  title     = {Certiorari Through the Backdoor?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42205},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422054},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In its Burmych and Others v. Ukraine judgment of October 2017 the European Court of Human Rights has dismissed more than 12.000 applications due to the fact that given that they were not only repetitive in nature, but also mutatis mutandis identical to applications covered by a previous pilot judgment rendered against Ukraine. This raises fundamental issues as to the role of the Court within the human rights protection system established by the ECHR, as well as those concerning the interrelationship between the Court and the Committee of Ministers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Tuebbicke2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan},
  title     = {Entropy Balancing for Continuous Treatments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47895},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-478950},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Interest in evaluating the effects of continuous treatments has been on the rise recently. To facilitate the estimation of causal effects in this setting, the present paper introduces entropy balancing for continuous treatments (EBCT) by extending the original entropy balancing methodology of Hainm{\"u}ller (2012). In order to estimate balancing weights, the proposed approach solves a globally convex constrained optimization problem, allowing for much more computationally efficient implementation compared to other available methods. EBCT weights reliably eradicate Pearson correlations between covariates and the continuous treatment variable. This is the case even when other methods based on the generalized propensity score tend to yield insufficient balance due to strong selection into different treatment intensities. Moreover, the optimization procedure is more successful in avoiding extreme weights attached to a single unit. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations show that treatment effect estimates using EBCT display similar or lower bias and uniformly lower root mean squared error. These properties make EBCT an attractive method for the evaluation of continuous treatments. Software implementation is available for Stata and R.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SpaethGoller2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian and Goller, Daniel},
  title     = {Gender differences in investment reactions to irrelevant information},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {67},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60635},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-606351},
  pages     = {25, 4},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Economic agents often irrationally base their decision-making on irrelevant information. This research analyzes whether men and women react to futile information about past outcomes. For this purpose, we run a laboratory experiment (Study 1) and use field data (Study 2). In both studies, the behavior of men is consistent with falsely assumed negative autocorrelation, often referred to as gambler's fallacy Women's behavior aligns with falsely assumed positive autocorrelation, a notion of the hot hand fallacy. On the aggregate, the two fallacies cancel out. Even when individuals are, on average, rational, the biases in the decision-making of subgroups might cause inefficient outcomes. In a mediation analysis, we find that a) the agents stated perceived probabilities of future outcomes are not blurred by irrelevant information and b) about 40 \% of the observed biases are driven by differences in the perceived attractiveness of available choices caused by the irrelevant information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Spaeth2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian},
  title     = {It's me again… Ask Avoidance and the Dynamics of Charitable Giving},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {38},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52099},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-520991},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Charities typically ask potential donors repeatedly for a donation. These repeated requests might trigger avoidance behavior. Considering that, this paper analyzes the impact of offering an ask avoidance option on charitable giving. In a proposed utility framework, the avoidance option decreases the social pressure to donate. At the same time, it induces feelings of gratitude toward the fundraiser, which may lead to a reciprocal increase in donations. The results of a lab experiment designed to disentangle the two channels show no negative impact of the option to avoid repeated asking on donations. Instead, the full model indicates a positive impact of the reciprocity channel. This finding suggests that it might be beneficial for charities to introduce an ask avoidance option during high-frequency fundraising campaigns.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SondergeldWrohlich2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sondergeld, Virginia and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Women in management and the gender pay gap},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {66},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605813},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee-Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler1999,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Internationaler Handel und r{\"a}umliche M{\"a}rkte},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13567},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Contents - Introduction - Free trade in a spatial market - Tariff policy in a spatial market - Non-tariff barriers to trade in a spatial market - Conclusion},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler1999,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Wohlfahrt und internationaler Handel in einem Modell der r{\"a}umlichen Preistheorie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13590},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Contents - Introduction - Free Trade - Optimal Tariff - Import Quota - Comparison of results},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler2000,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Regional market areas at the EU border},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13647},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Contens - Introduction - Modell with Trade Policy - Some Numerical Results - Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler2012,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Irrwege der Klimapolitik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63668},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt I. Einleitung II. Es gibt kein Normalklima III. Folgen des Klimawandel IV. Folgen der Klimapolitik V. Schlußfolgerungen},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {The Causal Effect of Cycling Infrastructure on Traffic and Accidents},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {48},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55335},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-553359},
