@article{LesinskiMuehlbauerBueschetal.2013,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Buesch, Dirk and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Acute Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Strength and Speed Performance in Athletes},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0033-1335414},
  pages     = {147 -- 155},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: The contractile history of a muscle or a muscle group can result in an acute enhancement of subsequent muscle force output. This phenomenon is referred to as postactivation potentiation (PAP) and it was frequently substantiated in original research manuscripts, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. However, there is a lack in the literature regarding precise dose-response relations. This literature review describes the main determinants of PAP effects and additionally presents the state of the art regarding the acute effects of PAP protocols on measures of strength, power, and speed in subelite and elite athletes of different sport disciplines. Furthermore, an attempt is made to demonstrate evidence-based information concerning the design of effective PAP protocols. Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar (1995 - March 2013). In total, 23 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Results: Findings from our literature review indicate that various conditioning activities produce acute PAP effects in subelite and particularly elite athletes. More specifically, conditioning activities that are characterised by multiple sets, moderate to high intensities (60 - 84 \% of the one repetition maximum), and rest intervals of 7 - 10 min. following the conditioning activity have the potential to induce short-term improvements in muscle force output and sports performance. Conclusion: It is recommended that subelite and particularly elite athletes from strength, power, and speed disciplines apply specifically tailored conditioning activities during the acute preparation process for competition to induce performance enhancing PAP effects.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{LesinskiMuehlbauerBueschetal.2014,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Buesch, Dirk and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of complex training on strength and speed performance in athletes: A systematic review effects of complex training on athletic performance},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0034-1366145},
  pages     = {85 -- 107},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can elicit acute performance enhancements in variables of strength, power, and speed. However, it is unresolved whether the frequent integration of PAP eliciting conditioning activities in training (i.e., complex training) results in long-term adaptations. In this regard, it is of interest to know whether complex training results in larger performance enhancements as compared to more traditional and isolated training regimens (e. g., resistance training). Thus, this systematic literature review summarises the current state of the art regarding the effects of complex training on measures of strength, power, and speed in recreational, subelite, and elite athletes. Further, it provides information on training volume and intensities that proved to be effective. Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Web of Science (1995 to September 2013). In total, 17 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Ten studies examined alternating complex training and 7 studies sequenced complex training. Results: Our findings indicated small to large effects for both alternating complex training (countermovement jump height: +7.4 \% [ESd = -0.43]; squat jump height: +9.8 \% [ESd = -0.66]; sprint time: -2.4\% [ESd = 0.63]) and sequenced complex training (countermovement jump height: +6.0 \% [ESd = -0.83]; squat jump height: +11.9\% [ESd = -0.97], sprint time: -0.7\% [ESd = 0.52]) in measures of power and speed. As compared to more traditional training regimens, alternating and sequenced complex training showed only small effects in measures of strength, power, and speed. A more detailed analysis of alternating complex training revealed larger effects in countermovement jump height in recreational athletes (+9.7\% [ESd = -0.57]) as compared to subelite and elite athletes (+2.7\% [ESd = -0.15]). Based on the relevant and currently available literature, missing data (e.g., time for rest interval) and diverse information regarding training volume and intensity do not allow us to establish evidence-based dose-response relations for complex training. Conclusion: Complex training represents an effective training regimen for athletes if the goal is to enhance strength, power, and speed. Studies with high methodological quality have to be conducted in the future to elucidate whether complex training is less, similar, or even more effective compared to more traditional training regimens. Finally, it should be clarified whether alternated and/or sequenced conditioning activities implemented in complex training actually elicit acute PAP effects.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HelmPrieskeMuehlbaueretal.2018,
  author    = {Helm, Norman and Prieske, Olaf and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Kr{\"u}ger, Tom and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of judo-specific resistance training on kinetic and electromyographic parameters of pulling exercises in judo athletes},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0043-122781},
