@article{LagoHuvelleFelser2018, author = {Lago Huvelle, Maria Sol and Felser, Claudia}, title = {Agreement attraction in native and nonnative speakers of German}, series = {Applied psycholinguistics : psychological and linguistic studies across languages and learners}, volume = {39}, journal = {Applied psycholinguistics : psychological and linguistic studies across languages and learners}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {0142-7164}, doi = {10.1017/S0142716417000601}, pages = {619 -- 647}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Second language speakers often struggle to apply grammatical constraints such as subject-verb agreement. One hypothesis for this difficulty is that it results from problems suppressing syntactically unlicensed constituents in working memory. We investigated which properties of these constituents make them more likely to elicit errors: their grammatical distance to the subject head or their linear distance to the verb. We used double modifier constructions (e.g., the smell of the stables of the farmers), where the errors of native speakers are modulated by the linguistic relationships between the nouns in the subject phrase: second plural nouns, which are syntactically and semantically closer to the subject head, elicit more errors than third plural nouns, which are linearly closer to the verb (2nd-3rd-noun asymmetry). In order to dissociate between grammatical and linear distance, we compared embedded and coordinated modifiers, which were linearly identical but differed in grammatical distance. Using an attraction paradigm, we showed that German native speakers and proficient Russian speakers of German exhibited similar attraction rates and that their errors displayed a 2nd-3rd-noun asymmetry, which was more pronounced in embedded than in coordinated constructions. We suggest that both native and second language learners prioritize linguistic structure over linear distance in their agreement computations.}, language = {en} } @article{RofesZakariasCederetal.2018, author = {Rofes, Adria and Zakarias, Lilla and Ceder, Klaudia and Lind, Marianne and Johansson, Monica Blom and de Aguiar, Vania and Bjekic, Jovana and Fyndanis, Valantis and Gavarro, Anna and Simonsen, Hanne Gram and Hernandez Sacristan, Carlos and Kambanaros, Maria and Kraljevic, Jelena Kuva and Martinez-Ferreiro, Silvia and Mavis, Ilknur and Mendez Orellana, Carolina and Sor, Ingrid and Lukacs, Agnes and Tuncer, Muge and Vuksanovic, Jasmina and Munarriz Ibarrola, Amaia and Pourquie, Marie and Varlokosta, Spyridoula and Howard, David}, title = {Imageability ratings across languages}, series = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, volume = {50}, journal = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, number = {3}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1554-351X}, doi = {10.3758/s13428-017-0936-0}, pages = {1187 -- 1197}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Imageability is a psycholinguistic variable that indicates how well a word gives rise to a mental image or sensory experience. Imageability ratings are used extensively in psycholinguistic, neuropsychological, and aphasiological studies. However, little formal knowledge exists about whether and how these ratings are associated between and within languages. Fifteen imageability databases were cross-correlated using nonparametric statistics. Some of these corresponded to unpublished data collected within a European research network-the Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists (COST IS1208). All but four of the correlations were significant. The average strength of the correlations (rho = .68) and the variance explained (R (2) = 46\%) were moderate. This implies that factors other than imageability may explain 54\% of the results. Imageability ratings often correlate across languages. Different possibly interacting factors may explain the moderate strength and variance explained in the correlations: (1) linguistic and cultural factors; (2) intrinsic differences between the databases; (3) range effects; (4) small numbers of words in each database, equivalent words, and participants; and (5) mean age of the participants. The results suggest that imageability ratings may be used cross-linguistically. However, further understanding of the factors explaining the variance in the correlations will be needed before research and practical recommendations can be made.}, language = {en} } @article{WuKaiserVasishth2017, author = {Wu, Fuyun and Kaiser, Elsi and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Effects of early cues on the processing of chinese relative clauses}, series = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, volume = {42}, journal = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0364-0213}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.12551}, pages = {1101 -- 1133}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We used Chinese prenominal relative clauses (RCs) to test the predictions of two competing accounts of sentence comprehension difficulty: the experience-based account of Levy () and the Dependency Locality Theory (DLT; Gibson, ). Given that in Chinese RCs, a classifier and/or a passive marker BEI can be added to the sentence-initial position, we manipulated the presence/absence of classifiers and the presence/absence of BEI, such that BEI sentences were passivized subject-extracted RCs, and no-BEI sentences were standard object-extracted RCs. We conducted two self-paced reading experiments, using the same critical stimuli but somewhat different filler items. Reading time patterns from both experiments showed facilitative effects of BEI within and beyond RC regions, and delayed facilitative effects of classifiers, suggesting that cues that occur before a clear signal of an upcoming RC can help Chinese comprehenders to anticipate RC structures. The data patterns are not predicted by the DLT, but they are consistent with the predictions of experience-based theories.}, language = {en} } @article{NicenboimVasishthEngelmannetal.2018, author = {Nicenboim, Bruno and Vasishth, Shravan and Engelmann, Felix and Suckow, Katja}, title = {Exploratory and confirmatory analyses in sentence processing}, series = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, volume = {42}, journal = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0364-0213}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.12589}, pages = {1075 -- 1100}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Given the replication crisis in cognitive science, it is important to consider what researchers need to do in order to report results that are reliable. We consider three changes in current practice that have the potential to deliver more realistic and robust claims. First, the planned experiment should be divided into two stages, an exploratory stage and a confirmatory stage. This clear separation allows the researcher to check whether any results found in the exploratory stage are robust. The second change is to carry out adequately powered studies. We show that this is imperative if we want to obtain realistic estimates of effects in psycholinguistics. The third change is to use Bayesian data-analytic methods rather than frequentist ones; the Bayesian framework allows us to focus on the best estimates we can obtain of the effect, rather than rejecting a strawman null. As a case study, we investigate number interference effects in German. Number feature interference is predicted by cue-based retrieval models of sentence processing (Van Dyke \& Lewis, 2003; Vasishth \& Lewis, 2006), but it has shown inconsistent results. We show that by implementing the three changes mentioned, suggestive evidence emerges that is consistent with the predicted number interference effects.}, language = {en} } @article{NoirayAbakarovaRubertusetal.2018, author = {Noiray, Aude and Abakarova, Dzhuma and Rubertus, Elina and Kr{\"u}ger, Stella and Tiede, Mark}, title = {How do children organize their speech in the first years of life?}, series = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research}, volume = {61}, journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc.}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1092-4388}, doi = {10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0148}, pages = {1355 -- 1368}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose: This study reports on a cross-sectional investigation of lingual coarticulation in 57 typically developing German children (4 cohorts from 3.5 to 7 years of age) as compared with 12 adults. It examines whether the organization of lingual gestures for intrasyllabic coarticulation differs as a function of age and consonantal context. Method: Using the technique of ultrasound imaging, we recorded movement of the tongue articulator during the production of pseudowords, including various vocalic and consonantal contexts. Results: Results from linear mixed-effects models show greater lingual coarticulation in all groups of children as compared with adults with a significant decrease from the kindergarten years (at ages 3, 4, and 5 years) to the end of the 1st year into primary school (at age 7 years). Additional differences in coarticulation degree were found across and within age groups as a function of the onset consonant identity (/b/, / d/, and /g/). Conclusions: Results support the view that, although coarticulation degree decreases with age, children do not organize consecutive articulatory gestures with a uniform organizational scheme (e.g., segmental or syllabic). Instead, results suggest that coarticulatory organization is sensitive to the underlying articulatory properties of the segments combined.}, language = {en} } @article{HaendlerAdani2018, author = {Haendler, Yair and Adani, Flavia}, title = {Testing the effect of an arbitrary subject pronoun on relative clause comprehension}, series = {Journal of child language}, volume = {45}, journal = {Journal of child language}, number = {4}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {0305-0009}, doi = {10.1017/S0305000917000599}, pages = {959 -- 980}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Previous studies have found that Hebrew-speaking children accurately comprehend object relatives (OR) with an embedded non-referential arbitrary subject pronoun (ASP). The facilitation of ORs with embedded pronouns is expected both from a discourse-pragmatics perspective and within a syntax-based locality approach. However, the specific effect of ASP might also be driven by a mismatch in grammatical features between the head noun and the pronoun, or by its relatively undemanding referential properties. We tested these possibilities by comparing ORs whose embedded subject is either ASP, a referential pronoun, or a lexical noun phrase. In all conditions, grammatical features were controlled. In a referent-identification task, the matching features made ORs with embedded pronouns difficult for five-year-olds. Accuracy was particularly low when the embedded pronoun was referential. These results indicate that embedded pronouns do not facilitate ORs across the board, and that the referential properties of pronouns affect OR processing.