@misc{Abdollahyan2004, author = {Abdollahyan, Hamid}, title = {The generations gap in contemporary Iran}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47167}, year = {2004}, abstract = {This paper offers a new theoretical framework for studying the problem of generations and social change in contemporary Iran. It offers a model which is called „articulation of cultural modes". The paper agrees with Ronald Inglehart that 'culture' is now playing a more dominant role in the social formation of current societies, as 'technology' once did in the modern era. But it goes one step further by arguing that culture cannot be approached as a holistic concept building on a comprehensive theoretical framework.}, language = {en} } @misc{AlbrechtCummingKreuderetal.1986, author = {Albrecht, O. and Cumming, W. and Kreuder, W. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, Helmut}, title = {Monolayers of rod-shaped and disc-shaped liquid crystalline compounds at the air-water interface}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17124}, year = {1986}, abstract = {Calamitic (rod-shaped) and discotic (disc-shaped) thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) compounds were spread at the air-water interface, and their ability to form monolayers was studied. The calamitic LCs investigated were found to form monolayers which behave analogously to conventional amphiphiles such as fatty acids. The spreading of the discotic LCs produced monolayers as well, but with a behaviour different from classical amphiphiles. The areas occupied per molecule are too small to allow the contact of all hydrophilic groups with the water surface and the packing of all hydrophobic chains. Various molecular arrangements of the discotics at the water surface to fit the spreading data are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{Allefeld2006, author = {Allefeld, Carsten}, title = {About the derivation of the SCA algorithm}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20137}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In Allefeld \& Kurths [2004], we introduced an approach to multivariate phase synchronization analysis in the form of a Synchronization Cluster Analysis (SCA). A statistical model of a synchronization cluster was described, and an abbreviated instruction on how to apply this model to empirical data was given, while an implementation of the corresponding algorithm was (and is) available from the authors. In this letter, the complete details on how the data analysis algorithm is to be derived from the model are filled in.}, language = {en} } @misc{AllefeldFrisch2004, author = {Allefeld, Carsten and Frisch, Stefan}, title = {Phase synchronization analysis of event-related potentials in language processing}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20113}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Phase synchronization analysis, including our recently introduced multivariate approach, is applied to event-related EEG data from an experiment on language processing, following a classic psycholinguistic paradigm. For the two types of experimental manipulation distinct effects in overall synchronization are found; for one of them they can also be localized. The synchronization effects occur earlier than those found by the conventional analysis method, indicating that the new approach provides additional information on the underlying neuronal process.}, language = {en} } @misc{AllefeldFrischSchlesewsky2005, author = {Allefeld, Carsten and Frisch, Stefan and Schlesewsky, Matthias}, title = {Detection of early cognitive processing by event-related phase synchronization analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20126}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In order to investigate the temporal characteristics of cognitive processing, we apply multivariate phase synchronization analysis to event-related potentials. The experimental design combines a semantic incongruity in a sentence context with a physical mismatch (color change). In the ERP average, these result in an N400 component and a P300-like positivity, respectively. The synchronization analysis shows an effect of global desynchronization in the theta band around 288ms after stimulus presentation for the semantic incongruity, while the physical mismatch elicits an increase of global synchronization in the alpha band around 204ms. Both of these effects clearly precede those in the ERP average. Moreover, the delay between synchronization effect and ERP component correlates with the complexity of the cognitive processes.}, language = {en} } @misc{AllefeldKurths2004, author = {Allefeld, Carsten and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Testing for phase synchronization}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20091}, year = {2004}, abstract = {We present different tests for phase synchronization which improve the procedures currently used in the literature. This is accomplished by using a two-samples test setup and by utilizing insights and methods from directional statistics and bootstrap theory. The tests differ in the generality of the situation in which they can be applied as well as in their complexity, including computational cost. A modification of the resampling technique of the bootstrap is introduced, making it possible to fully utilize data from time series.}, language = {en} } @misc{AllefeldKurths2004, author = {Allefeld, Carsten and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {An approach to multivariate phase synchronization analysis and its application to event-related potentials}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20106}, year = {2004}, abstract = {A method for the multivariate analysis of statistical phase synchronization phenomena in empirical data is presented. A first statistical approach is complemented by a stochastic dynamic model, to result in a data analysis algorithm which can in a specific sense be shown to be a generic multivariate statistical phase synchronization analysis. The method is applied to EEG data from a psychological experiment, obtaining results which indicate the relevance of this method in the context of cognitive science as well as in other fields.