@techreport{AharonBrillFonsecaetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Aharon, Itzik and Brill, Antonia and Fonseca, Philip and Vandchali, Azin Alizadeh and Wendel, Nina},
  title     = {The Protection of Women Human Rights Defenders and their Collective Actions},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44427},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444278},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This paper evaluates the construction of the rights of human rights defenders within international law and its shortcomings in protecting women. Human rights defenders have historically been defined on the basis of their actions as defenders. However, as Marxist-feminist scholar Silvia Federici contends, women are inherently politicised and, moreover, face obstacles to political action which are invisible to and untouchable by the law. Labour rights set an example of handling such a disadvantaged political position by placing vital importance on workers' right to association and collective action. The paper closes with the suggestion that transposing this construction of rights to women would better protect women as human rights defenders while emphasising their capacity for self-determination in their political actions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmannRzepka2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amann, Erwin and Rzepka, Sylvi},
  title     = {The Effect of Goal-Setting Prompts in a Blended Learning Environment},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {25},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49347},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-493476},
  pages     = {22, vi},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate how inviting students to set task-based goals affects usage of an online learning platform and course performance. We design and implement a randomized field experiment in a large mandatory economics course with blended learning elements. The low-cost treatment induces students to use the online learning system more often, more intensively, and to begin earlier with exam preparation. Treated students perform better in the course than the control group: they are 18.8\% (0.20 SD) more likely to pass the exam and earn 6.7\% (0.19 SD) more points on the exam. There is no evidence that treated students spend significantly more time, rather they tend to shift to more productive learning methods. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that higher treatment effects are associated with higher levels of behavioral bias but also with poor early course behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AmorosoHerrmannKritikos2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Amoroso, Sara and Herrmann, Benedikt and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {The Role of Regulation and Regional Government Quality for High Growth Firms},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {71},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61277},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612771},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {High growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and considered to be precursors of economic growth. We investigate how formal institutions, like product- and labor-market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, affect HGF development across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, OECD, WEF, and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government influence the regional shares of HGFs. More importantly, we find that the effect of labor- and product-market regulations ultimately depends on the quality of regional governments: in regions with high quality of government, the share of HGFs is neither affected by the level of product market regulation, nor by more or less flexibility in hiring and firing practices. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations by showing that regulations are not, per se, "good, bad, and ugly", rather their impact depends on the efficiency of regional governments. Our paper offers important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Andree2010,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andree, Kai},
  title     = {Spatial discrimination, nations' size and transportation costs},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48117},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In this paper we develop a spatial Cournot trade model with two unequally sized countries, using the geographical interpretation of the Hotelling line. We analyze the trade and welfare effects of international trade between these two countries. The welfare analysis indicates that in this framework the large country benefits from free trade and the small country may be hurt by opening to trade. This finding is contrary to the results of Shachmurove and Spiegel (1995) as well as Tharakan and Thisse (2002), who use related models to analyze size effects in international trade, where the small country usually gains from trade and the large country may lose.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Andree2011,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andree, Kai},
  title     = {Collusion in spatially separated markets with quantity competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55927},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This paper develops the incentives to collude in a model with spatially separated markets and quantity setting firms. We find that increases in transportation costs stabilize the collusive agreement. We also show that, the higher the demand in both markets the less likely will collusion be sustained. Gross and Holahan (2003) use a similar model with price setting firms, we compare their results with ours to analyze the impact of the mode of competition on sustainability of collusion. Further we analyze the impact of collusion on social welfare and find that collusion may be welfare enhancing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndreeSchwan2012,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andree, Kai and Schwan, Mike},
  title     = {Collusive market sharing with spatial competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62146},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {This paper develops a spatial model to analyze the stability of a market sharing agreement between two firms. We find that the stability of the cartel depends on the relative market size of each firm. Collusion is not attractive for firms with a small home market, but the incentive for collusion increases when the firm's home market is getting larger relative to the home market of the competitor. The highest stability of a cartel and additionally the highest social welfare is found when regions are symmetric. Further we can show that a monetary transfer can stabilize the market sharing agreement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Andres2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian},
  title     = {Equilibrium selection in infinitely repeated games with communication},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {75},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63180},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-631800},