}, language = {en} } @article{LarteyTsiwahAmponsahetal.2019, author = {Lartey, Nathaniel and Tsiwah, Frank and Amponsah, Clement and Martinez-Ferreiro, Silvia and Bastiaanse, Roelien}, title = {Resumption in the production of focused constructions in Akan speakers with agrammatism}, series = {Aphasiology}, volume = {34}, journal = {Aphasiology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1080/02687038.2019.1686746}, pages = {343 -- 364}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Background: The distribution of pronouns varies cross-linguistically. This distribution has led to conflicting results in studies that investigated pronoun resolution in agrammatic indviduals. In the investigation of pronominal resolution, the linguistic phenomenon of "resumption" is understudied in agrammatism. The construction of pronominal resolution in Akan presents the opportunity to thoroughly examine resumption. Aims: To start, the present study examines the production of (pronominal) resumption in Akan focus constructions (who-questions and focused declaratives). Second, we explore the effect of grammatical tone on the processing of pronominal (resumption) since Akan is a tonal language. Methods \& Procedures: First, we tested the ability to distinguish linguistic and non-linguistic tone in Akan agrammatic speakers. Then, we administered an elicitation task to five Akan agrammatic individuals, controlling for the structural variations in the realization of resumption: focused who-questions and declaratives with (i) only a resumptive pronoun, (ii) only a clause determiner, (iii) a resumptive pronoun and a clause determiner co-occurring, and (iv) neither a resumptive pronoun nor a clause determiner. Outcomes \& Results: Tone discrimination .both for pitch and for lexical tone was unimpaired. The production task demonstrated that the production of resumptive pronouns and clause determiners was intact. However, the production of declarative sentences in derived word order was impaired; wh-object questions were relatively well-preserved. Conclusions: We argue that the problems with sentence production are highly selective: linguistic tones and resumption are intact but word order is impaired in non-canonical declarative sentences.}, language = {en} } @misc{LarteyTsiwahAmponsahetal.2019, author = {Lartey, Nathaniel and Tsiwah, Frank and Amponsah, Clement and Martinez-Ferreiro, Silvia and Bastiaanse, Roelien}, title = {Resumption in the production of focused constructions in Akan speakers with agrammatism}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {3}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-52529}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525296}, pages = {24}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Background: The distribution of pronouns varies cross-linguistically. This distribution has led to conflicting results in studies that investigated pronoun resolution in agrammatic indviduals. In the investigation of pronominal resolution, the linguistic phenomenon of "resumption" is understudied in agrammatism. The construction of pronominal resolution in Akan presents the opportunity to thoroughly examine resumption. Aims: To start, the present study examines the production of (pronominal) resumption in Akan focus constructions (who-questions and focused declaratives). Second, we explore the effect of grammatical tone on the processing of pronominal (resumption) since Akan is a tonal language. Methods \& Procedures: First, we tested the ability to distinguish linguistic and non-linguistic tone in Akan agrammatic speakers. Then, we administered an elicitation task to five Akan agrammatic individuals, controlling for the structural variations in the realization of resumption: focused who-questions and declaratives with (i) only a resumptive pronoun, (ii) only a clause determiner, (iii) a resumptive pronoun and a clause determiner co-occurring, and (iv) neither a resumptive pronoun nor a clause determiner. Outcomes \& Results: Tone discrimination .both for pitch and for lexical tone was unimpaired. The production task demonstrated that the production of resumptive pronouns and clause determiners was intact. However, the production of declarative sentences in derived word order was impaired; wh-object questions were relatively well-preserved. Conclusions: We argue that the problems with sentence production are highly selective: linguistic tones and resumption are intact but word order is impaired in non-canonical declarative sentences.}, language = {en} } @article{ZimmermannDeVeaughGeissToennisetal.2020, author = {Zimmermann, Malte and De Veaugh-Geiss, Joseph P. and T{\"o}nnis, Swantje and Onea, Edgar}, title = {(Non-)exhaustivity in focus partitioning across languages}, series = {Approaches to Hungarian}, volume = {16}, journal = {Approaches to Hungarian}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, address = {Amsterdam}, pages = {24}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We present novel experimental evidence on the availability and the status of exhaustivity inferences with focus partitioning in German, English, and Hungarian. Results suggest that German and English focus-background clefts and Hungarian focus share important properties, ({\´E}. Kiss 1998, 1999; Szabolcsi 1994; Percus 1997; Onea \& Beaver 2009). Those constructions are anaphoric devices triggering an existence presupposition. EXH-inferences are not obligatory in such constructions in English, German, or Hungarian, against some previous literature (Percus 1997; B{\"u}ring \& Križ 2013; {\´E}. Kiss 1998), but in line with pragmatic analyses of EXH-inferences in clefts (Horn 1981, 2016; Pollard \& Yasavul 2016). The cross-linguistic differences in the distribution of EXH-inferences are attributed to properties of the Hungarian number marking system.}, language = {en} } @misc{ZimmermannDeVeaughGeissToennisetal.2020, author = {Zimmermann, Malte and De Veaugh-Geiss, Joseph P. and T{\"o}nnis, Swantje and Onea, Edgar}, title = {(Non-)exhaustivity in focus partitioning across languages}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, volume = {16}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-52467}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524677}, pages = {26}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We present novel experimental evidence on the availability and the status of exhaustivity inferences with focus partitioning in German, English, and Hungarian. Results suggest that German and English focus-background clefts and Hungarian focus share important properties, ({\´E}. Kiss 1998, 1999; Szabolcsi 1994; Percus 1997; Onea \& Beaver 2009). Those constructions are anaphoric devices triggering an existence presupposition. EXH-inferences are not obligatory in such constructions in English, German, or Hungarian, against some previous literature (Percus 1997; B{\"u}ring \& Križ 2013; {\´E}. Kiss 1998), but in line with pragmatic analyses of EXH-inferences in clefts (Horn 1981, 2016; Pollard \& Yasavul 2016). The cross-linguistic differences in the distribution of EXH-inferences are attributed to properties of the Hungarian number marking system.}, language = {en} } @article{DrummerFelser2018, author = {Drummer, Janna-Deborah and Felser, Claudia}, title = {Cataphoric pronoun resolution in native and non-native sentence comprehension}, series = {Journal of memory and language}, volume = {101}, journal = {Journal of memory and language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2018.04.001}, pages = {97 -- 113}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Encountering a cataphoric pronoun triggers a search for a suitable referent. Previous research indicates that this search is constrained by binding Condition C, which prohibits coreference between a cataphoric pronoun and a referential expression within its c-command domain. We report the results from a series of eye-movement monitoring and questionnaire experiments investigating cataphoric pronoun resolution in German. Given earlier findings suggesting that the application of structure-sensitive constraints on reference resolution may be delayed in non-native language processing, we tested both native and proficient non-native speakers of German. Our results show that cataphoric pronouns trigger an active search in both native and non-native comprehenders. Whilst both participant groups demonstrated awareness of Condition C in an offline task, we found Condition C effects to be restricted to later processing measures during online reading. This indicates that during natural reading, Condition C applies as a relatively late filter on potential coreference assignments.}, language = {en} } @article{AbakarovaIskarousNoiray2018, author = {Abakarova, Dzhuma and Iskarous, Khalil and Noiray, Aude}, title = {Quantifying lingual coarticulation in German using mutual information}, series = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {144}, journal = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0001-4966}, doi = {10.1121/1.5047669}, pages = {897 -- 907}, year = {2018}, abstract = {In previous research, mutual information (MI) was employed to quantify the physical information shared between consecutive phonological segments, based on electromagnetic articulography data. In this study, MI is extended to quantifying coarticulatory resistance (CR) versus overlap in German using ultrasound imaging. Two measurements are tested as input to MI: (1) the highest point on the tongue body and (2) the first coefficient of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the whole tongue contour. Both measures are used to examine changes in coarticulation between two time points during the syllable span: the consonant midpoint and the vowel onset. Results corroborate previous findings reporting differences in coarticulatory overlap in German and across languages. Further, results suggest that MI used with the highest point on the tongue body captures distinctions related both to place and manner of articulation, while the first DFT coefficient does not provide any additional information regarding global (whole tongue) as opposed to local (individual articulator) aspects of CR. However, both methods capture temporal distinctions in coarticulatory resistance between the two time points. Results are discussed with respect to the potential of MI measure to provide a way of unifying coarticulation quantification methods across data collection techniques.}, language = {en} } @article{RonasiFischerZimmermann2018, author = {Ronasi, Golnoush and Fischer, Martin H. and Zimmermann, Malte}, title = {Language and Arithmetic}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01524}, pages = {12}, year = {2018}, abstract = {We examined cross-domain semantic priming effects between arithmetic and language. We paired subtractions with their linguistic equivalent, exception phrases (EPs) with positive quantifiers (e.g., "everybody except John") while pairing additions with their own linguistic equivalent, EPs with negative quantifiers (e.g., "nobody except John"; Moltmann, 1995). We hypothesized that EPs with positive quantifiers prime subtractions and inhibit additions while EPs with negative quantifiers prime additions and inhibit subtractions. Furthermore, we expected similar priming and inhibition effects from arithmetic into semantics. Our design allowed for a bidirectional analysis by using one trial's target as the prime for the next trial. Two experiments failed to show significant priming effects in either direction. Implications and possible shortcomings are explored in the general discussion.