  pages     = {56},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper analyzes the effect of new bicycle lanes on traffic volume, congestion, and accidents. Crucially, the new bike lanes replace existing car lanes thereby reducing available space for motorized traffic. In order to obtain causal estimates, I exploit the quasi-random timing and location of the newly built cycle lanes. Using an event study design, a two-way fixed effects model and the synthetic control group method on geo-coded data, I show that the construction of pop-up bike lanes significantly reduced average car speed by 8 to 12 percentage points (p.p.) and up to 16 p.p. in peak traffic hours. In contrast, the results for car volume are modest, while the data does not allow for a conclusive judgment of accidents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Price responses to market entry with and without endogenous product choice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14399},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Textbook wisdom says that competition yields lower prices and higher consumer surplus than monopoly. We show in two versions of a simple location-product differentiation model with and without endogenous choice of products that these two results have to be qualified. In both models, more than half of the reasonable parameter values lead to higher prices with duopoly than with monopoly. If the product characteristics are exogenous to the firms, consumers may even be be better off with monopoly in average.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2005,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Instability in competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14299},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In this paper we show that Puu (2002) does not provide a stable solution to the location game, according to his own definition of stability. If the usual two-stage game is considered, where in the first stage a location is chosen once and forever, and in the second stage prices are determined, the equilibrium proves stable for a sizeable interval of parameters, however. Even though this procedure is most common in analyzing Hotelling's location problem, it is not satisfying because it exhibits an inconsistent informational structure. The search for a better concept of stability is imperative.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2001,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Bargaining structure and regional unemployment insurance},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13747},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {This study examines how the size of trade unions relative to the la- bor force impacts on the desirability of different organizational forms of self-financing unemployment insurance (UI) for workers, firms, and with reference to an efficiency criterion. For this purpose, we respectively nu- merically compare the outcome of a model with a uniform payroll tax to a model where workers pay taxes according to their systematic risk of unemployment. Our results highlight the importance of the bargaining structure for the assessment of a particular UI scheme. Most importantly, it depends on the size of the unions whether efficiency favors a uniform or a differentiated UI scheme.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2001,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Regional unemployment insurance},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13705},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {We examine the effects of regionalising the budget of unemployment insurance (UI) on wages, employment, and on UI parameters, which, for their part, determine the agents' preferences concerning such a reform. A numerical example shows that, under reasonable assumptions, the intuition that the reform would enhance efficiency and improve the economic situation of agents from the low- unemployment region to the disadvantage of agents from the high- unemployment region is not valid in general.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2001,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Endogenous unemployment insurance and regionalisation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13761},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {Our analysis is concerned with the impact of a regionalisation of unemployment insurance (UI) on workers' preferences, on firms' profits, and on effciency. The existence and the extent of UI are endogenously derived by maximising an objective function of the state. Three different types of regionalisation are considered which differ with respect to the area the UI objective function is related to, and with respect to the policy variable used to maximise it. It comes to light that workers are always in favour of central UI, while it depends on the type of regionalisation whether or not firms are better off with regional or with central UI. The same somewhat surprising result applies for efficiency.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Economy vs. history},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14134},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study is to examine in which cases economic forces or historical singularities prevail in the determination of the long-run distribution of firms. We develop a relatively general model of heterogenous firms' location choice in discrete space. The main force towards an agglomerated structure is the reduction of transaction costs for consumers if firms are located closely, whilst competition and transport costs work towards a more disperse structure. We then assess the importance of the initial conditions by simulating and comparing the resulting distribution of firms for identical economic parameters but varying initial settings. If the equilibrium distributions of firms are similar we conclude that economic forces have prevailed, while differences in the resulting distributions indicate that 'history' is more important. The (dis)similarity of distributions of firms is calculated by means of a measure, which exhibits a number of desirable features.