  pages     = {38},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The present paper proposes a novel approach for equilibrium selection in the infinitely repeated prisoner's dilemma where players can communicate before choosing their strategies. This approach yields a critical discount factor that makes different predictions for cooperation than the usually considered sub-game perfect or risk dominance critical discount factors. In laboratory experiments, we find that our factor is useful for predicting cooperation. For payoff changes where the usually considered factors and our factor make different predictions, the observed cooperation is consistent with the predictions based on our factor.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttel2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa},
  title     = {Communicating Cartel Intentions},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {77},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63846},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-638469},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {While the economic harm of cartels is caused by their price-increasing effect, sanctioning by courts rather targets at the underlying process of firms reaching a price-fixing agreement. This paper provides experimental evidence on the question whether such sanctioning meets the economic target, i.e., whether evidence of a collusive meeting of the firms and of the content of their communication reliably predicts subsequent prices. We find that already the mere mutual agreement to meet predicts a strong increase in prices. Conversely, express distancing from communication completely nullifies its otherwise price-increasing effect. Using machine learning, we show that communication only increases prices if it is very explicit about how the cartel plans to behave.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {The Leniency Rule Revisited: Experiments on Cartel Formation with Open Communication},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {24},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49169},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-491696},
  pages     = {62},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The experimental literature on antitrust enforcement provides robust evidence that communication plays an important role for the formation and stability of cartels. We extend these studies through a design that distinguishes between innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant in the role of the competition authority, who is properly incentivized to judge communication content and price setting behavior of the firms. Using this novel design, we revisit the question whether a leniency rule successfully destabilizes cartels. In contrast to existing experimental studies, we find that a leniency rule does not affect cartelization. We discuss potential explanations for this contrasting result.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {Choosing between explicit cartel formation and tacit collusion - An experiment},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {19},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47388},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473885},
  pages     = {55},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Numerous studies investigate which sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation but little is known as to how these sanctions work. We contribute to understanding the inner workings of cartels by studying experimentally the effect of sanctioning institutions on firms' communication. Using machine learning to organize the chat communication into topics, we find that firms are significantly less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing when sanctioning institutions are present. At the same time, average prices are lower when communication is less explicit. A mediation analysis suggests that sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but also by reducing the prevalence of explicit price communication.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56223},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562234},
  pages     = {67},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free-form chat communication among firms in a laboratory experiment, we identify typical communication patterns for both explicit cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing and more likely to use indirect messages when sanctioning institutions are present. This effect of sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach and sustain without an explicit agreement. Indirect messages have no, or even a negative, effect on prices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Arajaervi2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Araj{\"a}rvi, Noora},
  title     = {The Requisite Rigour in the Identification of Customary International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42074},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420742},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Over the last few decades, the methodology for the identification of customary international law (CIL) has been changing. Both elements of CIL - practice and opinio juris - have assumed novel and broader forms, as noted in the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). This paper discusses these Reports and the draft conclusions, and reaction by States in the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), highlighting the areas of consensus and contestation. This ties to the analysis of the main doctrinal positions, with special attention being given to the two elements of CIL, and the role of the UNGA resolutions. The underlying motivation is to assess the real or perceived crisis of CIL, and the author develops the broader argument maintaining that in order to retain unity within international law, the internal limits of CIL must be carefully asserted.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Arajaervi2017,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Araj{\"a}rvi, Noora},
  title     = {The Rule of Law in the 2030 Agenda},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42190},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421906},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The rule of law is the cornerstone of the international legal system. This paper shows, through analysis of intergovernmental instruments, statements made by representatives of States, and negotiation records, that the rule of law at the United Nations has become increasingly contested in the past years. More precisely, the argument builds on the process of integrating the notion of the rule of law into the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in September 2015 in the document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The main sections set out the background of the rule of law debate at the UN, the elements of the rule of law at the goal- and target-levels in the 2030 Agenda - especially in the SDG 16 -, and evaluate whether the rule of law in this context may be viewed as a normative and universal foundation of international law. The paper concludes, with reflections drawn from the process leading up to the 2030 Agenda and the final outcome document that the rule of law - or at least strong and precise formulations of the concept - may be in decline in institutional and normative settings. This can be perceived as symptomatic of a broader crisis of the international legal order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AudretschHafensteinKritikosetal.2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Audretsch, David B. and Hafenstein, Marian and Kritikos, Alexander and Schiersch, Alexander},
  title     = {Firm Size and Innovation in the Service Sector},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42767},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427670},