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fominyam2021, author = {Fominyam, Henry Zamchang}, title = {Aspects of Awing grammar and information structure}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51806}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-518068}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xi, 391}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This project describes the nominal, verbal and 'truncation' systems of Awing and explains the syntactic and semantic functions of the multifunctional l<-><-> (LE) morpheme in copular and wh-focused constructions. Awing is a Bantu Grassfields language spoken in the North West region of Cameroon. The work begins with morphological processes viz. deverbals, compounding, reduplication, borrowing and a thorough presentation of the pronominal system and takes on verbal categories viz. tense, aspect, mood, verbal extensions, negation, adverbs and triggers of a homorganic N(asal)-prefix that attaches to the verb and other verbal categories. Awing grammar also has a very unusual phenomenon whereby nouns and verbs take long and short forms. A chapter entitled truncation is dedicated to the phenomenon. It is observed that the truncation process does not apply to bare singular NPs, proper names and nouns derived via morphological processes. On the other hand, with the exception of the 1st person non-emphatic possessive determiner and the class 7 noun prefix, nouns generally take the truncated form with modifiers (i.e., articles, demonstratives and other possessives). It is concluded that nominal truncation depicts movement within the DP system (Abney 1987). Truncation of the verb occurs in three contexts: a mass/plurality conspiracy (or lattice structuring in terms of Link 1983) between the verb and its internal argument (i.e., direct object); a means to align (exhaustive) focus (in terms of Fery's 2013), and a means to form polar questions. The second part of the work focuses on the role of the LE morpheme in copular and wh-focused clauses. Firstly, the syntax of the Awing copular clause is presented and it is shown that copular clauses in Awing have 'subject-focus' vs 'topic-focus' partitions and that the LE morpheme indirectly relates such functions. Semantically, it is shown that LE does not express contrast or exhaustivity in copular clauses. Turning to wh-constructions, the work adheres to Hamblin's (1973) idea that the meaning of a question is the set of its possible answers and based on Rooth's (1985) underspecified semantic notion of alternative focus, concludes that the LE morpheme is not a Focus Marker (FM) in Awing: LE does not generate or indicate the presence of alternatives (Krifka 2007); The LE morpheme can associate with wh-elements as a focus-sensitive operator with semantic import that operates on the focus alternatives by presupposing an exhaustive answer, among other notions. With focalized categories, the project further substantiates the claim in Fominyam \& Šim{\´i}k (2017), namely that exhaustivity is part of the semantics of the LE morpheme and not derived via contextual implicature, via a number of diagnostics. Hence, unlike in copular clauses, the LE morpheme with wh-focused categories is analysed as a morphological exponent of a functional head Exh corresponding to Horvath's (2010) EI (Exhaustive Identification). The work ends with the syntax of verb focus and negation and modifies the idea in Fominyam \& Šim{\´i}k (2017), namely that the focalized verb that associates with the exhaustive (LE) particle is a lower copy of the finite verb that has been moved to Agr. It is argued that the LE-focused verb 'cluster' is an instantiation of adjunction. The conclusion is that verb doubling with verb focus in Awing is neither a realization of two copies of one and the same verb (Fominyam and Šim{\´i}k 2017), nor a result of a copy triggered by a focus marker (Aboh and Dyakonova 2009). Rather, the focalized copy is said to be merged directly as the complement of LE forming a type of adjoining cluster.}, language = {en} } @book{OPUS4-52083, title = {FAQ Dysphagie}, editor = {Frank, Ulrike and Pluschinski, Petra and Hofmayer, Andrea and Duchac, Stefanie}, publisher = {Urban \& Fischer in Elsevier}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, isbn = {978-3-437-44720-4}, pages = {XVI, 420}, abstract = {Im Frage-Antwort-Format geht das Buch auf Diagnostik und Therapie von Schluckst{\"o}rungen ein. Ob durch einen Schlaganfall, Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich oder neurologische Erkrankungen - die Zahl der Dysphagie-Patienten steigt und damit ist auch f{\"u}r Sprachtherapeuten mehr und mehr umfassendes Wissen zu diesem Thema erforderlich. Das Buch geht auf Dysphagie bei den unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen ein, informiert aber auch {\"u}ber das Dysphagie-Management auf einer Intensivstation und beantwortet Fragen zur Dysphagie bei COVID-19-Patienten. Mit Geleitfrage: Wenn ich mich verschlucke: wo bin ich dann? Die Antwort auf diese philosophische Frage gibt Dr. Eckart von Hirschhausen.}, language = {de} } @misc{ClahsenFelser2017, author = {Clahsen, Harald and Felser, Claudia}, title = {Some notes on the shallow structure hypothesis}, series = {Studies in second language acquisition}, volume = {40}, journal = {Studies in second language acquisition}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {0272-2631}, doi = {10.1017/S0272263117000250}, pages = {693 -- 706}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Since the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH) was first put forward in 2006, it has inspired a growing body of research on grammatical processing in nonnative (L2) speakers. More than 10 years later, we think it is time for the SSH to be reconsidered in the light of new empirical findings and current theoretical assumptions about human language processing. The purpose of our critical commentary is twofold: to clarify some issues regarding the SSH and to sketch possible ways in which this hypothesis might be refined and improved to better account for L1 and L2 speakers' performance patterns.}, language = {en} } @article{NicenboimRoettgerVasishth2018, author = {Nicenboim, Bruno and Roettger, Timo B. and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Using meta-analysis for evidence synthesis}, series = {Journal of phonetics}, volume = {70}, journal = {Journal of phonetics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {London}, issn = {0095-4470}, doi = {10.1016/j.wocn.2018.06.001}, pages = {39 -- 55}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Within quantitative phonetics, it is common practice to draw conclusions based on statistical significance alone Using incomplete neutralization of final devoicing in German as a case study, we illustrate the problems with this approach. If researchers find a significant acoustic difference between voiceless and devoiced obstruents, they conclude that neutralization is incomplete, and if they find no significant difference, they conclude that neutralization is complete. However, such strong claims regarding the existence or absence of an effect based on significant results alone can be misleading. Instead, the totality of available evidence should be brought to bear on the question. Towards this end, we synthesize the evidence from 14 studies on incomplete neutralization in German using a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis provides evidence in favor of incomplete neutralization. We conclude with some suggestions for improving the quality of future research on phonetic phenomena: ensure that sample sizes allow for high-precision estimates of the effect; avoid the temptation to deploy researcher degrees of freedom when analyzing data; focus on estimates of the parameter of interest and the uncertainty about that parameter; attempt to replicate effects found; and, whenever possible, make both the data and analysis available publicly. (c) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{KohnenNickelsGeigisetal.2018, author = {Kohnen, Saskia and Nickels, Lyndsey and Geigis, Leonie and Coltheart, Max and McArthur, Genevieve and Castles, Anne}, title = {Variations within a subtype}, series = {Cortex : a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behaviour}, volume = {106}, journal = {Cortex : a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behaviour}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Paris}, issn = {0010-9452}, doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.008}, pages = {151 -- 163}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Surface dyslexia is characterised by poor reading of irregular words while nonword reading can be completely normal. Previous work has identified several theoretical possibilities for the underlying locus of impairment in surface dyslexia. In this study, we systematically investigated whether children with surface dyslexia showed different patterns of reading performance that could be traced back to different underlying levels of impairment. To do this, we tested 12 English readers, replicating previous work in Hebrew (Gvion \& Friedmann, 2013; 2016; Friedmann \& Lukov, 2008; Friedmann \& Gvion, 2016). In our sample, we found that poor irregular word reading was associated with deficits at the level of the orthographic input lexicon and with impaired access to meaning and spoken word forms after processing written words in the orthographic input lexicon. There were also children whose surface dyslexia seemed to be caused by impairments of the phonological output lexicon. We suggest that further evidence is required to unequivocally support a fourth pattern where the link between orthography and meaning is intact while the link between orthography and spoken word forms is not functioning. All patterns found were consistent with dual route theory while possible patterns of results, which would be inconsistent with dual route theory, were not detected. Crown Copyright (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{WilliamsEscuderoGafos2018, author = {Williams, Daniel Philip and Escudero, Paola and Gafos, Adamantios I.}, title = {Spectral change and duration as cues in Australian English listeners' front vowel categorization}, series = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {144}, journal = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0001-4966}, doi = {10.1121/1.5055019}, pages = {EL215 -- EL221}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Australian English /iː/, /ɪ/, and /ɪə/ exhibit almost identical average first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequencies and differ in duration and vowel inherent spectral change (VISC). The cues of duration, F1 × F2 trajectory direction (TD) and trajectory length (TL) were assessed in listeners' categorization of /iː/ and /ɪə/ compared to /ɪ/. Duration was important for distinguishing both /iː/ and /ɪə/ from /ɪ/. TD and TL were important for categorizing /iː/ versus /ɪ/, whereas only TL was important for /ɪə/ versus /ɪ/. Finally, listeners' use of duration and VISC was not mutually affected for either vowel compared to /ɪ/.