}, language = {en} } @misc{Altenberger1992, author = {Altenberger, Uwe}, title = {Stress-induced natural transformation of ortho- to clinohypersthene in metagabbros of the Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40778}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Orthopyroxenes of a high temperature protomylonite of the Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy show twin like polysynthetic lamellae parallel to {210} of the hypersthene host. The transformation is caused by plastic deformation under high metamorphic conditions which has resulted in dynamic recrystallization of pyroxene and plagioclase. The lamellae consist of clinohypersthene. The twin plane and the lamellar clino-orthoinversion of hypersthene due to natural deformation have not been described hitherto.}, language = {en} } @misc{AndersenPerterRoepstorff1992, author = {Andersen, Svend Olav and Perter, Martin G. and Roepstorff, Peter}, title = {Cuticle-catalyzed coupling between N-acetylhistidine and N-acetyldopamine}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16762}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Several types of insect cuticle contain enzymes catalyzing the formation ofof adducts between N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and N-acetylhistidine (NAH). Two such adducts, NAH-NADA-I and NAH NADA-II, have been isolated and their structures determined. In one of the adducts the link connecting the two residues occurs between the I-position (ß-position) in the NADA side chain and the 1-N atom (τ-N) in the imidazole ring of histidine. Diphenoloxidase activity alone is not sufficient for formation of this adduct, whereas extracts containing both diphenoloxidase and o-quinone-p-quinone methide isomerase activities catalyze the coupling reaction. The adduct consists of a mixture of two diastereomers and they are presumably formed by spontaneous reaction between enzymatically produced NADA-p-quinone methide and N-acetylhistidine. The other adduct has been identified as a ring addition product of N-acetylhistidine and NADA. In contrast to the former adduct it can be formed by incubation of the two substrates with mushroom tyrosinase alone. An adduct between N-acetylhistidine and the benzodioxan-type NADA-dimer is produced in vitro, when the N-acetylhistidine-NADA adduct is incubated with NADA and locust cuticle containing a 1,2-dehydro-NADA generating enzyme system. Trimeric NADA-polymerization products of the substituted benzodioxan-type have been obtained from in vivo sclerotized locust cuticle, confirming the ability of cuticle to produce NADA-oligomers. The results indicate that some insect cuticles contain enzymes promoting linkage of oxidized NADA to histidine residues. It is suggested that histidine residues in the cuticular proteins can serve as acceptors for oxidized NADA and that further addition of NADA-residues to the phenolic groups of bound NADA can occur, resulting in formation of protein-linked NADA-oligomers. The coupling reactions identified may be an important step in natural cuticular sclerotization.}, language = {en} } @misc{AngeleSlatteryYangetal.2008, author = {Angele, Bernhard and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith}, title = {Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57128}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.}, language = {en} } @misc{AntonKoeberleLaschewsky1993, author = {Anton, Peter and K{\"o}berle, Peter and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Recent developments in the field of micellar polymers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17263}, year = {1993}, abstract = {This article describes recent achievements in the field of micellar polymers, or polysoaps. Taking advantage of zwitterionic model polymers, systematic variations of the molecular architecture have provided an improved understanding of the relationship between the molecular structure of the polymers and their key properties such as surface activity and solubilization capacity. Useful rules are established, which take into account much of the previous data in the literature.}, language = {en} } @misc{AntonLaschewsky1993, author = {Anton, Peter and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Zwitterionic polysoaps with reduced density of surfactant side groups}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17301}, year = {1993}, abstract = {Several zwitterionic polymers were prepared by radical homopolymerization of surfactant monomers which bear diallyl, diene or vinylcyclopropane moieties. These polymer systems were complemented by alternating copolymers of appropriate zwitterionic vinyl compounds. Thus, polymers with reduced (as compared with simple vinylic homopolymers, or statistical copolymers) and well defined density of surfactant side groups are obtained. The solubilities found for these polymers are dominated by polymer geometry rather than by the balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fragments, thus corroborating a main-chain spacer model proposed recently. All water-soluble polymers exhibit characteristic features of classical polysoaps, as shown by surface tension measurements and by solubilization of hydrophobic dyes. In contrast, the water-insoluble copolymers are capable to form stable monolayers at the air-water interface.}, language = {en} } @misc{AntonLaschewsky1994, author = {Anton, Peter and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Solubilization by polysoaps}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17327}, year = {1994}, abstract = {The aqueous solubilization power of several series of micellar homopolymers and copolymers (polysoaps) is investigated. Using five insoluble or poorly water-soluble dyes, comparisons of the capacities are made with respect ot the influence of structural variables such as the polymer backbone, the polymer geometry, the comonomer content, and the charge of the hydrophilic group. Some guidelines for polysoap structures suited for efficient solubilization are established. Noteworthy is that the solubilization capacities of the polysoaps are neither linked to the ability to reduce the surface tension of water, nor to the polarity of the solubilization sites deduced from spectroscopic probes.