  pages     = {134 -- 142},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background In judo, rapid force production during pulling movements is an important component of athletic performance, which is why this capacity needs to be specifically exercised in judo. This study aimed at examining the effects of a judo-specific resistance training program using a judo ergometer system (PTJ) versus a traditional resistance training regime using a partner (PTP) on kinetics and muscle activity of judo-specific pulling exercises. Method Twenty-four male judo athletes (age: 22 +/- 4 years, training experience: 15 +/- 3 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. In a crossover design, the first group completed a 4-week PTJ followed by four weeks of PTP (each with three sessions per week). The second group conducted PTP prior to PTJ. PTJ and PTP were completed in addition to regular training. Before, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after training, tests were conducted to assess judo-specific pulling kinetics (i.e. maximal force, rate of force development [RFD], mechanical work) and electromyographic (EMG) shoulder/trunk muscle activity (i.e. biceps brachii muscle, deltoid muscle, trapezius muscle, erector spinae muscle) during pulling movements using a judo ergometer as well as unspecific strength tests (i.e. bench-pull, pull-ups). Results The statistical analysis revealed that in both groups ergometer pulling kinetics (p<.05, 0.83 <= d <= 1.77) and EMG activity (p<.05; 1.07 <= d <= 2.25) were significantly enhanced following 8 weeks of training. In addition, significantly larger gains in RFD, mechanical work, and EMG activity (i.e. deltoid muscle, erector spinae muscle, trapezius muscle) were found following PTJ compared to PTP (p<.05, 1.25 <= d <= 2.79). No significant enhancements were observed with the unspecific strength tests. Conclusion Our findings indicate that PTJ is superior to PTP regarding training-induced improvements in force production and muscle activity during judo-specific pulling exercises. Performance enhancements may partly be attributed to neural adaptations. No transfer effects on unspecific strength tests were detected following PTJ and PTP.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HelmPrieskeMuehlbaueretal.2020,
  author    = {Helm, Norman and Prieske, Olaf and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Kr{\"u}ger, Tom and Retzlaff, Matthias and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Associations between trunk muscle strength and judo-specific pulling performances in judo athletes},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/a-0677-9608},
  pages     = {18 -- 27},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Good trunk stability is an important prerequisite for the mobility of the upper and lower limbs during sport-specific movements. Therefore, trunk muscle strength may represent an important performance determinant for judo-specific movements. This study aimed at evaluating statistical correlations between trunk muscle strength and kinetic parameters during judo-specific pulling movements in judo players. Method: Twenty-one male sub-elite judo players aged 22 +/- 4 years with a mean training volume of 15 +/- 4 hours per week participated in this study. Peak isokinetic torque (PIT) of the trunk flexors (PITFlex), extensors (PITEx) and rotators (PITRot) was tested using an isokinetic dynamometer (IsoMed 2000). In addition, two kinetic parameters (mechanical work [W], maximal force [F-max]) were analysed using the judo-specific measurement and information system JERGo (c). For this purpose, athletes were asked to do their judo-specific pulling movements while standing and with a dynamic change of position (i.e. Morote-seoi-nage). Results: Regarding pulling movements while standing, significant correlations (0.62 <= r(P) <= 0.72) were found between isokinetic tests (PITFlex, PITEx, PITRot) and mechanical work during judo-specific movement. Further, significant correlations (0.59 <= r(P) <= 0.65) were detected between isokinetic tests (PITEx, PITRot) and judo-specific pulling movements (Fmax). Regarding pulling movements with a change of position, significant correlations (0.47 <= r(P) <= 0.88) were observed between isokinetics (PITFlex, PITEx, PITRot) and the kinetic pulling parameters (W, Fmax), irrespective of the examined arm. No significant differences in magnitude of correlation coefficients were found between PIT of the trunk flexors, extensors, and rotators and judo-specific movements. Further, the regression analysis indicated that PIT of the trunk extensors is the single best predictor for mechanical work during pulling movements while standing (46.9 \%). Trunk rotator PIT is the single best predictor for mechanical work during pulling movements with a change of position (69.4 \%). Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that trunk muscle strength, particularly trunk rotator PIT is associated with kinetic pulling variables during pulling movements with a change of position. This implies that the development of trunk rotator strength could have an impact on pulling movements with a change of position (i.e. Morote-seoi-nage) in judo athletes.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Helm2020,
  author    = {Helm, Norman},