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2003,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Imperfect goods and labor markets, and the union wage gap},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13949},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Existing theoretical literature fails to explain the differences between the pay of workers that are covered by union agreements and others who are not. This study aims at closing this gap by a single general- equilibrium approach that integrates a dual labor market and a two- sector product market. Our results suggest that the so­ called 'union wage gap' is largely determined by the degree of centralization of the bargains, and, to a somewhat lesser extent, by the expenditure share of the unionized sector's goods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sanner2003,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Imperfect goods and labor markets, regulation, and spillover effects},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13951},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {(De)regulatory interventions frequently have unintended cross- market effects, which may or may not be desirable. We assess the effects of three policies on aggregate variables, in particular real income, from a theoretical perspective. Our results suggest that instruments acting upon wages have only a weak impact on real income, whereas the distribution of income is affected strongly. In contrast, a policy that enhances product market competition is fostering real income, but also impacts strongly on union wages and the distribution of income.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sandholtz2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sandholtz, Wayne},
  title     = {Resurgent Authoritarianism and the International Rule of Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {38},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43589},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435899},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Modern rule of law and post-war constitutionalism are both anchored in rights-based limitations on state authority. Rule-of-law norms and principles, at both domestic and international levels, are designed to protect the freedom and dignity of the person. Given this "thick" conception of the rule of law, authoritarian practices that remove constraints on domestic political leaders and weaken mechanisms for holding them accountable necessarily erode both domestic and international rule of law. Drawing on political science research on authoritarian politics, this study identifies three core elements of authoritarian political strategies: subordination of the judiciary, suppression of independent news media and freedom of expression, and restrictions on the ability of civil society groups to organize and participate in public life. According to available data, each of these three practices has become increasingly common in recent years. This study offers a composite measure of the core authoritarian practices and uses it to identify the countries that have shown the most marked increases in authoritarianism. The spread and deepening of these authoritarian practices in diverse regimes around the world diminishes international rule of law. The conclusion argues that resurgent authoritarianism degrades international rule of law even if this is defined as the specifically post-Cold War international legal order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Sandholtz2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sandholtz, Wayne},
  title     = {Human Rights Courts and Global Constitutionalism},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {35},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43583},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435831},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {International courts regularly cite each other, in part as a means of building legitimacy. Such international, cross-court use of precedent (or "judicial dialogue") among the regional human rights courts and the Human Rights Committee has an additional purpose and effect: the construction of a rights-based global constitutionalism. Judicial dialogue among the human rights courts is purposeful in that the courts see themselves as embedded in, and contributing to, a global human rights legal system. Cross-citation among the human rights courts advances the construction of rights-based global constitutionalism in that it provides a basic degree of coordination among the regional courts. The jurisprudence of the U.N. Human Rights Committee (HRC), as an authoritative interpreter of core international human rights norms, plays the role of a central focal point for the decentralized coordination of jurisprudence. The network of regional courts and the HRC is building an emergent institutional structure for global rights-based constitutionalism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Roggeband2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Roggeband, Conny},
  title     = {International women's rights},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {26},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42388},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423887},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper explores current contestations of women's rights and the implications thereof for international legislation. While contestation over women's rights is a far from new phenomenon, over the past two decades opposition to gender equality has become better organized at the transnational level, mobilizing a dispersed set of state and non-state actors, and is becoming more successful in halting the progress of women's rights. I argue that the position of oppositional actors vis-{\`a}-vis women rights activism appears to be strengthened by two recent political developments: democratic backsliding and the closure of civic space. Some preliminary findings show how these interrelated developments lead to an erosion of women's rights at the national level. Governments use low key tactics to dismantle institutional and implementation arrangements and sideline women's organisations. Next, I explore the implications of these developments for gender equality norms at the national and international level. The active strategy of counter norming adopted by conservative and religious state and non-state actors, designed to circumvent and also undermine Western norms, is increasingly successful. In addition to this, the threatened position of domestic actors monitoring compliance of international treaties, makes the chances of backsliding on international commitments much higher.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Reilich2011,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Reilich, Julia},