}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Zolotarenko2020, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Zolotarenko, Olha}, title = {Visualization approaches for coherence relations}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51699}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516997}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die hier vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Versuch dar, den Visualisierungsans{\"a}tzen in dem Feld der annotierten Diskursrelationen nahezukommen und durch Vergleich verschiedener Programmierwerkzeuge eine anforderungsnahe L{\"o}sung zu finden. Als Gegenstand der Forschung wurden Koh{\"a}renzrelationen ausgew{\"a}hlt, welche eine Reihe an Eigenschaften aufweisen, die f{\"u}r viele Visualisierungsmethoden herausfordernd sein k{\"o}nnen. Die Arbeit stellt f{\"u}nf verschiedene Visualisierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten sowohl von der Anwendungs- als auch von der Entwicklungsperspektive vor. Die zun{\"a}chst getesteten einfachen HTML-Ans{\"a}tze sowie das Softwarepaket displaCy zeigen das unzureichende Niveau f{\"u}r die Visualisierungszwecke dieser Arbeit. Die alternative Implementierung mit D3 w{\"u}rde die Voraussetzungen zwar optimal erf{\"u}llen, sprengt aber deutlich den Rahmen des Projektes. Die gew{\"a}hlte Hauptmethode wurde als Single-Web-Anwendung konzipiert und verwendet das Annotationstool brat, welches die meisten definierten Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r die Repr{\"a}sentation der Koh{\"a}renzrelationen erf{\"u}llt. Die Anwendung stellt die im Text annotierten Koh{\"a}renzrelationen graphisch dar und bietet eine Filterfunktion f{\"u}r verschiedene Relationstypen an.}, language = {en} } @article{SchotterLeinengervonderMalsburg2017, author = {Schotter, Elizabeth Roye and Leinenger, Mallorie and von der Malsburg, Titus Raban}, title = {When your mind skips what your eyes fixate}, series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, volume = {25}, journal = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1069-9384}, doi = {10.3758/s13423-017-1356-y}, pages = {1884 -- 1890}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The phenomenon of forced fixations suggests that readers sometimes fixate a word (due to oculomotor constraints) even though they intended to skip it (due to parafoveal cognitive-linguistic processing). We investigate whether this leads readers to look directly at a word but not pay attention to it. We used a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm to dissociate parafoveal and foveal information (e.g., the word phone changed to scarf once the reader's eyes moved to it) and asked questions about the sentence to determine which one the reader encoded. When the word was skipped or fixated only briefly (i.e., up to 100 ms) readers were more likely to report reading the parafoveal than the fixated word, suggesting that there are cases in which readers look directly at a word but their minds ignore it, leading to the illusion of reading something they did not fixate.}, language = {en} } @article{ZakariasSalisWartenburger2018, author = {Zakarias, Lilla and Salis, Christos and Wartenburger, Isabell}, title = {Transfer effects on spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication after working memory training in stroke aphasia}, series = {Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience}, volume = {48}, journal = {Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0911-6044}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.002}, pages = {47 -- 63}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving working memory (WM) in individuals with aphasia. However, the evidence to date is small and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. To address these issues, we conducted a multiple baseline study with three German-speaking individuals with chronic post stroke aphasia. Participants practised two computerised WM tasks (n-back with pictures and aback with spoken words) four times a week for a month, targeting two WM processes: updating WM representations and resolving interference. All participants showed improvement on at least one measure of spoken sentence comprehension and everyday memory activities. Two of them showed improvement also on measures of WM and functional communication. Our results suggest that WM can be improved through computerised training in chronic aphasia and this can transfer to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals.}, language = {en} } @misc{Verissimo2017, author = {Verissimo, Jo{\~a}o Marques}, title = {Sensitive periods in both L1 and L2}, series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, volume = {21}, journal = {Bilingualism : language and cognition}, number = {5}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {1366-7289}, doi = {10.1017/S1366728918000275}, pages = {932 -- 933}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The keynote article (Mayberry \& Kluender, 2017) makes an important contribution to questions concerning the existence and characteristics of sensitive periods in language acquisition. Specifically, by comparing groups of non-native L1 and L2 signers, the authors have been able to ingeniously disentangle the effects of maturation from those of early language exposure. Based on L1 versus L2 contrasts, the paper convincingly argues that L2 learning is a less clear test of sensitive periods. Nevertheless, we believe Mayberry and Kluender underestimate the evidence for maturational factors in L2 learning, especially that coming from recent research.}, language = {en} } @misc{Kosta2018, author = {Kosta, Peter}, title = {Rezension zu: Bednař{\´i}kov{\´a}, Božena: Slovo a jeho konverze. - Olomouc: Univerzita Palack{\´e}ho v Olomouci. Filozofick{\´a} fakulta, 2009. - S. 253. - ISBN 978-80-244-2220-6}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Slawistik}, volume = {63}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Slawistik}, number = {4}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0044-3506}, doi = {10.1515/slaw-2018-0049}, pages = {675 -- 681}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The book by Božena Bednař{\´i}kov{\´a}, Slovo a jeho konverze ('BSJK'), was originally published in 2009. However, in our view, there has not yet been given a due consideration and certainly not recognition as a genuine new territory of word formation. This is the reason to write a short review in order to give this book the consideration it has by large and far deserved. For in this book, two theoretically interesting working hypotheses are represented and covered by numerous examples of the Czech contemporary language: (i) conversion is the central process (not derivation), and (ii) conversion belongs to morphology and not (just) to word formation. The book is divided into 9 sections. The section 1 (p. 13-14) gives the road map of the book, in section 2 (p. 15-42), the central concern about the position of word as a central unit of morphology (form formation) is established. In this chapter, the traditional views of Czech descriptive and Academic grammars but also manuals and handbooks or teacher's books for high schools are reviewed. In most of them, word formation is considered being a part of lexicology, and not an integral part of morphology or better form formation. The review serves not only the improvement towards a unifying grammatical terminology in academic circles (university and academy of science) but it should also improve the quality of teaching at elementary and high schools (cf. 2.6., p. 31-42: Školsk{\´y} exkurz). Bednař{\´i}kov{\´a} is famous for her leading role as missing link between the Academia and the consumers of grammars. In chapter 3, entitled N{\´a}vrat slova 'The return of the word' (into the Morphology, p. 43-54), arguments in favor of a morphological approach are raised. In this important methodological chapter, the main reasons are given why the word must be a central part of the form formation (morphology/grammar) and not of the lexicology. In addition, key terms such as stem, root and affix are subject to revision. The chapter is very brief, but very precise in its reasoning and arguments, in which the formal teaching is assigned a central supporting role in the context of conversion and transposition. In chapter 4 Slovo jako slovn{\´i} druh ('The word as a pars orationis', p. 55-70), the syntactic function of transposition of one pars orationis to another with the means of conversion is considered. In Chapter 5, the central role of morphology for word formation is analyzed taking as starting point Mel'čuks theory which is understood as the analysis of morphological processes (cf. Mel'čuk, I. 2000. Morphological processes. In G. Booji, Ch. Lehmann, J. Mugdan, \& S. Skopeteas (eds.), Morphologie/Morphology. Vol. 1, 523-535. Berlin \& New York). The innovative part of the book are without any doubt the chapters 6-9, in which the internal structure of the word is introduced (chapter 6, 79-122), furthermore the part of speech transfer (or PS Transfer) including the conversion (Chapter 7, 123-149), once more the transposition understood as the shift from one part of speech to the other and concentrating on nouns, verbs and adjectives (Chapter 8, 150-201), and, finally, transflexion, "transflexe" (chapter 9, 203-219), which belongs rather to the domain of derivation than to a new type of word formation, and which does not include the transposition from one part of speech to another but rather the transition from one declension class to another. However, it is to be criticized that in some chapters, certain systematics are missing (this is expressed for example in the repetition of the same phenomenon in several places), and the illustrations in the form of derivation trees or the abbreviations are not always transparent and explicitly defined. It took a very long time until I received information about the abbreviation "S". I would now like to give a short statement concerning the innovative potential and the contribution of the book itself as compared to the western standard on the same topic. At the beginning of the monograph, the author raises the central concerns of her two hypotheses. In her study, she is concerned with the bases of morphemic analysis of word formation and with the function of the syntagma. In view of methodology, two central acts of actualization are, following Mathesius' terminology, under review: first, the category called "pojmenov{\´a}vac{\´i}", and second, the category called "usouvztažňovac{\´i}" (cf. also Mathesius, V. 1982. Jazyk, kultura a slovesnost; Daneš, F. 1991.Mathesiova koncepce funkčn{\´i} gramatiky v kontextu dnešn{\´i} jazykovědy. In SaS 52. 