}, language = {en} } @misc{AntonLaschewsky1991, author = {Anton, Peter and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Polysoaps via alternating olefin/SO2 copolymers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17216}, year = {1991}, abstract = {Contents: Introduction Results and discussion - Monomers studied - Monomer properties - Polymerization, copolymer composition and general properties - Polymer properties in aqueous solution Conclusion Experimental part - Materials - Copolymerization with S02 (typical procedure) - Methods}, language = {en} } @misc{AntonLaschewskyWard1995, author = {Anton, Peter and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ward, M. D.}, title = {Solubilization control by redox-switching of polysoaps}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17336}, year = {1995}, abstract = {Reversible changes in the self-organization of polysoaps may be induced by controlling their charge numbers via covalently bound redox moieties. This is illustrated with two viologen polysoaps, which in response to an electrochemical stimulus, change their solubility and aggregation in water, leading from homogeneously dissolved and aggregated molecules to collapsed ones and vice verse. Using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), it could be shown that the reversibility of this process is better than 95\% in 16 cycles.}, language = {en} } @misc{Archer1999, author = {Archer, Clive}, title = {The EU, security and the Baltic region}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11453}, year = {1999}, abstract = {The end of the cold war division of the Baltic Sea in 1989, and the three Baltic states' return to independence in 1991 created new opportunities for the decision-makers of the area, as well as new possibilities for fashioning security in the region. This article will examine the security debate affecting the Baltic Sea region in the post-cold war period, and in particular, the relevance of the European Union to that debate. The following section will examine various concepts of security relevant to the Baltic region; the third section looks at the EU and the Baltic area; and the last part deals with the implications that EU membership by the Baltic Sea states may have for the security of the Baltic Sea zone.}, language = {en} } @misc{AscherChinPetzoldetal.1994, author = {Ascher, Uri M. and Chin, Hongsheng and Petzold, Linda R. and Reich, Sebastian}, title = {Stabilization of constrained mechanical systems with DAEs and invariant manifolds}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15698}, year = {1994}, abstract = {Many methods have been proposed for the simulation of constrained mechanical systems. The most obvious of these have mild instabilities and drift problems. Consequently, stabilization techniques have been proposed A popular stabilization method is Baumgarte's technique, but the choice of parameters to make it robust has been unclear in practice. Some of the simulation methods that have been proposed and used in computations are reviewed here, from a stability point of view. This involves concepts of differential-algebraic equation (DAE) and ordinary differential equation (ODE) invariants. An explanation of the difficulties that may be encountered using Baumgarte's method is given, and a discussion of why a further quest for better parameter values for this method will always remain frustrating is presented. It is then shown how Baumgarte's method can be improved. An efficient stabilization technique is proposed, which may employ explicit ODE solvers in case of nonstiff or highly oscillatory problems and which relates to coordinate projection methods. Examples of a two-link planar robotic arm and a squeezing mechanism illustrate the effectiveness of this new stabilization method.}, language = {en} } @misc{AscherChinReich1994, author = {Ascher, Uri M. and Chin, Hongsheng and Reich, Sebastian}, title = {Stabilization of DAEs and invariant manifolds}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15625}, year = {1994}, abstract = {Many methods have been proposed for the stabilization of higher index differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Such methods often involve constraint differentiation and problem stabilization, thus obtaining a stabilized index reduction. A popular method is Baumgarte stabilization, but the choice of parameters to make it robust is unclear in practice. Here we explain why the Baumgarte method may run into trouble. We then show how to improve it. We further develop a unifying theory for stabilization methods which includes many of the various techniques proposed in the literature. Our approach is to (i) consider stabilization of ODEs with invariants, (ii) discretize the stabilizing term in a simple way, generally different from the ODE discretization, and (iii) use orthogonal projections whenever possible. The best methods thus obtained are related to methods of coordinate projection. We discuss them and make concrete algorithmic suggestions.}, language = {en} } @misc{BaltesDittmannKohliKliegl1986, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence : replication and extension}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39939}, year = {1986}, abstract = {Fluid intelligence belongs to that cluster of intellectual abilities evincing aging loss. To examine further the range of intellectual reserve available to aging individuals and the question of replicability in a new cultural and laboratory setting, 204 healthy older adults (mean age = 72 years; range = 60-86) participated in a short-term longitudinal training study. For experimental subjects, 10 sessions consisted of cognitive training involving two subability tests (Figural Relations, Induction) of fluid intelligence. The pattern of outcomes replicates and expands on earlier studies. Older adults have the reserve to evince substantial increases in levels of performance in fluid intelligence tests. Transfer of training, however, is narrow in scope. Training also increases accuracy of performance and the ability to solve more difficult test items. Difficulty level was estimated in a separate study, with a comparable sample of N = 112 elderly adults. Future research is suggested to examine whether intellectual reserve extends to near-maximum levels of performance.