  pages     = {46},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A rich literature links knowledge inputs with innovative outputs. However, most of what is known is restricted to manufacturing. This paper analyzes whether the three aspects involving innovative activity - R\&D; innovative output; and productivity - hold for knowledge intensive services. Combining the models of Crepon et al. (1998) and of Ackerberg et al. (2015), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor productivity. Moreover, the firm size advantage found for manufacturing in previous studies nearly disappears for knowledge intensive services.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Baade2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Baade, Bj{\"o}rnstjern},
  title     = {Fake News and International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {18},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422383},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In light of current efforts at addressing the dangers of fake news, this article will revisit the international law relevant to the phenomenon, in particular the prohibition of intervention, the 1936 International Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace, and the 1953 Convention on the International Right of Correction. It will be argued that important lessons can be learned from the League of Nations' (LON) efforts in the interwar period and the UN's activities in the immediate post-WWII era, while taking into account the new challenges that arise from modern communication technology. Taking up the LON's and UN's distinction between false and distorted news, the international legal framework will be tested, in particular, against the coverage of the 2016 'Lisa case' by Russian Government-funded media. This coverage is widely considered to be fake news aimed at destabilizing Germany's society and institutions. The article argues that false news can be subject to repressive regulation in a sensible manner. Distorted news, however, will have to be tolerated legally, since prohibitions in this regard would be too prone to abuse. A free and pluralist media, complemented by an appropriate governmental information policy, remains the best answer to fake news in all its forms. Due diligence obligations to fact-check, transparency, and remedies that are effective despite difficulties in attribution, and despite a lack of universal acceptance, could likewise be conducive.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BacheletKalkuhlKoch2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bachelet, Marion and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Koch, Nicolas},
  title     = {What if working from home will stick?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {41},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532384},
  pages     = {28},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The COVID-19 pandemic created the largest experiment in working from home. We study how persistent telework may change energy and transport consumption and costs in Germany to assess the distributional and environmental implications when working from home will stick. Based on data from the German Microcensus and available classifications of working-from-home feasibility for different occupations, we calculate the change in energy consumption and travel to work when 15\% of employees work full time from home. Our findings suggest that telework translates into an annual increase in heating energy expenditure of 110 euros per worker and a decrease in transport expenditure of 840 euros per worker. All income groups would gain from telework but high-income workers gain twice as much as low-income workers. The value of time saving is between 1.3 and 6 times greater than the savings from reduced travel costs and almost 9 times higher for high-income workers than low-income workers. The direct effects on CO₂ emissions due to reduced car commuting amount to 4.5 millions tons of CO₂, representing around 3 percent of carbon emissions in the transport sector.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BaganzdeTeresaLinggetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Baganz, Melissa and de Teresa, Aurelia G{\´o}mez and Lingg, Rosana T. and Montijo, Yuriditzi Pascacio},
  title     = {A critical assessment on National Action Plans},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {13},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57679},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-576797},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {National Action Plans (NAPs) have been increas-ingly adopted world-wide after the Vienna Dec-laration in 1993, where it was urged to consider the improvement and promotion of Human Rights. In this paper, we discuss their usefulness and success by analysing the challenges present-ed during NAP processes as well as the benefits this set of actions entails: The challenges for their implementation outweigh its actual benefits. Nevertheless, NAPs have great potential. Based on new research, we elaborate a set of recom-mendations for improving the design and imple-mentation of national action planning. In order to effectively bring NAP into practice, we consider it crucial to plan and analyse every state local circumstances in detail. The latter is important, since the implementation of a concrete set of actions is intended to directly transform and improve the local living conditions of the people. In a long-term perspective, we defend the benefit of NAP's implementation for complying obliga-tions set up by HR treaties.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BarkholdtKulaga2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Barkholdt, Janina and Kulaga, Julian},
  title     = {Analytical Presentation of the Comments and Observations by States on Draft Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the ILC Draft Articles on Immunity of State Officials From Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, United Nations General Assembly, Sixth Committee, 2017},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {14},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42212},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422128},
  pages     = {108},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {During its sessions in 2016 and 2017 the UN International Law Commission (ILC) debated the question whether the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is subject to exceptions for international crimes and provisionally adopted a Draft Article 7 on immunity ratione materiae. The following analytical presentation classifies and documents the reactions of States to draft article 7, paragraph 1, as they have been expressed in the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the General Assembly in 2017.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BarkholdtReiners2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Barkholdt, Janina and Reiners, Nina},
  title     = {Pronouncements of Expert Treaty Bodies},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {40},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475886},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {While some pronouncements of expert treaty bodies have been considered 'key catalysts' for the development of international human rights law, others are only selectively referred to in legal practice. This article argues that the varying normative impact is due to the informal character of pronouncements. In the absence of treaty provisions specifying their legal effect, practitioners tend to rely on different factors and arguments when either drawing on or rejecting certain pronouncements. Scholars in turn face difficulties when trying to identify explanatory patterns within this diverging practice as the informal character confronts both international lawyers and international relations scholars with their respective methodological 'blind spots'. In light of these intradisciplinary challenges, this article explores the extent as to which an interdisciplinary approach helps to assess the reasons for the varying impact of pronouncements. After analysing the factors determining their legal significance on the basis of State practice and the academic debate, this article identifies the drafting process as a factor which promises to be particularly insightful when explored from an interdisciplinary perspective and sketches out a framework for future research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Becker2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Becker, Ralf E.},