  title     = {Returns to education and smoking},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53883},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Looking at smoking-behavior it can be shown that there are differences concerning the time-preference-rate. Therefore this has an effect on the optimal schooling decision in the way that we appear a lower average human capital level for smokers. According to a higher time-preference-rate additionally we suppose a higher return to education for smokers who go further on education. With our empirical findings we can confirm the presumptions. We use interactions-terms to regress the average rate of return with IV. Therefore we obtain that smokers have a significantly higher average return to education than non-smokers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Rajput2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Rajput, Aniruddha},
  title     = {Protection of Foreign Investment in India and International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42197},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421970},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper narrates the changes in the Indian policy towards foreign investment and analyses them in the backdrop of overall changes in the field of international law and particularly within the framework of the international rule of law. The policy changes that have taken place in India can be categorised into three periods. The first period commences after independence from colonial rule. This period is intriguing. At the international level, India insisted on national treatment for foreign investment and supported the New International Economic Order. Domestically, however, nationalisation was not pursued, and even when pursued, was not applied to foreign investors. This period continued until the 1990s when India faced serious economic problems and this coincided with the high point of the Washington consensus, often seen as the rise of the international rule of law. During this time, national treatment was abandoned and innumerable investment treaties granting liberal protection were entered into. This process ended abruptly after India lost the first investment case. This turn of events comments the third period, where efforts were made towards balancing between investor protection and conserving regulatory freedom. Although this period may appear to be a decline of the international rule of law, a nuanced approach shows that it is rather a rise. India has not withdrawn from the system of investor protection, as has been done by some other States. This period is characterised by extensive and detailed treaties to replace the prior sketchy treaty provisions. This is a move towards a more rule based investment protection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{PetersenKirchner2008,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Petersen, Hans-Georg and Kirchner, Markus},
  title     = {Education return and financing},
  issn      = {1864-1431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-26969},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The paper sheds some light on the education returns in Germany in the post war period. After describing higher education in Germany the current stand of higher education financing within the single states is presented. In six states tuition fees will be introduced in 2007/08 and discussions are going on in even some more. In the second part of the paper an empirical analysis is done using longitudinal data from the German social pension system. The analysis over the whole lifecycle renders results which proof that the higher education advantages are quite remarkable and might be a justification for more intensified financing by tuition fees. But all this has to be embedded into an encompassing strategy of tax and social policy, especially to prevent a strengthened process of social selection, which would be counterproductive for an increased and highly qualified human capital in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Petersen2007,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Petersen, Hans-Georg},
  title     = {UWM/UP joint study program: experience, problems, and future perspectives},
  issn      = {1864-1431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16147},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The paper describes the exchange program in between the University of Wisconsin/ Milwaukee and the University of Potsdam in the field of economics. It discusses in detail the development of the program, including the problems and challenges. Additionally a brief description of the curriculum is presented. Then the future possibilities of the Transatlantic Degree Program (TDP) are discussed and the influences and problems of the Bologna process analysed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Petersen2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Petersen, Hans-Georg},
  title     = {Systematic change instead of curing symptoms},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {45},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9004},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Contents: Actors, Markets and Interest Groups in Health Services Private and Social Health Insurance in a Simple Model Misallocation and Malpractice in Social Health Care and Insurances -The UK Health Care System -The German Social Health Insurance System -Current Discussions: Intertemporal Perspective and Fundamental Change Interplay of Public and Private Health Insurance: Lessons for Countries in Transition Summary: The Necessary Steps to a Fundamental Reform},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Pellet2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Pellet, Alain},