}, language = {en} } @misc{BaltesKliegl1986, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41116}, year = {1986}, abstract = {Content: - Different Intellectual Abilities Age Differently - Cultural Change and Interindividual Variability in Aging - Cognitive Intervention Research on Plasticity in Old Age * Psychological Evidence * Brain-Physiological Evidence - Age Differences and Testing-the-Limits - Conclusions - Summary}, language = {en} } @misc{BaltesKliegl1992, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40373}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Earlier testing-the-limits research on age differences in cognitive plasticity of a memory skill was extended by 18 additional assessment and training sessions to explore whether older adults were able to catch up with additional practice and improved training conditions. The focus was on the method of loci, which requires mental imagination to encode and retrieve lists of words from memory in serial order. Of the original 37 subjects, 35 (16 young, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age, and 19 older adults, ranging from 66 to 80 years of age) participated in the follow-up study. Older adults showed sizable performance deficits when compared with young adults and tested for limits of reserve capacity. The negative age difference was substantial, resistant to extensive practice, and applied to all subjects studied. The primary origin for this negative age difference may be a loss in the production and use of mental imagination for operations of the mind.}, language = {en} } @misc{BaltesKlieglDittmannKohli1988, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya}, title = {On the locus of training gains in research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence in old age}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40288}, year = {1988}, abstract = {Cognitive training research has shown that many older adults have a substantial reserve capacity in fluid intelligence. Little is known, however, about the locus of plasticity. Two studies were conducted to examine whether training gains in fluid abilities are critically dependent on experimenter-guided training and/or whether older adults can achieve similar improvements by themselves on the basis of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. Several comparisons were made: (a) between test performances after trainer-guided training in ability-specific cognitive skills and after self-guided retest practice (without feedback), (b) between performances under speeded and power conditions of assessment, (c) between performances on easy and difficult items, and (d) between the relative numbers of correct and wrong answers. Results suggest that a large share of the training improvement shown by the elderly can plausibly be explained as the result of the activation and practice of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. The results also have implications for educational practice, pointing to the appropriateness of strategies of self-directed learning for many elderly adults.}, language = {en} } @misc{BaltesSowarkaKliegl1989, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Sowarka, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.}, language = {en} } @misc{BeckHildebrandtLoehmannsroeben2006, author = {Beck, Michael and Hildebrandt, Niko and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd}, title = {Quantum dots as acceptors in FRET-assays containing serum}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9504}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Quantum dots (QDs) are common as luminescing markers for imaging in biological applications because their optical properties seem to be inert against their surrounding solvent. This, together with broad and strong absorption bands and intense, sharp tuneable luminescence bands, makes them interesting candidates for methods utilizing F{\"o}rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), e. g. for sensitive homogeneous fluoroimmunoassays (FIA). In this work we demonstrate energy transfer from Eu3+-trisbipyridin (Eu-TBP) donors to CdSe-ZnS-QD acceptors in solutions with and without serum. The QDs are commercially available CdSe-ZnS core-shell particles emitting at 655 nm (QD655). The FRET system was achieved by the binding of the streptavidin conjugated donors with the biotin conjugated acceptors. After excitation of Eu-TBP and as result of the energy transfer, the luminescence of the QD655 acceptors also showed lengthened decay times like the donors. The energy transfer efficiency, as calculated from the decay times of the bound and the unbound components, amounted to 37\%. The F{\"o}rster-radius, estimated from the absorption and emission bands, was ca. 77 {\AA}. The effective binding ratio, which not only depends on the ratio of binding pairs but also on unspecific binding, was obtained from the donor emission dependent on the concentration. As serum promotes unspecific binding, the overall FRET efficiency of the assay was reduced. We conclude that QDs are good substitutes for acceptors in FRET if combined with slow decay donors like Europium. The investigation of the influence of the serum provides guidance towards improving binding properties of QD assays.}, subject = {Quantenpunkt}, language = {en} } @misc{BiddleRickertLandoetal.1989, author = {Biddle, M. B. and Rickert, S. E. and Lando, J. B. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {The use of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique to obtain ultra-thin polar films}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17185}, year = {1989}, abstract = {The piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of oriented films possessing dipole moments are increasingly being used in pressure, acoustic, thermal and optical devices. The performance of these devices in many applications may be enhanced by thin-film technology.The developing Langmuir-Blodgett thin-film deposition technique offers the opportunity to obtain highly oriented and uniform organic-based films in the 10-5000 nm thickness range. Special techniques must be used, however, to assemble these molecules in such a way as to result in polar multilayer films. Several possible deposition techniques are investigated, with one resulting in a polar and pyroelectric film about 50 nm thick.}, language = {en} } @misc{BielawskiJurišićLenzetal.2006, author = {Bielawski, Martina and Jurišić, J. and Lenz, T. and Maxian Rusche, T. and Nippert, C.