  title     = {Revisiting public investment},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9025},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The consumption equivalence method is the theoretical basis of public cost-benefit analysis. Consumption equivalence public capital prices are explicitly introduces in order to sufficiently care for the opportunity cost of public expenditure. This can solve the dispute about the social rate of discount within public cost-benefit analysis witch was generated on a criterion looking similar to the capital value formula, known as Lind's approach. The social rate of discount is liberated from opportunity costs considerations and the discounting away of the effects for future welfare vanishes. The corresponding question whether one should accept a positive value of the pure rate of social time preference is an old issue. Its current state between the prescriptive and descriptive view can also be interpreted as a consequence of the oversimplification of standard cost- benefit analysis. But apart from an economic self-process the pure rate of social time preference is also defined as a business-as-usual value of social distance discounting. Hence, a political choice has to be made about this rate which is free in principal.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Becker2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Becker, Ralf E.},
  title     = {General classification of social choice situations},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {46},
  issn      = {0948-7549},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9012},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {An exhaustive and disjoint decomposition of social choice situations is derived in a general set theoretical framework using the new tools of the Lifted Pareto relation on the power set of social states representing a pre-choice comparison of choice option sets. The main result is the classification of social choice situations which include three types of social choice problems. First, we usually observe the common incompleteness of the Pareto relation. Second, a kind of non-compactness problem of a choice set of social states can be generated. Finally, both can be combined. The first problem root can be regarded as natural everyday dilemma of social choice theory whereas the second may probably be much more due to modeling technique implications. The distinction is enabled at a very general set theoretical level. Hence, the derived classification of social choice situations is applicable on almost every relevant economic model.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Berman2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Berman, Franklin},
  title     = {Authority in International Law},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {22},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42284},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422843},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The author discusses the question of authority when determining the content of an international legal rule. Taking Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute as a point of departure, he determines through meticolous analysis what ranks as judicial decisions as well as teachings within the meaning of the norm. The author then proceeds to a number of factors to determine authoritativeness: objectivity, knowledgeability, depth of analysis, and the presence or otherwise of reasoning and, in particular, the persuasiveness of an opinion. In the case of judicial pronouncements, the author points out that the paradox between Article 59 and Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute is only an apparent one. While judgments of the Court are binding only between the parties, it is merely the underlying reasoning that can be taken into account in the context of Article 38(1)(d) if considered persuasive. Without central authority, authoritativenes in international law must always be earned which is also the reason for the lack of an hierarchical order between as well as within judicial pronouncements and learned writings though the former are usually more likely to fulfil the criteria of authoritativeness. In both cases, however, previously acquired reputation of a court or even an individual judge as well as of a learned writer can create a presumption of authoritativeness. On a more general level, the author concludes with a call for a more careful differentiation between the determination of law and its application. Putting the issue discussed into perspective, the author argues that situations of law determination arise, contrary to common understanding, in fact far less often than situations of law application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlanzEydamHeinemannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blanz, Alkis and Eydam, Ulrich and Heinemann, Maik and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Optimal carbon pricing with fluctuating energy prices — emission targeting vs. price targeting},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {51},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56104},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561049},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Prices of primary energy commodities display marked fluctuations over time. Market-based climate policy instruments (e.g., emissions pricing) create incentives to reduce energy consumption by increasing the user cost of fossil energy. This raises the question of whether climate policy should respond to fluctuations in fossil energy prices? We study this question within an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model calibrated on the German economy. Our results indicate that the welfare implications of dynamic emissions pricing crucially depend on how the revenues are used. When revenues are fully absorbed, a reduction in emissions prices stabilizes the economy in response to energy price shocks. However, when revenues are at least partially recycled, a stable emissions price improves overall welfare. This result is robust to different modeling assumptions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlanzEydamHeinemannetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blanz, Alkis and Eydam, Ulrich and Heinemann, Maik and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Moretti, Nikolaj},
  title     = {Fiscal Policy and Energy Price Shocks},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {70},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-61276},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612763},