  title     = {Values and Power Relations - The "Disillusionment" of International Law?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {34},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435819},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper - which is based on the Thomas Franck Lecture held by the author at Humboldt University Berlin on 13 May 2019 - argues that the most likely development of international to be expected will be the coexistence of two "legal worlds". On the one hand, an inter-State law brutally regulating political relations between human groups whitewashed by nationalism; on the other hand, a transnational or "a-national" law regulating economic relations between private as well as public interests. Further, the paper argues that there are two obvious victims - of very different nature - of this foreseeable evolution: the human being on the one hand, the certainty and effectiveness of the rule of law itself on the other hand.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Palchetti2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Palchetti, Paolo},
  title     = {International Law and National Perspective in a Time of Globalization},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {20},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42281},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422818},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The present study aims at identifying the main trends in Italian international legal scholarship from 1990 onward. After a brief appraisal of the current situation within the Italian community of international law scholars, it will first focus on the methods and fields of interest of the most recent scholarship. Then, an attempt at contextualization will be made, by offering a brief overview of some current trends in international legal scholarship outside Italy and comparing these trends with the recent developments in Italian scholarship. In conclusion, it will be argued that, despite the greater fluidity of national identities, the persistence of common features still appears to characterize the Italian scholarship of international law. A long, deeply rooted and culturally rich tradition of studies in international law, the use of the Italian language, the dimension of the community as well as the presence of lively scientific institutions, are factors that, taken together, appear to favor a phenomenon of reproduction and perpetuation of certain common patterns of thought, thereby preserving the existence of a national perspective.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Obst2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Obst, Cosima},
  title     = {Job Satisfaction and Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {47},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54912},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549124},
  pages     = {46},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Job satisfaction has been found to impact behavioral choices at the workplace. Since levels of satisfaction are not guaranteed to remain high, understanding the consequences of job dissatisfaction is essential. Hence, I analyze the relationship between a worker's job satisfaction and her training investments. Based on my theoretical model, I expect a U-shaped relationship if dissatisfied workers attempt to improve the situation or plan to quit. In contrast, there is an overall positive relationship if dissatisfied workers neglect their duties. Using logit regressions with the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey I find tentative evidence that there is on average an overall positive relationship with a 1 standard deviation increase in job satisfaction being associated with a 1.5\% increased likelihood of participating in training. A closer inspection of the reasons for training as well as quit intentions reveals some hints of a U-shaped relationship. My results highlight the importance of considering the source of dissatisfaction as there are heterogeneous effects along different job satisfaction facets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Nolte2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Nolte, Georg},
  title     = {How to Identify Customary International Law? - On the Final Outcome of the Work of the International Law Commission (2018)},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {37},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435884},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {How to identify customary international law is an important question of international law. The International Law Commission has in 2018 adopted a set of sixteen conclusions, together with commentaries, on this topic. The paper consists of three parts: First, the reasons are discussed why the Commission came to work on the topic "Identification of customary international law". Then, some of its conclusions are highlighted. Finally, the outcome of the work of the Commission is placed in a general context, before concluding.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Nolte2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Nolte, Georg},
  title     = {The International Law Commission and Community Interests},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42187},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421875},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The paper looks at community interests in international law from the perspective of the International Law Commission. As the topics of the Commission are diverse, the outcome of its work is often seen as providing a sense of direction regarding general aspects of international law. After defining what he understands by "community interests", the author looks at both secondary and primary rules of international law, as they have been articulated by the Commission, as well as their relevance for the recognition and implementation of community interests. The picture which emerges only partly fits the widespread narrative of "from self-interest to community interest". Whereas the Commission has recognized, or developed, certain primary rules which more fully articulate community interests, it has been reluctant to reformulate secondary rules of international law, with the exception of jus cogens. The Commission has more recently rather insisted that the traditional State-consent-oriented secondary rules concerning the formation of customary international law and regarding the interpretation of treaties continue to be valid in the face of other actors and forms of action which push towards the recognition of more and thicker community interests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Neugebauer2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Neugebauer, Konrad},