}, title = {Via : communis Europa ; Europe's architecture in 2020}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48454}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Forum: EU-Diplomatie im Jahre 2020}, language = {en} } @misc{BillardAnsoborloAppersonetal.2003, author = {Billard, Isabelle and Ansoborlo, Eric and Apperson, Kathleen and Arpigny, Sylvie and Azenha, M. Emilia and Birch, David and Bros, Pascal and Burrows, Hugh D. and Choppin, Gregory and Kumke, Michael Uwe}, title = {Aqueous solutions of Uranium(VI) as studied by time-resolved emission spectroscopy : a Round-Robin Test}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12318}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Results of an inter-laboratory round-robin study of the application of time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) to the speciation of uranium(VI) in aqueous media are presented. The round-robin study involved 13 independent laboratories, using various instrumentation and data analysis methods. Samples were prepared based on appropriate speciation diagrams and, in general, were found to be chemically stable for at least six months. Four different types of aqueous uranyl solutions were studied: (1) acidic medium where UO22+aq is the single emitting species, (2) uranyl in the presence of fluoride ions, (3) uranyl in the presence of sulfate ions, and (4) uranyl in aqueous solutions at different pH, promoting the formation of hydrolyzed species. Results between the laboratories are compared in terms of the number of decay components, luminescence lifetimes, and spectral band positions. The successes and limitations of TRES in uranyl analysis and speciation in aqueous solutions are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{BostonHaleKliegletal.2008, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57139}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The surprisal of a word on a probabilistic grammar constitutes a promising complexity metric for human sentence comprehension difficulty. Using two different grammar types, surprisal is shown to have an effect on fixation durations and regression probabilities in a sample of German readers' eye movements, the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. A linear mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of surprisal while taking into account unigram and bigram frequency, word length, and empirically-derived word predictability; the so-called "early" and "late" measures of processing difficulty both showed an effect of surprisal. Surprisal is also shown to have a small but statistically non-significant effect on empirically-derived predictability itself. This work thus demonstrates the importance of including parsing costs as a predictor of comprehension difficulty in models of reading, and suggests that a simple identification of syntactic parsing costs with early measures and late measures with durations of post-syntactic events may be difficult to uphold.}, language = {en} } @misc{BostonHaleVasishthetal.2011, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John T. and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.}, language = {en} } @misc{BringmannMutanyattaComarMaksimenkaetal.2008, author = {Bringmann, Gerhard and Mutanyatta-Comar, Joan and Maksimenka, Katja and Wanjohi, John M. and Heydenreich, Matthias and Brun, Reto and M{\"u}ller, Werner E. G. and Peter, Martin and Midiwo, Jacob O. and Yenesew, Abiy}, title = {Joziknipholones A and B : the First Dimeric Phenylanthraquinones, from the Roots of Bulbine frutescens}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-42638}, year = {2008}, abstract = {From the roots of the African plant Bulbine frutescens (Asphodelaceae), two unprecedented novel dimeric phenylanthraquinones, named joziknipholones A and B, possessing axial and centrochirality, were isolated, together with six known compounds. Structural elucidation of the new metabolites was achieved by spectroscopic and chiroptical methods, by reductive cleavage of the central bond between the monomeric phenylanthraquinone and -anthrone portions with sodium dithionite, and by quantum chemical CD calculations. Based on the recently revised absolute axial configuration of the parent phenylanthraquinones, knipholone and knipholone anthrone, the new dimers were attributed to possess the P-configuration (i.e., with the acetyl portions below the anthraquinone plane) at both axes in the case of joziknipholone A, whereas in joziknipholone B, the knipholone part was found to be M-configured. Joziknipholones A and B are active against the chloroquine resistant strain K1 of the malaria pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, and show moderate activity against murine leukemic lymphoma L5178y cells.}, language = {en} } @misc{BubeckLaschewskyLupoetal.1991, author = {Bubeck, Christoph and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Lupo, Donald and Neher, Dieter and Ottenbreit, Petra and Paulus, Wolfgang and Prass, Werner and Ringsdorf, Helmut and Wegner, Gerhard}, title = {Amphiphilic dyes for nonlinear optics: Dependence of second harmonic generation on functional group substitution}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17201}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @misc{BuschMeissnerPotthoffetal.2011, author = {Busch, Jan Philip and Meißner, Tobias and Potthoff, Annegret and Oswald, Sascha}, title = {Plating of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) on activated carbon : a fast delivery method of iron for source remediation?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53792}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The use of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) for environmental remediation is a promising new technique for in situ remediation. Due to its high surface area and high reactivity, nZVI is able to dechlorinate organic contaminants and render them harmless. Limited mobility, due to fast aggregation and sedimentation of nZVI, limits the capability for source and plume remediation. Carbo-Iron is a newly developed material consisting of activated carbon particles (d50 = 0,8 µm) that are plated with nZVI particles. These particles combine the mobility of activated carbon and the reactivity of nZVI. This paper presents the first results of the transport experiments.}, language = {en} } @misc{Campbell2004, author = {Campbell, Edwina S.}, title = {Berlin : look to the world!