  pages     = {33},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The effects of energy price increases are heterogeneous between households and firms. Financially constrained poorer households, who spend a larger relative share of their income on energy, are particularly affected. In this analysis, we examine the macroeconomic and welfare effects of energy price shocks in the presence of credit-constrained households that have subsistence-level energy demand. Within a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model calibrated for the German economy, we compare the performance of different policy measures (transfers and energy subsidies) and different financing schemes (income tax vs. debt). Our results show that credit-constrained households prefer debt over tax financing regardless of the compensation measure due to their difficulty to smooth consumption. On the contrary, rich households tend to prefer tax-financed measures as they increase the labor supply of poor households. From an aggregate perspective, tax-financed measures targeting firms effectively cushion aggregate output losses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlienSanner2006,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blien, Uwe and Sanner, Helge},
  title     = {Structural change and regional employment dynamics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14425},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A casual look at regional unemployment rates reveals that there are vast differences, which cannot be explained by different institutional settings. Our paper attempts to trace these differences in the labor market performance back to the regions' specialization in products that are more or less advanced in their product cycle. The model we develop shows how individual profit and utility maximization endogenously yields higher employment levels in the beginning. In later phases, however, employment decreases in the presence of process innovation. Our model suggests that the only way to escape from this vicious circle is to specialize in products that are at the beginning of their "economic life". The model is based on an interaction of demand and supply side forces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlockKritikosPriemetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Block, J{\"o}rn and Kritikos, Alexander and Priem, Maximilian and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {Emergency-Aid for Self-employed in the Covid-19 Pandemic},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {55},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56268},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562688},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The self-employed faced strong income losses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many governments introduced programs to financially support the self-employed during the pandemic, including Germany. The German Ministry for Economic Affairs announced a €50bn emergency-aid program in March 2020, offering one-off lump-sum payments of up to €15,000 to those facing substantial revenue declines. By reassuring the self- employed that the government 'would not let them down' during the crisis, the program had also the important aim of motivating the self-employed to get through the crisis. We investigate whether the program affected the confidence of the self-employed to survive the crisis using real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations. We employ propensity score matching, making use of a rich set of variables that influence the subjective survival probability as main outcome measure. We observe that this program had significant effects, with the subjective survival probability of the self- employed being moderately increased. We reveal important effect heterogeneities with respect to education, industries, and speed of payment. Notably, positive effects only occur among those self-employed whose application was processed quickly. This suggests stress-induced waiting costs due to the uncertainty associated with the administrative processing and the overall pandemic situation. Our findings have policy implications for the design of support programs, while also contributing to the literature on the instruments and effects of entrepreneurship policy interventions in crisis situations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckGohl2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Gohl, Niklas},
  title     = {Gentrification and Affordable Housing Policies},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {39},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52930},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-529300},
  pages     = {51},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We use a quantitative spatial equilibrium model to evaluate the distributional and welfare impacts of a recent temporary rent control policy in Berlin, Germany. We calibrate the model to key features of Berlin's housing market, in particular the recent gentrification of inner city locations. As expected, gentrification benefits rich homeowners, while poor renter households lose. Our counterfactual analysis mimicks the rent control policy. We find that this policy reduces welfare for rich and poor households and in fact, the percentage change in welfare is largest for the poorest households. We also study alternative affordable housing policies such as subsidies and re-zoning policies, which are better suited to address the adverse consequences of gentrification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckMulder2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Mulder, Peter},
  title     = {Energy policies and pollution in two developing country cities},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {78},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63847},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-638472},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckOshiroSatō2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Oshiro, Jun and Satō, Yasuhiro},
  title     = {Property tax competition},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562228},
  pages     = {71},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We develop a model of property taxation and characterize equilibria under three alternative taxa-tion regimes often used in the public finance literature: decentralized taxation, centralized taxation, and "rent seeking" regimes. We show that decentralized taxation results in inefficiently high tax rates, whereas centralized taxation yields a common optimal tax rate, and tax rates in the rent-seeking regime can be either inefficiently high or low. We quantify the effects of switching from the observed tax system to the three regimes for Japan and Germany. The decentralized or rent-seeking regime best describes the Japanese tax system, whereas the centralized regime does so for Germany. We also quantify the welfare effects of regime changes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Population density and urban air quality},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42771},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427719},
  pages     = {53},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Our preferred estimates imply that a one-standard deviation increase in population density increases air pollution by 3-12\%.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Urban pollution},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {60},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572049},
  pages     = {48},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pollution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36\% and NO2 exposure up to 53\% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Braun2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Braun, Harald},