  title     = {Holding Domestic Judges Accountable under International Criminal Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {36},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43587},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435877},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This article explores, whether domestic judges might be held accountable under international criminal law (ICL). To date, international criminal justice has almost entirely focused on prosecuting political or military leaders. The Justice Case tried before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in 1946 marks the most prominent exception. Prior to it, the judiciary - otherwise considered the epitome of justice - had mutated into a murderous machinery under Nazi rule. Judicial decisions do have far-reaching implications possibly constituting or contributing to international crimes. This holds true in a wide range of cases, for instance on practices of warfare and torture, on the use of certain weapon technologies, or on policies relating to minorities or racial segregation. I argue that domestic judges are accountable when engaging in international crimes. The article delves into technical aspects of criminal law; as well as the notions of judicial independence and immunity. While guaranteeing the rule of law, these two notions challenge the core idea of ICL: its equal application vis-{\`a}-vis all perpetrators of international crimes irrespective of official capacity. In order to differentiate due judicial conduct and its abuse in violation of ICL, I suggest a threshold a judicial act needs to exceed for entailing accountability for an international crime.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Nastasa2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Nastasa, Ruxandra},
  title     = {Germany and the EU's pursuit of gender equality in peace and security},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {16},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-62850},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-628501},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPSA) is an international framework addressing the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and girls and promoting their meaningful participation in peacebuilding efforts. The Security Council called on Member States to develop National Action Plans (NAPs) to operationalize the four pillars of the Agenda. This study looks at the relevant steps undertaken by both Germany and the European Union. The author calls for improvements on either level and makes four recommendations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MuellerWrohlich2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Kai-Uwe and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Does subsidized care for toddlers increase maternal labor supply?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42772},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427727},
  pages     = {50},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Expanding public or publicly subsidized childcare has been a top social policy priority in many industrialized countries. It is supposed to increase fertility, promote children's development and enhance mothers' labor market attachment. In this paper, we analyze the causal effect of one of the largest expansions of subsidized childcare for children up to three years among industrialized countries on the employment of mothers in Germany. Identification is based on spatial and temporal variation in the expansion of publicly subsidized childcare triggered by two comprehensive childcare policy reforms. The empirical analysis is based on the German Microcensus that is matched to county level data on childcare availability. Based on our preferred specification which includes time and county fixed effects we find that an increase in childcare slots by one percentage point increases mothers' labor market participation rate by 0.2 percentage points. The overall increase in employment is explained by the rise in part-time employment with relatively long hours (20-35 hours per week). We do not find a change in full-time employment or lower part-time employment that is causally related to the childcare expansion. The effect is almost entirely driven by mothers with medium-level qualifications. Mothers with low education levels do not profit from this reform calling for a stronger policy focus on particularly disadvantaged groups in coming years.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MuellerNeumannWrohlich2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Kai-Uwe and Neumann, Michael and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Labor supply under participation and hours constraints},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42765},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427656},
  pages     = {50},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical frame- work to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Mena2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Mena, Wogene Berhanu},
  title     = {Civilizational hexagon as a pathway to conflict management},
  series = {State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51669},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516695},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This paper examines the attempts of implement-ing components of the concept called Civiliza-tional Hexagon as a pathway to civilizing conflict in the Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-Cold War period. Despite significant decline in the violent conflict and substantial progress socio-economic aspects in the period, most states in the region have been facing challenges in their way to civilize conflict related to absence of inclusive political system, weak state unable to monopolize the use of violence in its territory, and social injustice. On the other hand, states like Botswana and Mauritius managed to civilize conflict through significant improvement in democratic consolidation. Besides their relative success in implementing six elements, these states enabled to integrate traditional institutions with modern state apparatus that helped them to fill the gap created as result of exogenous state formation process and the resulting unfinished nation-building project. Additionally, traditional institutions contributed to managing diversity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{McLachlan2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {McLachlan, Campbell A},