161-174 and Panevov{\´a}, J. 2010. Kategorie pojmenov{\´a}vac{\´i} a usouvztažňovac{\´i} [Jak František Daneš rozv{\´i}j{\´i} Vil{\´e}ma Mathesia]. In S. Čmejrkov{\´a} \& J. Hoffmannov{\´a} ad. [eds.], Už{\´i}v{\´a}n{\´i} a prož{\´i}v{\´a}n{\´i} jazyka, 21-26.). Her major concern is thus to establish a missing link between an analysis of word formation and form formation (morphology). Her morphemic analysis of word formation processes wants to "combat traditional school views of word formation as a (mechanical) connection of the root, prefix, and suffix". Doing so, she analyzes in the book the relationship between transfer, transposition (as change of partes orationis) and conversion (as the operation process serving transposition). In the last chapter 8, BSJK re-introduces and refines the term transflection (BSJK 2009,13). This book is important for its consistent satisfactory treatment of the term conversion as a morphological process in the Czech tradition; still we cannot confirm that in European context, this topic would be "seriously under-researched" (cited from the introduction, Chapter 1, p. 13). The contrary is true, in context of English word formation besides the most influential work by Marchand (Marchand, H. 1996. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic diachronic approach. 2nd ed. M{\"u}nchen), conversion as the most productive process of word formation has become perhaps the most researched object recently: to mention just a few influential monographs: Martsa, S. 2013. Conversion in English: A Cognitive Semantic Approach. Cambridge; Vogel, P. M. 1996. Wortarten und Wortartenwechsel. Berlin \& New York. The word formation called conversion originally comes from analytic languages such as English and French. Especially English is a language in which the derivation of a noun from a verb and vice versa causes a considerable large amount of homonymous forms in the dictionary and of course, this is not just a problem of morphology but especially a problem of any theoretical approach to language acquisition, cognitive semantics or even generative morphosyntax. Thus, in his seminal book, Language Instinct (1995), Steven Pinker argues persuasively that prescriptive grammar rules disallowing, among other things, the sentence-final use of prepositions, the splitting of infinitives and the conversion of nouns to verbs are both useless and nonsensical (371-379). As regards the conversion of nouns to verbs, he says: "[i]n fact the easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English English" (ibidem: 379). To illustrate the easiness characterizing this type of conversion, he lists verbs converted from nouns designating human body parts, some of which are reproduced in (1): (1) head a committee, scalp a missionary, eye a babe, nose around the office, mouth the lyrics, tongue each note on the flute, neck in the back seat, back the candidate, arm the militia, shoulder the burden, elbow your way in, finger the culprit, knuckle under, thumb a ride, belly up to the bar, stomach someone's complaints, knee the goalie, leg it across the town, foot the bill, toe the line (cf. Pinker, S. 1995. The Language Instinct. New York, 379-380 and Pinker, S. 1996. Language learnability and language development. Cambridge MA) Pinker estimates that approximately a fifth of English verbs originate from nouns, which, as documented extensively in Clark \& Clark (Clark, E. V. \& H. H. Clark. 1979. When nouns surface as verbs. In Language 55. 767-811), may also have to do with the fact that new or innovative verbs in English arise predominantly from conversion of nouns to verbs. Without questioning the dominance of noun to verb conversion, I shall claim in this review that it is not only the easy conversion of verbs from nouns, but, more broadly, conversion as a word-formation process that makes English English. Consider, for instance, (2) below demonstrating that the easiness of forming conversion verbs equally characterizes, though in a lesser degree, the conversion of nouns from verbs. The expressions given in (2) are modelled on Pinker's above examples by the seminal work of S{\´a}ndor Martsa (2013. Conversion in English: A Cognitive Semantic Approach. Cambridge), and they contain nouns converted from verbs designating actions functionally related to different parts of the human body. (2) have your say, give a shout, let out a shriek / a cry, give a talk, take a look at the notes, keep a close watch, down the whisky with a swallow, have a chew on it, have a smell of this cheese, with a smile, the touch of her fingers, Hey! Nice catch! go for a run, it's worth a go, go for a walk Thus, the major difference between the term konverze as introduced and defended in BSJK (2009, 149) on one hand, and the English type of conversion mostly called "Zero-Derivation" by a zero morpheme (as Marchand 1969 op. cit., has called it) is to be found inside of the two quite different systems of word formation. Czech very rarely allows for pure zero derivation such as demonstrated in the English examples (1)-(2). Despite this major difference, even Czech language being still a highly inflectional language with rich case, number and declension system and agreement, nevertheless more and more allows for similar word formations typical for English with a true zero affixation, e. g. tunnel > to tunnel : Cz tunel > tunelovat and this process is an integral part of the grammar because it includes even the category of verbal aspect deriving also the perfective forms and negated verbs such as nevytunelovalo pen{\´i}ze, ve snaze "politicky korektně" uct{\´i}t Havlovu pam{\´a}tku jednotliv{\´i} ministři česk{\´e} vl{\´a}dy přisl{\´i}bili, že přestanou tento st{\´a}t vykr{\´a}dat a tunelovat, tedy alespoň do zač{\´a}tku př{\´i}št{\´i}ho roku; Nov{\´e} veden{\´i} Obce spisovatelů a jeho sekretari{\´a}t nevytunelovalo pen{\´i}ze Obce spisovatelů, vždyť nebylo ani co tunelovat, naopak zachr{\´a}nilo tuto organizaci před t{\´e}měř nezvratn{\´y}m koncem (ČNK. Last accessed July 10, 2018). Thus conversion is becoming more and more an important process of word and form formation in the system of Czech word formation and morphology. One critical observation remains to be mentioned: The book is solid but in a certain sense restricted to just functional approaches not considering or even including the important contribution of alternative approaches in formal linguistics. Thus, mainstream generative syntax, based on the theory of government and binding or minimalism (introduced by Noam Chomsky in 1981 and 1995), are not reviewed in this book even though there are many allusions including the important role of syntax for word formation (this is an important demand on any theory of word formation, cf. also Dokulil, M. 1962. K vz{\´a}jemn{\´e}mu poměru slovotvorby a skladby. In Acta Universitatis Carolinae: SLAVICA PRAGENSIA IV, 369-375. UK, Praha). Most of the recent work devoted to a theoretical approach of minimalism considers conversion as a "syntactic decomposition" based on root semantics (cf. e. g. Borer, H. 2005. In name only: Structuring sense Vol. I. \& The normal course of events: Structuring sense Vol. II. Oxford; Harley, H. \& R. Noyer. 1999. State-of-the article: Distributed Morphology. In GLOT 4. 3-9; Halle, M. \& A. Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In Keyser, S. J. \& K. Hale (eds.), The view from Building 20, 111-176. Cambridge.). A recent development in minimalism is the concept of roots and categorial features (cf. Panagiotidis, Ph. 2014. Categorial Features. A Generative Theory of Word Class Categories. Cambridge.). This theory differentiates between so-called true "denominal verbs tape-type verbs" as opposed to those verbs which are "directly derived from a root hammer-type". The structural differences between them are argued by Panagiotidis (2014: 63) "to account for the idiosyncratic meaning of the latter, as opposed to the predictable and systematic meaning of the former". The two types are demonstrated under (3) vs. (4) (3) nP vP / \ / \ N HAMMER v xP / \ HAMMER x (Panagiotidis op. cit., 2014: 63) In (3) to the left, the nominalizer head n takes a root complement, nominalizing it syntactically. In the tree to the right, the root h a m m e r is a manner adjunct to an xP (schematically rendered) inside the vP. On the other hand, verbs like tape behave differently. They seem to be truly denominal, formed by converting a noun into a verb, by recategorizing the noun and not by categorizing a root. By hypothesis, the verbalizing head takes as its complement a structure that already contains a noun - that is, an nP in which the root tape has already been nominalized: (4) nP vP / \ / \ N TAPE v xP / \ np. X / \ n TAPE (Panagiotidis 2014:63) As opposed to this approach, the present monograph uses the term "transpozice" ('transposition') as the change of parts of speech of different classes by the means of konverze ('conversion') (chapter 8, 151-201). We will just mention one typical class or type of such conversions as given under (5) and (6): (5) kapř / \ Kapř {\´i} (BSJK,156) (6) v{\´y}lov [vylovit] / \ v{\´y} [vy] lov [lovit] (BSJK, 180) In summary, I would see the great merit of the publication especially in a new view on ancient phenomena. Additionally, the work also excels in a thorough multi-level analysis of conversion, transposition and transflexion, including consideration of morphonological alternations and differences of semantic interpretation by adding or removing a specific onomasiological feature (according to the onomasiological word formation theory of Dokulil, M. 1962. Tvořen{\´i} slov v češtině. Teorie odvozov{\´a}n{\´i} slov. Praha.). Above all, I value the book because of its consistent insistence on the role of shaping for conversion as a part of morphology (form formation). I also think that conversion will play an increasingly important role in the further development of the Czech language, both for system external reasons, as a language contact phenomenon for English, but also for system inherent reasons, triggered and flanked by the tendency towards analytism and simplification, and finally the gradual reduction of the complex inflectional system of nouns and verbs. For the theoretical linguist, this book may not be a substitute for word-formation theories such as Marchand, op. cit. (1969) or Dokulil, op. cit. (1962, 1968); but it is a very stimulating and original study in which a more thorough reading could lead to a differentiated view than that given here, showing the differences between a true zero-derivative language such as English based on a more elaborated morpho-syntactic generative theory of root semantics by Panagiotidis (2014) in which the term conversion is very different from that presented in Bednař{\´i}kov{\´a}s book (see Examples 1 and 2), and a derivational language such as Czech with additional affixes and other word-forming means more clearly. The author is to be recommended for bridging the gap with traditional (and, in my view, not negligible) theories and newer views. The work must necessarily have place in every slavist's and bohemist's book shelf.