  title     = {Berlin - New York},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42198},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421984},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Beginning in January 2019, the new German government will face a particular new responsibility for world affairs: provided the elections in June 2018 lead to the desired result, Germany will be an elected member of the UN Security Council for two years from January 2019 until December 2020. However, Germany has been a respected and highly relevant member of the United Nations not only during its terms on the Security Council but also in "normal" times. The present article attempts to shed light on a few aspects of Germany's role in the UN during Merkel's chancellorship with an emphasis on her third term (2014-2017), such as the cooperative relationship between Germany and the UN Secretary-General in important policy fields, Germany's financial contributions to the UN, the impact of Germany's EU membership on its UN membership and the country's efforts with regard to the reform of the Security Council. The paper further provides context for Germany's abstention in the vote on Security Council Resolution 1973 on Libya in 2011. It concludes by ascertaining that Germany with its approach of active multilateralism has taken its place as one of the leading nations in Europe and is ready to take on responsibility with its partners to achieve a peaceful and stable world order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Brenner2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Brenner, Andri},
  title     = {The Social Power of Spillover Effects},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {35},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51109},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-511098},
  pages     = {60},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Economists are worried that the lack of property rights to natural capital goods jeopardizes the sustainability of the economic growth miracle that has existed since industrialization. This article questions their position. A vertical innovation model with a portfolio of technologies for abatement, adaptation, and general (Harrod-neutral) technology reveals that environmental damage spillovers have a comparable effect on research profits as technology spillovers so that the social costs of depleting public natural capital are internalized. As long as there is free access to information and technology, growth is sustainable and the allocation of research efforts among alternative technologies is socially optimal. While there still is a need to address externalities from monopolistic research markets, no environmental policy is necessary. These results suggest that environmental externalities may originate in restricted access to information and technology, demonstrating that (i) information has a similar effect as an environmental tax and (ii) knowledge and technology transfers have an impact comparable to that of subsidies for research in green technology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Bruttel2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena},
  title     = {Is There a Loyalty-Enhancing Effect of Retroactive Price-Reduction Schemes?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42768},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427688},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper presents an experiment on the effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes on buyers' repeated purchase decisions. Such schemes promise buyers a reduced price for all units that are bought in a certain time frame if the total quantity that is purchased passes a given threshold. This study finds a loyalty-enhancing effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes only if the buyers ex-ante expected that entering into the scheme would maximize their monetary gain, but later learn that they should leave the scheme. Furthermore, the effect crucially hinges on the framing of the price reduction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelBulutayCornandetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Bulutay, Muhammed and Cornand, Camille and Heinemann, Frank and Zylbersztejn, Adam},
  title     = {Measuring strategic-uncertainty attitudes},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {54},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56234},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562340},
  pages     = {40},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Strategic uncertainty is the uncertainty that players face with respect to the purposeful behavior of other players in an interactive decision situation. Our paper develops a new method for measuring strategic-uncertainty attitudes and distinguishing them from risk and ambiguity attitudes. We vary the source of uncertainty (whether strategic or not) across conditions in a ceteris paribus manner. We elicit certainty equivalents of participating in two strategic 2x2 games (a stag-hunt and a market-entry game) as well as certainty equivalents of related lotteries that yield the same possible payoffs with exogenously given probabilities (risk) and lotteries with unknown probabilities (ambiguity). We provide a structural model of uncertainty attitudes that allows us to measure a preference for or an aversion against the source of uncertainty, as well as optimism or pessimism regarding the desired outcome. We document systematic attitudes towards strategic uncertainty that vary across contexts. Under strategic complementarity [substitutability], the majority of participants tend to be pessimistic [optimistic] regarding the desired outcome. However, preferences for the source of uncertainty are distributed around zero.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelEisenkopfNithammer2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Eisenkopf, Gerald and Nithammer, Juri},
  title     = {Pre-election communication in public good games with endogenous leaders},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {73},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-62395},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-623952},
  pages     = {28},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Leadership plays an important role for the efficient and fair solution of social dilemmas but the effectiveness of a leader can vary substantially. Two main factors of leadership impact are the ability to induce high contributions by all group members and the (expected) fair use of power. Participants in our experiment decide about contributions to a public good. After all contributions are made, the leader can choose how much of the joint earnings to assign to herself; the remainder is distributed equally among the followers. Using machine learning techniques, we study whether the content of initial open statements by the group members predicts their behavior as a leader and whether groups are able to identify such clues and endogenously appoint a "good" leader to solve the dilemma. We find that leaders who promise fairness are more likely to behave fairly, and that followers appoint as leaders those who write more explicitly about fairness and efficiency. However, in their contribution decision, followers focus on the leader's first-move contribution and place less importance on the content of the leader's statements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelFelgendreherGuethetal.2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Felgendreher, Simon and G{\"u}th, Werner and Hertwig, Ralph},