  title     = {Optimierung der Leistungsdiagnostik und Entwicklung von effektiven Trainingsprogrammen in der Zweikampfsportart Judo unter Verwendung des Mess- und Informationssystems JERGo f{\"u}r judospezifische Anrissbewegungen},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47176},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471765},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {IX,145},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Eine sportartspezifische Anforderungsanalyse ist die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Leistungsdiagnostik und eine wichtige Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Trainingssteuerung im Spitzensport. Im Rahmen der Leistungsdiagnostik in der Zweikampfsportart Judo besitzen judospezifische Anrissleistungen bei Anrissbewegungen ein hohes Potenzial, um Defizite im Kraft-Weg-Verlauf bzw. in den kinetischen Parametern (z. B. mechanische Arbeit, dynamische Maximalkraft) zu identifizieren und ableitend daraus entsprechende trainingsmethodische Anpassungen zur Verbesserung vorzunehmen. Die Rumpfstabilit{\"a}t und die Rumpfkraft stellen wichtige Leistungsvoraussetzungen f{\"u}r sportliche Bewegungen dar, um den optimalen Transfer von Kr{\"a}ften und Drehmomenten von den unteren Extremit{\"a}ten {\"u}ber den stabilen Rumpf hin zu den oberen Extremit{\"a}ten zu erm{\"o}glichen. Im Trainingsprozess der Judoka erf{\"a}hrt das spezifische Krafttraining immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit, um die sportartrelevanten Muskelgruppen zu entwickeln und somit die finale Effektivit{\"a}t einer Wurftechnik zu verbessern. Die wesentliche Zielstellung dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Leistungsdiagnostik im Judo zu optimieren und effektive Trainingsprogramme zur Verbesserung von judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen zu entwickeln. Im Einzelnen wurde daf{\"u}r eine systematische Anforderungsanalyse f{\"u}r die Sportart Judo erarbeitet. Basierend auf dieser Analyse wurden die Validit{\"a}t und die Reliabilit{\"a}t von kinetischen Parametern w{\"a}hrend Anrissbewegungen mit einem judospezifischen Ergometer-System (JERGo) untersucht. Zudem wurden die Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der Rumpfkraft und kinetischen Parametern bei judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen analysiert. Schließlich wurde die Wirksamkeit eines spezifischen Anrisstrainings am JERGo-System gegen{\"u}ber einem Anrisstraining mit Partner auf kinetische Parameter und Muskelaktivit{\"a}t {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die sportartspezifische Anforderungsanalyse wurde unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der metabolischen und muskul{\"a}ren Anforderungen sowie sportartspezifischen Verletzungsrisiken erarbeitet. An den zwei Querstudien bzw. einer L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie nahmen gesunde m{\"a}nnliche Judoka mit unterschiedlichem Expertiseniveau teil. Die kinetischen Parameter bei judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen wurden mit dem JERGo-System in allen Experimentalstudien erfasst. Die Rumpfkraft wurde mit einem isokinetischen Dynamometer gemessen, um Assoziationen zwischen der Rumpfkraft und judospezifischen Anrissleistungen zu bestimmen. Zudem wurde die Aktivit{\"a}t ausgew{\"a}hlter Rumpf-/Schultermuskeln bei der Anrissbewegung im Standf{\"u}r die Validierung des JERGo-Systems und f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Effekte eines Anrisstrainings erfasst. Die Ermittlung von sportmotorischen Leistungen erfolgte durch die {\"U}bungen Liegend-Anreißen und Klimmziehen, um die Wirkungen eines judospezifischen Anrisstrainings auf sportartunspezifische Kraftleistungen zu untersuchen. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der muskul{\"a}ren Anforderungen im Judo wird die Ausf{\"u}hrung einer explosiven Anrissbewegung bzw. Wurftechnik durch die koordinierte Aktivit{\"a}t vieler Muskelgruppen und vor allem durch die unteren Extremit{\"a}ten sowie den Rumpf realisiert. Aus trainingswissenschaftlicher Sicht ist das JERGo-System ein valides und reliables Messinstrument f{\"u}r die Diagnostik von kinetischen Parametern w{\"a}hrend judospezifischer Anrissbewegungen. Die Rumpfkraft, insbesondere bei der Rumpfrotation, ist mit kinetischen Parametern bei judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen assoziiert. Ein Anrisstraining am JERGo-System zeigt in den kinetischen Parametern und Muskelaktivierungen vor allem bei der Anrissbewegung im Stand signifikant gr{\"o}ßere Zuwachsraten im Vergleich zu einem Anrisstraining mit Partner. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die Verbesserung der muskul{\"a}ren Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit (z. B. Explosivkraft) in den unteren Extremit{\"a}ten und der Rumpfmuskulatur eine wichtige Basis f{\"u}r judospezifische Anrissleistungen bei Anrissbewegungen und Wurftechniken darstellt. Zudem empfiehlt es sich, dass JERGo-System zur Diagnostik von kinetischen Parametern bei judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen in die judospezifische Testbatterie einzubinden. Weiterhin kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass durch rumpfextensions- und vor allem durch rumpfrotationskr{\"a}ftigende {\"U}bungen unter maximal schellkr{\"a}ftigender Muskelaktivierung Einfluss auf kinetische Parameter bei judospezifischen Anrissbewegungen genommen wird. Letztendlich empfiehlt es sich, ein Antrisstraining am JERGo-System in den judospezifischen Trainingsprozess zu integrieren.},
  language  = {de}
}