}, language = {en} } @article{BuerkiFoschiniFrossardRenaud2018, author = {B{\"u}rki-Foschini, Audrey Damaris and Frossard, Jaromil and Renaud, Olivier}, title = {Accounting for stimulus and participant effects in event-related potential analyses to increase the replicability of studies}, series = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, volume = {309}, journal = {Journal of neuroscience methods}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0165-0270}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.016}, pages = {218 -- 227}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: Event-related potentials (ERPs) are increasingly used in cognitive science. With their high temporal resolution, they offer a unique window into cognitive processes and their time course. In this paper, we focus on ERP experiments whose designs involve selecting participants and stimuli amongst many. Recently, Westfall et al. (2017) highlighted the drastic consequences of not considering stimuli as a random variable in fMRI studies with such designs. Most ERP studies in cognitive psychology suffer from the same drawback. New method: We advocate the use of the Quasi-F or Mixed-effects models instead of the classical ANOVA/by-participant F1 statistic to analyze ERP datasets in which the dependent variable is reduced to one measure per trial (e.g., mean amplitude). We combine Quasi-F statistic and cluster mass tests to analyze datasets with multiple measures per trial. Doing so allows us to treat stimulus as a random variable while correcting for multiple comparisons. Results: Simulations show that the use of Quasi-F statistics with cluster mass tests allows maintaining the family wise error rates close to the nominal alpha level of 0.05. Comparison with existing methods: Simulations reveal that the classical ANOVA/F1 approach has an alarming FWER, demonstrating the superiority of models that treat both participant and stimulus as random variables, like the Quasi-F approach. Conclusions: Our simulations question the validity of studies in which stimulus is not treated as a random variable. Failure to change the current standards feeds the replicability crisis.}, language = {en} } @article{HeinBarnickel2018, author = {Hein, Johannes and Barnickel, Katja}, title = {Replication of R-pronouns in German dialects}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft : ZS}, volume = {37}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft : ZS}, number = {2}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0721-9067}, doi = {10.1515/zfs-2018-0009}, pages = {171 -- 204}, year = {2018}, abstract = {A considerable number of German dialects exhibit doubled R-pronouns with pronominal adverbs (dadamit, dadafur, dadagegen). At first sight, this type of in situ replication seems to be completely redundant since its occurrence is independent of R-pronoun extraction/movement. The main purpose of this paper is to account for (i) the difference between dialects with regard to replication of R-pronouns and (ii) why an (apparently redundant) process of replication occurs. Following Muller (2000a), who considers R-pronouns to be a repair phenomenon, we present an analysis in the framework of Optimality Theory. We argue that replication of R-pronouns is a consequence of different rankings of universal requirements like e.g. the Inclusiveness Condition, the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis and Antilocality and that the interaction of these constraints results in the occurrence of replication.}, language = {en} } @article{ViebahnMcQueenErnestusetal.2018, author = {Viebahn, Malte Clemens and McQueen, James Milroy and Ernestus, Mirjam Theresia Constantia and Frauenfelder, Ulrich Hans and B{\"u}rki-Foschini, Audrey Damaris}, title = {How much does orthography influence the processing of reduced word forms?}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {71}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {11}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1177/1747021817741859}, pages = {2378 -- 2394}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This study examines the influence of orthography on the processing of reduced word forms. For this purpose, we compared the impact of phonological variation with the impact of spelling-sound consistency on the processing of words that may be produced with or without the vowel schwa. Participants learnt novel French words in which the vowel schwa was present or absent in the first syllable. In Experiment 1, the words were consistently produced without schwa or produced in a variable manner (i.e., sometimes produced with and sometimes produced without schwa). In Experiment 2, words were always produced in a consistent manner, but an orthographic exposure phase was included in which words that were produced without schwa were either spelled with or without the letter < e >. Results from naming and eye-tracking tasks suggest that both phonological variation and spelling-sound consistency influence the processing of spoken novel words. However, the influence of phonological variation outweighs the effect of spelling-sound consistency. Our findings therefore suggest that the influence of orthography on the processing of reduced word forms is relatively small.}, language = {en} } @article{MalyutinaLaurinavichyuteTerekhinaetal.2018, author = {Malyutina, Svetlana and Laurinavichyute, Anna and Terekhina, Maria and Lapin, Yevgeniy}, title = {No evidence for strategic nature of age-related slowing in sentence processing}, series = {Psychology and aging}, volume = {33}, journal = {Psychology and aging}, number = {7}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0882-7974}, doi = {10.1037/pag0000302}, pages = {1045 -- 1059}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Older adults demonstrate a slower speed of linguistic processing, including sentence processing. In nonlinguistic cognitive domains such as memory, research suggests that age-related slowing of processing speed may be a strategy adopted in order to avoid potential error and/or to spare "cognitive resources." So far, very few studies have tested whether older adults' slower processing speed in the linguistic domain has a strategic nature as well. To fill this gap, we tested whether older adults can maintain language processing accuracy when a faster processing speed is enforced externally. Specifically, we compared sentence comprehension accuracy in younger and older adults when sentences were presented at the participant's median self-paced reading speed versus twice as fast. We hypothesized that an external speed increase will cause a smaller accuracy decline in older than younger adults because older adults tend to adopt self-paced processing speeds "further away" from their performance limits. The hypothesis was not confirmed: The decline in accuracy due to faster presentation did not differ by age group. Thus, we found no evidence for strategic nature of age-related slowing of sentence processing. On the basis of our experimental design, we suggest that the age-related slowing of sentence processing is caused not only by motor slowdown, but also by a slowdown in cognitive processing}, language = {en} } @article{VasishthNicenboimBeckmanetal.2018, author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Nicenboim, Bruno and Beckman, Mary E. and Li, Fangfang and Kong, Eun Jong}, title = {Bayesian data analysis in the phonetic sciences}, series = {Journal of phonetics}, volume = {71}, journal = {Journal of phonetics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {London}, issn = {0095-4470}, doi = {10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.008}, pages = {147 -- 161}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This tutorial analyzes voice onset time (VOT) data from Dongbei (Northeastern) Mandarin Chinese and North American English to demonstrate how Bayesian linear mixed models can be fit using the programming language Stan via the R package brms. Through this case study, we demonstrate some of the advantages of the Bayesian framework: researchers can (i) flexibly define the underlying process that they believe to have generated the data; (ii) obtain direct information regarding the uncertainty about the parameter that relates the data to the theoretical question being studied; and (iii) incorporate prior knowledge into the analysis. Getting started with Bayesian modeling can be challenging, especially when one is trying to model one's own (often unique) data. It is difficult to see how one can apply general principles described in textbooks to one's own specific research problem. We address this barrier to using Bayesian methods by providing three detailed examples, with source code to allow easy reproducibility. The examples presented are intended to give the reader a flavor of the process of model-fitting; suggestions for further study are also provided. All data and code are available from: https://osf.io/g4zpv.}, language = {en} } @article{Zimmermann2018, author = {Zimmermann, Malte}, title = {Wird Schon Stimmen!}, series = {Journal of semantics}, volume = {35}, journal = {Journal of semantics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0167-5133}, doi = {10.1093/jos/ffy010}, pages = {687 -- 739}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The article puts forward a novel analysis of the German modal particle schon as a modal degree operator over propositional content. The proposed analysis offers a uniform perspective on the semantics of modal schon and its aspectual counterpart meaning 'already': Both particles are analyzed as denoting a degree operator, expressing a scale-based comparison over relevant alternatives. The alternatives are determined by focus in the case of aspectual schon (Krifka 2000), but are restricted to the polar alternatives p and ¬p in the case of modal schon. Semantically, modal schon introduces a presupposition to the effect that the circumstantial conversational background contains more factual evidence in favor of p than in favor of ¬p⁠, thereby making modal schon the not at-issue counterpart of the overt comparative form eher 'rather' (Herburger \& Rubinstein 2014). The analysis incorporates basic insights from earlier analyses of modal schon in a novel way, and it also offers new insights as to the underlying workings of modality in natural language as involving propositions rather than possible worlds (Kratzer 1977, 2012).}, language = {en} } @article{DasTaboada2017, author = {Das, Debopam and Taboada, Maite}, title = {Signalling of Coherence Relations in Discourse, Beyond Discourse Markers}, series = {Discourse processes : DP ; a multidisciplinary journal}, volume = {55}, journal = {Discourse processes : DP ; a multidisciplinary journal}, number = {8}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {0163-853X}, doi = {10.1080/0163853X.2017.1379327}, pages = {743 -- 770}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We argue that coherence relations (relations between propositions, such as Concession or Purpose) are signalled more frequently and by more means than is generally believed. We examine how coherence relations in text are indicated by all possible textual signals, and whether every relation is signalled. To that end, we conducted a corpus study on the RST Discourse Treebank, a corpus of newspaper articles annotated for rhetorical (or coherence) relations. Results from our corpus study show that most relations in text (over 90\%) are signalled and also that most signalled relations (over 80\%) are indicated not only by discourse markers (and, but, if, since), but also by a wide variety of signals other than discourse markers, such as reference, lexical, semantic, syntactic and graphical features. These findings suggest that signalling of coherence relations is much more sophisticated than previously thought.