  title     = {Strategic ignorance in repeated prisoners' dilemma experiments and its effects on the dynamics of voluntary cooperation},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43188},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431881},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Being ignorant of key aspects of a strategic interaction can represent an advantage rather than a handicap. We study one particular context in which ignorance can be beneficial: iterated strategic interactions in which voluntary cooperation may be sustained into the final round if players voluntarily forego knowledge about the time horizon. We experimentally examine this option to remain ignorant about the time horizon in a finitely repeated two-person prisoners' dilemma game. We confirm that pairs without horizon knowledge avoid the drop in cooperation that otherwise occurs toward the end of the game. However, this effect is superposed by cooperation declining more rapidly in pairs without horizon knowledge during the middle phase of the game, especially if players do not know that the other player also wanted to remain ignorant of the time horizon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelGuethHertwigetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and G{\"u}th, Werner and Hertwig, Ralph and Orland, Andreas},
  title     = {Do people harness deliberate ignorance to avoid envy and its detrimental effects?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {17},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44446},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444463},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Envy is an unpleasant emotion. If individuals anticipate that comparing their payoff with the (potentially higher) payoff of others will make them envious, they may want to actively avoid information about other people's payoffs. Given the opportunity to reduce another person's payoff, an individual's envy may trigger behavior that is detrimental to welfare. In this case, if individuals anticipate that they will react in a welfare-reducing way, they may also avoid information about other people's payoffs from the outset. We investigated these two hypotheses using three experiments. We found that 13\% of our potentially envious subjects avoided information when they did not have the opportunity to reduce another participant's payoff. Psychological scales do not explain this behavior. We also found that voluntarily uninformed subjects did neither deduct less of the payoff nor less frequently than subjects who could not avoid the information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelGuethNithammeretal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and G{\"u}th, Werner and Nithammer, Juri and Orland, Andreas},
  title     = {Inefficient Cooperation under Stochastic and Strategic Uncertainty},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {20},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47550},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475500},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Stochastic uncertainty can cause difficult coordination problems that may hinder mutually beneficial cooperation. We propose a mechanism of ex-post voluntary transfers designed to circumvent these coordination problems and ask whether it can do so. To test this, we implement a controlled laboratory experiment based on a repeatedly played Ultimatum Game with a stochastic endowment. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that allowing voluntary transfers does not entail an efficiency increase. We suggest and analyze two main reasons for this finding: First, the stochastic uncertainty forces proposers to accept high strategic uncertainty if they intend to cooperate by claiming a low amount (which many proposers do not). Second, many responders behave only incompletely conditionally cooperative by transferring too little (which hinders cooperation in future periods).},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelNithammerStolley2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Nithammer, Juri and Stolley, Florian},
  title     = {"Thanks in Advance"},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42770},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427706},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of the commonly used phrase "thanks in advance" on compliance with a small request. In a controlled laboratory experiment we ask participants to give a detailed answer to an open question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the phrase "thanks in advance." Our participants react to the treatment by exerting less effort in answering the request even though they perceive the phrase as polite.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelPetrishcheva2024,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Petrishcheva, Vasilisa},
  title     = {Does communication increase the precision of beliefs?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {74},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-62936},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-629367},
  pages     = {1 -- 33},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we study one channel through which communication may facilitate cooperative behavior - belief precision. In a prisoner's dilemma experiment, we show that communication not only makes individuals more optimistic that their partner will cooperate but also increases the precision of this belief, thereby reducing strategic uncertainty. To disentangle the shift in mean beliefs from the increase in precision, we elicit beliefs and precision in a two-stage procedure and in three situations: without communication, before communication, and after communication. We find that the precision of beliefs increases during communication.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelStolleyUtikal2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Stolley, Florian and Utikal, Verena},
  title     = {Getting a Yes},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42763},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427638},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper studies how the request for a favor has to be devised in order to maximize its chance of success. We present results from a mini-dictator game, in which the recipient can send a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter decides. We find that putting effort into the message, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Additionally, we find differences in the behavior of male and female dictators. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictator's power and responsibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Burchardt2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Burchardt, Dana},
  title     = {The Functions of Law and Their Challenges},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {17},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42231},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422318},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper illustrates the functional and conceptual variances of law in different contexts. Whereas legal actors on the international level might normatively aim for law to have a similar effect to that of domestic law, the way in which international and supranational law can fulfil these potential functions is different. Accordingly, this paper argues that an awareness with regard to the particularities and challenges that the potential functions of law encounter in the international and supranational context is needed. Moreover, it suggests an analytical lens to conceptually frame and locate current developments, offering a broader perspective on, or even an element of explication for, the apparent crisis that law is currently facing on the international and supranational scale. After describing the potential functions of law on an abstract scale and grouping them into analytical categories, the paper uses these categories as a lens in order to assess in which way international law can fulfil these potential functions, where priorities regarding certain functions might differ and where some aspects of these functions are challenged when law is made and applied in the international and supranational sphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Burdack2011,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Burdack, Doreen},