}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46591}, year = {2004}, abstract = {In the spring 2004 issue of WeltTrends, Professor Gunther Hellmann made a „plea for offensive idealism" and „against the power political resocialization of German foreign policy". To a long-time outside observer of that foreign policy, this plea is unsurprising, but depressing. In keeping with Professor Hellmann's own willingness, „notwendige Differenzierungen [zu] vernachl{\"a}ssigen zugunsten einer bewussten Zuspitzung" I will comment on the aspects of his argument that strike an American colleague as particularly disturbing.}, language = {en} } @misc{ChampagnatRoelly2008, author = {Champagnat, Nicolas and Roelly, Sylvie}, title = {Limit theorems for conditioned multitype Dawson-Watanabe processes and Feller diffusions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18610}, year = {2008}, abstract = {A multitype Dawson-Watanabe process is conditioned, in subcritical and critical cases, on non-extinction in the remote future. On every finite time interval, its distribution is absolutely continuous with respect to the law of the unconditioned process. A martingale problem characterization is also given. Several results on the long time behavior of the conditioned mass process - the conditioned multitype Feller branching diffusion - are then proved. The general case is first considered, where the mutation matrix which models the interaction between the types, is irreducible. Several two-type models with decomposable mutation matrices are analyzed too .}, language = {en} } @misc{ChristmannWarlouzet2006, author = {Christmann, Olivia and Warlouzet, Laurent}, title = {Scenarios of "Europe-puissance" : the French foreign policy in Europe by 2020}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48399}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Forum: EU-Diplomatie im Jahre 2020}, language = {en} } @misc{CochinHendlingerLaschewsky1995, author = {Cochin, Didier and Hendlinger, P. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Polysoaps with fluorocarbon hydrophobic chains}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17347}, year = {1995}, abstract = {A series of amphiphilic copolymers is prepared by copolymerization of choline methacrylate with 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate in varying amounts. The copolymers bearing fluorocarbon chains are studied concerning their effects on viscosity, solubilization and surface activity in aqueous solution, exhibiting a general behavior characteristic for polysoaps. The results are compared with the ones obtained for an analogous series of amphiphilic copolymers bearing hydrocarbon chains.}, language = {en} } @misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1995, author = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich}, title = {Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33668}, year = {1995}, abstract = {This study examined relationships among interest, achievement motivation, mathematical ability, the quality of experience when doing mathematics, and mathematics achievement. One hundred eight freshmen and sophomores (41 males, 67 females) completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test. These assessments were followed by 1 week of experience sampling. Mathematics grades were available from the year before the study started, from the same year, and from the following 3 years. In addition, a measure of the students' course level in mathematics was included. The results showed that quality of experience when doing mathematics was mainly related to interest. Grades and course level were most strongly predicted by level of ability. Interest was found to contribute significantly to the prediction of grades for the second year and to the prediction of course level. Quality of experience was significantly correlated with grades but not course level.}, language = {en} } @misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1992, author = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich}, title = {Arts education, human development, and the quality of experience}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33547}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Content: Introduction: Do the Arts Really Matter? Aesthetic Cognition and Human Development The Significance of Arts in Everyday Life: Evidence from Case StudiesArts and Quality of Experience: A Systematic Analysis The Conditions of Optimal Experience The Representation of Experience in Personality Consequences for Teaching the Arts}, language = {en} } @misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1994, author = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich}, title = {Interest and the Quality of Experience in Classrooms}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33647}, year = {1994}, abstract = {This study investigated the relation between interest in four different subject areas (mathematics, biology, English, history) and the quality of experience in class. The strength of interest as a predictor of experience was contrasted with that of achievement motivation and scholastic ability. A total of208 highly able freshmen and sophomores completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT). These assessments were followed by one week of experience sampling. In addition, grades were available for the subject areas involved. The results showed that interest was a significant predictor of the experience of potency, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and perception of skill. Controlling for ability and achievement motivation did not decrease the strength of these relations. Achievement motivation and ability proved to be considerably weaker predictors of the quality of experience than was interest. In addition, interest contributed significantly to the prediction of grades in mathematics, biology, and history, but not English. The main results and some limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are made.}, language = {en} } @misc{DaiPraLouisMinelli2006, author = {Dai Pra, Paolo and Louis, Pierre-Yves and Minelli, Ida}, title = {Monotonicity and complete monotonicity for continuous-time Markov chains}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7665}, year = {2006}, abstract = {We analyze the notions of monotonicity and complete monotonicity for Markov Chains in continuous-time, taking values in a finite partially ordered set. Similarly to what happens in discrete-time, the two notions are not equivalent. However, we show that there are partially ordered sets for which monotonicity and complete monotonicity coincide in continuous time but not in discrete-time.