  title     = {Populism, the Pandemic \& Prospects for International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {45},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-48347},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-483479},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Populism has fatally weakened the world's ability to respond to COVID-19, by undermining the capacity of the structures and mechanisms of international law to address the pandemic. The pandemic has exposed as a fallacy a key tenet of populism - to protect the 'people' of a nation from external forces, including international law. In fact international law, through the principle of self-determination, enshrines the ability of peoples to determine their own political organization. But this does not preclude agreement at the international level on matters of common interest to humanity as a whole that require community action. The prevention of infectious disease is just such a case, which states have long agreed could not remain solely the preserve of national polities, but requires a common international response. This paper, placing the current crisis in light of the development of international health law, critically examines the response of key populist governments to COVID-19 in order to address the larger issue of the implications of populism for the fate of international law.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{McLachlan2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {McLachlan, Campbell},
  title     = {The Double-facing Foreign Relations Function of the Executive and Its Self-enforcing Obligation to Comply with International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {30},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42908},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429088},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {How does the international Rule of Law apply to constrain the conduct of the Executive within a constitutional State that adopts a dualist approach to the reception of international law? This paper argues that, so far from being inconsistent with the concept of the Rule of Law, the Executive within a dualist constitution has a self-enforcing obligation to abide by the obligations of the State under international law. This is not dependent on Parliament's incorporation of treaty obligations into domestic law. It is the correlative consequence of the allocation to the Executive of the power to conduct foreign relations. The paper develops this argument in response to recent debate in the United Kingdom on whether Ministers have an obligation to comply with international law-a reference that the Government removed from the Ministerial Code. It shows that such an obligation is consistent with both four centuries of the practice of the British State and with principle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{McLachlan2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {McLachlan, Campbell},
  title     = {The assault on international adjudication and the limits of withdrawal},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {28},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42685},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426855},
  pages     = {38},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {International adjudication is currently under assault, encouraging a number of States to withdraw, or to consider withdrawing, from treaties providing for international dispute settlement. This Working Paper argues that the act of treaty withdrawal is not merely as the unilateral executive exercise of the individual sovereign prerogative of a State. International law places checks upon the exercise of withdrawal, recognising that it is an act that of its nature affects the interests of other States parties, which have a collective interest in constraining withdrawal. National courts have a complementary function in restraining unilateral withdrawal in order to support the domestic constitution. The arguments advanced against international adjudication in the name of popular democracy at the national level can serve as a cloak for the exercise of executive power unrestrained by law. The submission by States of their disputes to peaceful settlement through international adjudication is central, not incidental, to the successful operation of the international legal system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MatthewesVentura2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Matthewes, S{\"o}nke Hendrik and Ventura, Guglielmo},
  title     = {On Track to Success?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {58},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56725},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-567253},
  pages     = {70},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Many countries consider expanding vocational curricula in secondary education to boost skills and labour market outcomes among non-university-bound students. However, critics fear this could divert other students from more profitable academic education. We study labour market returns to vocational education in England, where until recently students chose between a vocational track, an academic track and quitting education at age 16. Identification is challenging because self-selection is strong and because students' next-best alternatives are unknown. Against this back- drop, we leverage multiple instrumental variables to estimate margin-specific treatment effects, i.e., causal returns to vocational education for students at the margin with academic education and, separately, for students at the margin with quitting education. Identification comes from variation in distance to the nearest vocational provider conditional on distance to the nearest academic provider (and vice-versa), while controlling for granular student, school and neighbourhood characteristics. The analysis is based on population-wide administrative education data linked to tax records. We find that the vast majority of marginal vocational students are indifferent be- tween vocational and academic education. For them, vocational enrolment substantially decreases earnings at age 30. This earnings penalty grows with age and is due to wages, not employment. However, consistent with comparative advantage, the penalty is smaller for students with higher revealed preferences for the vocational track. For the few students at the margin with no further education, we find merely tentative evidence of increased employment and earnings from vocational enrolment.},
  language  = {en}
}