  title     = {The economic impact of water restrictions on water-dependent business in South East Queensland, Australia},
  series = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {65},
  issn      = {1864-1431},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55947},
  pages     = {82},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Buser2016,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Buser, Andreas},
  title     = {Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42054},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420541},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Caribbean States organised in CARICOM recently brought forward reparation claims against several European States to compensate slavery and (native) genocides in the Caribbean and even threatened to approach the International Court of Justice. The paper provides for an analysis of the facts behind the CARICOM claim and asks whether the law of state responsibility is able to provide for the demanded compensation. As the intertemporal principle generally prohibits retroactive application of today's international rules, the paper argues that the complete claim must be based on the law of state responsibility governing in the time of the respective conduct. An inquiry into the history of primary (prohibition of slavery and genocide) as well as secondary rules of State responsibility reveals that both sets of rules were underdeveloped or non-existent at the times of slavery and alleged (native) genocides. Therefore, the author concludes that the CARICOM claim is legally flawed but nevertheless worth the attention as it once again exposes imperial and colonial injustices of the past and their legitimization by historical international law and international/natural lawyers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Baeumler2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {B{\"a}umler, Jelena},
  title     = {The WTO's Crisis},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {42},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47601},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476017},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The perception of the WTO is currently one of an organisation in crisis. Yet, appraisal varies regarding its extent and seriousness: Is it merely a rough time or are we standing on the edge of destruction? The article will trace developments inside as well as outside the WTO in order to assess the magnitude of the crisis. It will be argued that while certain developments inside the organisation, when seen in accumulation would already warrant serious attention, only together with developments taking place outside of the WTO, the two strands of developments unfold their full potential for the crisis. The overall situation renders the WTO in a difficult position, as it is currently unable to adapt to these challenges, while keeping calm and carrying on might similarly further the crisis. While States might improve and further develop their trade relations in bi- and plurilateral agreements, it is only the WTO that reflects and stands for the multilateral post (cold) war order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoCobbClarkObstetal.2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Obst, Cosima and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Risk Preferences and Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {23},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-48092},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-480927},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We analyze workers' risk preferences and training investments. Our conceptual framework differentiates between the investment risk and insurance mechanisms underpinning training decisions. Investment risk leads risk-averse workers to train less; they undertake more training if it insures them against future losses. We use the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to demonstrate that risk affinity is associated with more training, implying that, on average, investment risks dominate the insurance benefits of training. Crucially, this relationship is evident only for general training; there is no relationship between risk attitudes and specific training. Thus, as expected, risk preferences matter more when skills are transferable - and workers have a vested interest in training outcomes - than when they are not. Finally, we provide evidence that the insurance benefits of training are concentrated among workers with uncertain employment relationships or limited access to public insurance schemes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoCobbClarkPfeiferetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Pfeifer, Harald and Uhlendorff, Arne and Wehner, Caroline},
  title     = {Managers' Risk Preferences and Firm Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {44},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53843},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-538439},
  pages     = {45},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We provide the first estimates of the impact of managers' risk preferences on their training allocation decisions. Our conceptual framework links managers' risk preferences to firms' training decisions through the bonuses they expect to receive. Risk-averse managers are expected to select workers with low turnover risk and invest in specific rather than general training. Empirical evidence supporting these predictions is provided using a novel vignette study embedded in a nationally representative survey of firm managers. Risk-tolerant and risk-averse decision makers have significantly different training preferences. Risk aversion results in increased sensitivity to turnover risk. Managers who are risk-averse offer significantly less general training and, in some cases, are more reluctant to train workers with a history of job mobility. All managers, irrespective of their risk preferences, are sensitive to the investment risk associated with training, avoiding training that is more costly or targets those with less occupational expertise or nearing retirement. This suggests the risks of training are primarily due to the risk that trained workers will leave the firm (turnover risk) rather than the risk that the benefits of training do not outweigh the costs (investment risk).},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoFossenKritikos2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank M. and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {What Makes an Employer?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43736},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437360},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoGoethnerWeissenberger2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Goethner, Maximilian and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43456},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur's continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures.},
  language  = {en}
}