}, subject = {Stochastik}, language = {en} } @misc{DambacherKliegl2007, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57212}, year = {2007}, abstract = {We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400's) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.}, language = {en} } @misc{DimigenValsecchiSommeretal.2009, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Valsecchi, Matteo and Sommer, Werner and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Human Microsaccade-Related Visual Brain Responses}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56923}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Microsaccades are very small, involuntary flicks in eye position that occur on average once or twice per second during attempted visual fixation. Microsaccades give rise to EMG eye muscle spikes that can distort the spectrum of the scalp EEG and mimic increases in gamma band power. Here we demonstrate that microsaccades are also accompanied by genuine and sizeable cortical activity, manifested in the EEG. In three experiments, high-resolution eye movements were corecorded with the EEG: during sustained fixation of checkerboard and face stimuli and in a standard visual oddball task that required the counting of target stimuli. Results show that microsaccades as small as 0.15° generate a field potential over occipital cortex and midcentral scalp sites 100 -140 ms after movement onset, which resembles the visual lambda response evoked by larger voluntary saccades. This challenges the standard assumption of human brain imaging studies that saccade-related brain activity is precluded by fixation, even when fully complied with. Instead, additional cortical potentials from microsaccades were present in 86\% of the oddball task trials and of similar amplitude as the visual response to stimulus onset. Furthermore, microsaccade probability varied systematically according to the proportion of target stimuli in the oddball task, causing modulations of late stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components. Microsaccades present an unrecognized source of visual brain signal that is of interest for vision research and may have influenced the data of many ERP and neuroimaging studies.}, language = {en} } @misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991, author = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351}, year = {1991}, abstract = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.}, language = {en} } @misc{DortayMuellerRoeber2010, author = {Dortay, Hakan and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd}, title = {A highly efficient pipeline for protein expression in Leishmania tarentolae sing infrared fluorescence protein as marker}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44773}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Background: Leishmania tarentolae, a unicellular eukaryotic protozoan, has been established as a novel host for recombinant protein production in recent years. Current protocols for protein expression in Leishmania are, however, time consuming and require extensive lab work in order to identify well-expressing cell lines. Here we established an alternative protein expression work-flow that employs recently engineered infrared fluorescence protein (IFP) as a suitable and easy-to-handle reporter protein for recombinant protein expression in Leishmania. As model proteins we tested three proteins from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, including a NAC and a type-B ARR transcription factor. Results: IFP and IFP fusion proteins were expressed in Leishmania and rapidly detected in cells by deconvolution microscopy and in culture by infrared imaging of 96-well microtiter plates using small cell culture volumes (2 μL - 100 μL). Motility, shape and growth of Leishmania cells were not impaired by intracellular accumulation of IFP. In-cell detection of IFP and IFP fusion proteins was straightforward already at the beginning of the expression pipeline and thus allowed early pre-selection of well-expressing Leishmania clones. Furthermore, IFP fusion proteins retained infrared fluorescence after electrophoresis in denaturing SDS-polyacrylamide gels, allowing direct in-gel detection without the need to disassemble cast protein gels. Thus, parameters for scaling up protein production and streamlining purification routes can be easily optimized when employing IFP as reporter. Conclusions: Using IFP as biosensor we devised a protocol for rapid and convenient protein expression in Leishmania tarentolae. Our expression pipeline is superior to previously established methods in that it significantly reduces the hands-on-time and work load required for identifying well-expressing clones, refining protein production parameters and establishing purification protocols. The facile in-cell and in-gel detection tools built on IFP make Leishmania amenable for high-throughput expression of proteins from plant and animal sources.}, language = {en} } @misc{DoscheLoehmannsroebenBieseretal.2002, author = {Dosche, Carsten and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hans-Gerd and Bieser, A. and Dosa, P. I. and Han, S. and Iwamoto, M. and Schleifenbaum, A. and Vollhardt, K. Peter C.}, title = {Photophysical properties of [N]phenylenes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11936}, year = {2002}, abstract = {In the present study, photophysical properties of [N]phenylenes were studied by means of stationary and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy (in THF at room temperature). For biphenylene (1) and linear [3]phenylene (2a), internal conversion (IC) with quantum yields ΦIC > 0.99 is by far the dominant mechanism of S1 state deactivation. Angular [3]phenylene (3a), the zig-zag [4]- and [5]phenylenes (3b), (3c), and the triangular [4]phenylene (4) show fluorescence emission with fluorescence quantum yieds and lifetimes between ΦF = 0.07 for (3a) and 0.21 for (3c) and τF = 20 ns for (3a) and 81 ns for (4). Also, compounds (3) and (4) exhibit triplet formation upon photoexcitation with quantum yields as high as ΦISC = 0.45 for (3c). The strong differences in the fluorescence properties and in the triplet fromation efficiencies between (1) and (2a) on one hand and (3) and (4) on the other are related to the remarkable variation of the internal conversion (IC) rate constants kIC. A tentative classification of (1) and (2a) as "fast IC compounds", with kIC > 109 s-1, and of (3) and (4) as "slow IC compounds", with kIC ≈ 107 s-1, is suggested. This classification cannot simply be related to H{\"u}ckel's rule-type concepts of aromaticity, because the group of "fast IC compounds" consists of "antiaromatic" (1) and "aromatic" (2a), and the group of "slow IC compounds" consists of "antiaromatic" (3b), (4) and "aromatic" (3a), (3c). The IC in the [N]phenylenes is discussed within the framework of the so-called energy gap law established for non-radiative processes in benzenoid hydrocarbons.}, language = {en} } @misc{EckesKraheSix1989, author = {Eckes, Thomas and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Six, Bernd}, title = {Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References}, language = {en} } @misc{ElbertLaschewskyRingsdorf1985, author = {Elbert, R. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, H.}, title = {Hydrophilic spacer groups in polymerizable lipids: formation of biomembrane models from bulk polymerized lipids}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17361}, year = {1985}, abstract = {A variety of polymerizable lipids containing a hydrophilic spacer group between the reactive group and the main amphiphilic structure have been synthesized. They were investigated in monolayers, liposomes, and multilayers. When the spacer concept was used, efficient decoupling of the motions of the polymeric chain and the amphiphilic side groups is achieved. Thus, the often found loss of the important fluid phases by polymerization is avoided. Polymeric monolayers of the spacer lipid, prepared either by polymerization in the monolayer or by spreading of prepolymerized lipid, exhibit nearly identical surface pressure-area diagrams. Most distinctly, the successful decoupling of the motions of the polymer main chain and the membrane forming amphiphilic side groups is demonstrated by the self-organization of bulk polymerized spacer lipids to polymeric liposomes. In addition, spacer lipids are able to build polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers. The decoupling of the polymer main chain and the membrane-forming amphiphilic side groups enables the deposition of already polymeric monolayers onto supports to form defined multilayers. If, alternatively, monomeric monolayers are deposited and polymerized on the support, defects in the layers due to structural changes during the polymerization are avoided by the flexible spacer group.}, language = {en} } @misc{ElsenbeerCasselCastro1992, author = {Elsenbeer, Helmut and Cassel, Keith and Castro, Jorge}, title = {Spatial analysis of soil hydraulic conductivity in a tropical rain forest catchment}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16979}, year = {1992}, abstract = {The topography of first-order catchments in a region of western Amazonia was found to exhibit distinctive, recurrent features: a steep, straight lower side slope, a flat or nearly flat terrace at an intermediate elevation between valley floor and interfluve, and an upper side slope connecting interfluve and intermediate terrace. A detailed survey of soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat)-depth relationships, involving 740 undisturbed soil cores, was conducted in a 0.75-ha first-order catchment. The sampling approach was stratified with respect to the above slope units. Exploratory data analysis suggested fourth-root transformation of batches from the 0-0.1 m depth interval, log transformation of batches from the subsequent 0.1 m depth increments, and the use of robust estimators of location and scale. The K sat of the steep lower side slope decreased from 46 to 0.1 mm/h over the overall sampling depth of 0.4 m. The corresponding decrease was from 46 to 0.1 mm/h on the intermediate terrace, from 335 to 0.01 mm/h on the upper side slope, and from 550 to 0.015 mm/h on the interfluve. A depthwise comparison of these slope units led to the formulation of several hypotheses concerning the link between K sat and topography.}, language = {en} } @misc{ElsenbeerCasselTinner1993, author = {Elsenbeer, Helmut and Cassel, Keith and Tinner, W.}, title = {A daily rainfall erosivity model for Western Amazonia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16962}, year = {1993}, abstract = {Rainfall erosivities as defined by the R factor from the universal soil loss equation were determined for all events during a two-year period at the station La Cuenca in western Amazonia. Three methods based on a power relationship between rainfall amount and erosivity were then applied to estimate event and daily rainfall erosivities from the respective rainfall amounts. A test of the resulting regression equations against an independent data set proved all three methods equally adequate in predicting rainfall erosivity from daily rainfall amount. We recommend the Richardson model for testing in the Amazon Basin, and its use with the coefficient from La Cuenca in western Amazonia.}, language = {en} } @misc{ElsenbeerCasselZuniga1994, author = {Elsenbeer, Helmut and Cassel, Keith and Zu{\~n}iga, L.}, title = {Throughfall in the terra firme forest of Western Amazonia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16955}, year = {1994}, abstract = {Throughfall measurements were made under primary terra firme rainforest in the Rio Pichis valley, in the Upper Amazon Basin of Peru. Based on 214 precipitation events over nearly 18 months, throughfall was estimated to be 83.1±8.8\% of gross precipitation. Regression analysis of all events revealed that gross precipitation is the only significant explanatory variable; the use of one-burst events does not significantly improve the regression relationship. Gross precipitation is, however, a poor predictor of throughfall for small rainfall events. The two forest structure parameters, canopy capacity, S, and free throughfall coefficient, p, were determined to be 1.3±0.2 mm and 0.32±0.18 mm. Rainfall intensity was found to influence these parameters. New methods which attempt to minimize the influence of meteorologic variables are used to estimate the potential values of these canopy parameters.}, language = {en} }