}, language = {en} } @article{VasishthMertzenJaegeretal.2018, author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Mertzen, Daniela and Jaeger, Lena A. and Gelman, Andrew}, title = {The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability}, series = {Journal of memory and language}, volume = {103}, journal = {Journal of memory and language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2018.07.004}, pages = {151 -- 175}, year = {2018}, abstract = {It is well-known in statistics (e.g., Gelman \& Carlin, 2014) that treating a result as publishable just because the p-value is less than 0.05 leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability. These effects get published, leading to an overconfident belief in replicability. We demonstrate the adverse consequences of this statistical significance filter by conducting seven direct replication attempts (268 participants in total) of a recent paper (Levy \& Keller, 2013). We show that the published claims are so noisy that even non-significant results are fully compatible with them. We also demonstrate the contrast between such small-sample studies and a larger-sample study; the latter generally yields a less noisy estimate but also a smaller effect magnitude, which looks less compelling but is more realistic. We reiterate several suggestions from the methodology literature for improving current practices.}, language = {en} } @article{BuerkiFoschini2018, author = {B{\"u}rki-Foschini, Audrey Damaris}, title = {Variation in the speech signal as a window into the cognitive architecture of language production}, series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, volume = {25}, journal = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, number = {6}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1069-9384}, doi = {10.3758/s13423-017-1423-4}, pages = {1973 -- 2004}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The pronunciation of words is highly variable. This variation provides crucial information about the cognitive architecture of the language production system. This review summarizes key empirical findings about variation phenomena, integrating corpus, acoustic, articulatory, and chronometric data from phonetic and psycholinguistic studies. It examines how these data constrain our current understanding of word production processes and highlights major challenges and open issues that should be addressed in future research.}, language = {en} } @article{GarciaDeryRoeseretal.2018, author = {Garcia, Rowena and Dery, Jeruen E. and Roeser, Jens and H{\"o}hle, Barbara}, title = {Word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and children}, series = {First language}, volume = {38}, journal = {First language}, number = {6}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {0142-7237}, doi = {10.1177/0142723718790317}, pages = {617 -- 640}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This article investigates the word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and five- and seven-year-old children. The participants were asked to complete sentences to describe pictures depicting actions between two animate entities. Adults preferred agent-initial constructions in the patient voice but not in the agent voice, while the children produced mainly agent-initial constructions regardless of voice. This agent-initial preference, despite the lack of a close link between the agent and the subject in Tagalog, shows that this word order preference is not merely syntactically-driven (subject-initial preference). Additionally, the children's agent-initial preference in the agent voice, contrary to the adults' lack of preference, shows that children do not respect the subject-last principle of ordering Tagalog full noun phrases. These results suggest that language-specific optional features like a subject-last principle take longer to be acquired.}, language = {en} } @misc{ZarriessSchlangen2019, author = {Zarriess, Sina and Schlangen, David}, title = {Objects of Unknown Categories}, series = {The 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, journal = {The 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, address = {Stroudsburg}, isbn = {978-1-950737-48-2}, pages = {654 -- 659}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Zero-shot learning in Language \& Vision is the task of correctly labelling (or naming) objects of novel categories. Another strand of work in L\&V aims at pragmatically informative rather than "correct" object descriptions, e.g. in reference games. We combine these lines of research and model zero-shot reference games, where a speaker needs to successfully refer to a novel object in an image. Inspired by models of "rational speech acts", we extend a neural generator to become a pragmatic speaker reasoning about uncertain object categories. As a result of this reasoning, the generator produces fewer nouns and names of distractor categories as compared to a literal speaker. We show that this conversational strategy for dealing with novel objects often improves communicative success, in terms of resolution accuracy of an automatic listener.}, language = {en} } @misc{VasishthMertzenJaegeretal.2018, author = {Vasishth, Shravan and Mertzen, Daniela and J{\"a}ger, Lena Ann and Gelman, Andrew}, title = {Corrigendum to: Shravan Vasishth, Daniela Mertzen, Lena A. J{\"a}ger, Andrew Gelman; The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability. - Journal of Memory and Language. - 103 (2018), pg. 151 - 175}, series = {Journal of memory and language}, volume = {104}, journal = {Journal of memory and language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2018.09.004}, pages = {128 -- 128}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @misc{GrubicWierzba2021, author = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta}, title = {The German additive particle noch}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {709}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51004}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510049}, pages = {29}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.}, language = {en} } @article{GrubicWierzba2021, author = {Grubic, Mira and Wierzba, Marta}, title = {The German additive particle noch}, series = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, volume = {6}, journal = {Glossa : a journal of general linguistics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Ubiquity Press}, address = {London}, issn = {2397-1835}, doi = {10.5334/gjgl.1275}, pages = {29}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The particle noch ('still') can have an additive reading similar to auch ('also'). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction.}, language = {en} } @article{TobinHullebusGafos2018, author = {Tobin, Stephen and Hullebus, Marc Antony and Gafos, Adamantios I.}, title = {Immediate phonetic convergence in a cue-distractor paradigm}, series = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {144}, journal = {The journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0001-4966}, doi = {10.1121/1.5082984}, pages = {EL528 -- EL534}, year = {2018}, abstract = {During a cue-distractor task, participants repeatedly produce syllables prompted by visual cues. Distractor syllables are presented to participants via headphones 150 ms after the visual cue (before any response). The task has been used to demonstrate perceptuomotor integration effects (perception effects on production): response times (RTs) speed up as the distractor shares more phonetic properties with the response. Here it is demonstrated that perceptuomotor integration is not limited to RTs. Voice Onset Times (VOTs) of the distractor syllables were systematically varied and their impact on responses was measured. Results demonstrate trial-specific convergence of response syllables to VOT values of distractor syllables.}, language = {en} } @article{CiaccioClahsen2019, author = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna and Clahsen, Harald}, title = {Variability and consistency in first and second language processing}, series = {Language Learning}, volume = {70}, journal = {Language Learning}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0023-8333}, doi = {10.1111/lang.12370}, pages = {103 -- 136}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: .}, language = {en} } @article{TamasiMckeanGafosetal.2018, author = {Tamasi, Katalin and Mckean, Cristina and Gafos, Adamantios I. and H{\"o}hle, Barbara}, title = {Children's gradient sensitivity to phonological mismatch}, series = {Journal of child language}, volume = {46}, journal = {Journal of child language}, number = {1}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {0305-0009}, doi = {10.1017/S0305000918000259}, pages = {1 -- 23}, year = {2018}, abstract = {In a preferential looking paradigm, we studied how children's looking behavior and pupillary response were modulated by the degree of phonological mismatch between the correct label of a target referent and its manipulated form. We manipulated degree of mismatch by introducing one or more featural changes to the target label. Both looking behavior and pupillary response were sensitive to degree of mismatch, corroborating previous studies that found differential responses in one or the other measure. Using time-course analyses, we present for the first time results demonstrating full separability among conditions (detecting difference not only between one vs. more, but also between two and three featural changes). Furthermore, the correct labels and small featural changes were associated with stable target preference, while large featural changes were associated with oscillating looking behavior, suggesting significant shifts in looking preference over time. These findings further support and extend the notion that early words are represented in great detail, containing subphonemic information.}, language = {en} } @misc{JonasJaecksNiebuhrSiebertetal.2021, author = {Jonas, Kristina and Jaecks, Petra and Niebuhr-Siebert, Sandra and Wahl, Michael and Leinweber, Juliane and Bilda, Kerstin and Pl{\"o}ßel, Laura and Heide, Judith and Netzebandt, Jonka and Br{\"u}sch, Julia and Diener, Antonia and Hubert, Cilly and Menze, Clara and Neitzel, Isabel and Tenhagen, Anne and Kauschke, Christina and Siegm{\"u}ller, Julia and Sachse, Steffi and D{\"o}rfler, Tobias and Machleb, Franziska and Seyboth, Margret and Eikerling, Maren and Vona, Francesco and Garzotto, Franca and Lorusso, Maria Luisa}, title = {Spektrum Patholinguistik Band 14. Schwerpunktthema: Klick f{\"u}r Klick: Schritte in der digitalen Sprachtherapie}, number = {14}, editor = {Fritzsche, Tom and Breitenstein, Sarah and Wunderlich, Hanna and Ferchland, Lisa}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-507-1}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-50016}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-500160}, pages = {vi, 147}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Das 14. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik mit dem Schwerpunktthema »Klick f{\"u}r Klick: Schritte in der digitalen Sprachtherapie« fand am 14.11.2020 als Online-Veranstaltung statt. Das Herbsttreffen wird seit 2007 j{\"a}hrlich vom Verband f{\"u}r Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl) in Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Bundesverband f{\"u}r akademische Sprachtherapie und Logop{\"a}die (dbs) und der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet die Hauptvortr{\"a}ge zum Schwerpunktthema sowie die Posterpr{\"a}sentationen zu weiteren Themen aus der sprachtherapeutischen Forschung und Praxis.}, language = {de} } @article{GrubicRenansDuah2018, author = {Grubic, Mira and Renans, Agata and Duah, Reginald Akuoko}, title = {Focus, exhaustivity and existence in Akan, Ga and Ngamo}, series = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, volume = {57}, journal = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0024-3949}, doi = {10.1515/ling-2018-0035}, pages = {221 -- 268}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This paper discusses the relation between focus marking and focus interpretation in Akan (Kwa), Ga (Kwa), and Ngamo (West Chadic). In all three languages, there is a special morphosyntactically marked focus/background construction, as well as morphosyntactically unmarked focus. We present data stemming from original fieldwork investigatingwhether marked focus/background constructions in these three languages also have additional interpretative effects apart from standard focus interpretation. Crosslinguistically, different additional inferences have been found for marked focus constructions, e.g. contrast (e.g. Vallduvi, Enric \& Maria Vilkuna. 1997. On rheme and kontrast. In Peter Culicover \& Louise McNally (eds.), The limits of syntax (Syntax and semantics 29), 79-108. New York: Academic Press; Hartmann, Katharina \& Malte Zimmermann. 2007b. In place -Out of place: Focus in Hausa. In Kerstin Schwabe \& Susanne Winkler (eds.), On information structure, meaning and form, 365-403. Amsterdam \& Philadelphia: John Benjamins.; Destruel, Emilie \& Leah Velleman. 2014. Refining contrast: Empirical evidence from the English it-cleft. In Christopher Pinon (ed.), Empirical issues in syntax and semantics 10, 197-214. Paris: Colloque de syntaxe et semantique a Paris (CSSP). http://www.cssp.cnrs.fr/eiss10/), exhaustivity (e.g. E. Kiss, Katalin. 1998. Identificational focus versus information focus. Language 74(2). 245-273.; Hartmann, Katharina \& Malte Zimmermann. 2007a. Exhaustivity marking in Hausa: A re-evaluation of the particle nee/cee. In Enoch O. Aboh, Katharina Hartmann \& Malte Zimmermann (eds.), Focus strategies in African languages: The interaction of focus and grammar in Niger-Congo and AfroAsiatic (Trends in Linguistics 191), 241-263. Berlin \& New York: Mouton de Gruyter.), and existence (e.g. Rooth, Mats. 1999. Association with focus or association with presupposition? In Peter Bosch \& Rob van der Sandt (eds.), Focus: Linguistic, cognitive, and computational perspectives, 232-244. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.; von Fintel, Kai \& Lisa Matthewson. 2008. Universals in semantics. The Linguistic Review 25(1-2). 139-201). This paper investigates these three inferences. In Akan and Ga, the marked focus constructions are found to be contrastive, while in Ngamo, no effect of contrast was found. We also show that marked focus constructions in Ga and Akan trigger exhaustivity and existence presuppositions, while the marked construction in Ngamo merely gives rise to an exhaustive conversational implicature and does not trigger an existence presupposition. Instead, the marked construction in Ngamo merely indicates salience of the backgrounded part via a morphological background marker related to the definite determiner (Schuh, Russell G. 2005. Yobe state, Nigeria as a linguistic area. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 31(2). 77-94; Guldemann, Tom. 2016. Maximal backgrounding = focus without (necessary) focus encoding. Studies in Language 40(3). 551590). The paper thus contributes to the understanding of the semantics of marked focus constructions across languages and points to the crosslinguistic variation in expressing and interpreting marked focus/background constructions.}, language = {en} } @article{FiederWartenburgerAbdelRahman2018, author = {Fieder, Nora and Wartenburger, Isabell and Abdel Rahman, Rasha}, title = {A close call}, series = {Memory \& cognition}, volume = {47}, journal = {Memory \& cognition}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {0090-502X}, doi = {10.3758/s13421-018-0856-y}, pages = {145 -- 168}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The present study investigated how lexical selection is influenced by the number of semantically related representations (semantic neighbourhood density) and their similarity (semantic distance) to the target in a speeded picture-naming task. Semantic neighbourhood density and similarity as continuous variables were used to assess lexical selection for which competitive and noncompetitive mechanisms have been proposed. Previous studies found mixed effects of semantic neighbourhood variables, leaving this issue unresolved. Here, we demonstrate interference of semantic neighbourhood similarity with less accurate naming responses and a higher likelihood of producing semantic errors and omissions over accurate responses for words with semantically more similar (closer) neighbours. No main effect of semantic neighbourhood density and no interaction between semantic neighbourhood density and similarity was found. We assessed further whether semantic neighbourhood density can affect naming performance if semantic neighbours exceed a certain degree of semantic similarity. Semantic similarity between the target and each neighbour was used to split semantic neighbourhood density into two different density variables: The number of semantically close neighbours versus distant neighbours. The results showed a significant effect of close, but not of distant, semantic neighbourhood density: Naming pictures of targets with more close semantic neighbours led to longer naming latencies, less accurate responses, and a higher likelihood for the production of semantic errors and omissions over accurate responses. The results show that word inherent semantic attributes such as semantic neighbourhood similarity and the number of coactivated close semantic neighbours modulate lexical selection supporting theories of competitive lexical processing.}, language = {en} } @article{Fominyam2019, author = {Fominyam, Henry Zamchang}, title = {Inverting the subject in Awing}, series = {Italian Journal of Linguistics}, volume = {30}, journal = {Italian Journal of Linguistics}, number = {2}, publisher = {Pacini}, address = {Pisa}, issn = {1120-2726}, doi = {10.26346/1120-2726-128}, pages = {159 -- 186}, year = {2019}, abstract = {This paper addresses the morpho-phonological, syntactic and pragmatic properties of postverbal subject constructions in Awing. Analogous to other inversion constructions in Bantu literature (Marten \& Van der Wal 2014), Awing has a construction in which the subject occurs immediately after the verb, resulting in a subject or sentence focus interpretation. However in Awing, crucially, a VSX clause cannot host a subject marker, but must contain a certain le morpheme in sentence-initial position. Following Baker (2003) and Collins (2004), I argue that the subject marker triggers movement of the subject from Spec/vP, explaining why it is banned in VSX clauses. I further claim that although the subject is interpreted as focus, it is not in a lower focus phrase (Belletti 2004), but rather trapped in Spec/vP. Awing postverbal subject constructions also exhibit verb doubling: VSVO. I argue that verb doubling is due to Case requirement: In canonical SVO clauses the subject marker and the verb value the nominative and accusative Cases, respectively. In VSVO constructions, on the contrary, the verb values both nominative and accusative Cases, thus forcing syntax to spell out two copies of the same verb.}, language = {en} } @article{LagoHuvelleGracaninYuksekSafaketal.2018, author = {Lago Huvelle, Maria Sol and Gracanin-Yuksek, Martina and Safak, Duygu Fatma and Demir, Orhan and Kirkici, Bilal and Felser, Claudia}, title = {Straight from the horse's mouth Agreement attraction effects with Turkish possessors}, series = {Linguistic approaches to bilingualism}, volume = {9}, journal = {Linguistic approaches to bilingualism}, number = {3}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1879-9264}, doi = {10.1075/lab.17019.lag}, pages = {398 -- 426}, year = {2018}, abstract = {We investigated the comprehension of subject-verb agreement in Turkish-German bilinguals using two tasks. The first task elicited speeded judgments to verb number violations in sentences that contained plural genitive modifiers. We addressed whether these modifiers elicited attraction errors, which have supported the use of a memory retrieval mechanism in monolingual comprehension studies. The second task examined the comprehension of a language-specific constraint of Turkish against plural-marked verbs with overt plural subjects. Bilinguals showed a reduced application of this constraint, as compared to Turkish monolinguals. Critically, both groups showed similar rates of attraction, but the bilingual group accepted ungrammatical sentences more often. We propose that the similarity in attraction rates supports the use of the same retrieval mechanism, but that bilinguals have more problems than monolinguals in the mapping of morphological to abstract agreement features during speeded comprehension, which results in increased acceptability of ungrammatical sentences.}, language = {en} } @article{Hassler2019, author = {Haßler, Gerda}, title = {Le tournant s{\´e}miotique du d{\´e}but du XX{\`e}me si{\`e}cle}, series = {Historiographia Linguistica}, volume = {46}, journal = {Historiographia Linguistica}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0302-5160}, doi = {10.1075/hl.00039.has}, pages = {85 -- 100}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Le centenaire de la publication du Cours de linguistique g{\´e}n{\´e}rale (1916) de Ferdinand de Saussure nous a invit{\´e} {\`a} reconsid{\´e}rer l'importance de cet ouvrage et le r{\^o}le de son auteur pour la fondation d'une linguistique int{\´e}gr{\´e}e dans une s{\´e}miologie. Il n'y a aucun doute que cet auteur fut extr{\^e}mement important pour le d{\´e}veloppement de la linguistique structurale en Europe et qu'avec son concept du signe linguistique il a fait œuvre de pionnier pour le tournant s{\´e}miologique. Mais l'accueil favorable d'une th{\´e}orie dans le milieu scientifique ne s'explique pas seulement par sa qualit{\´e} int{\´e}rieure, mais par plusieurs conditions ext{\´e}rieures. Ces conditions seront analys{\´e}es sur trois plans: (1) l'arriv{\´e}e de la m{\´e}thode des n{\´e}ogrammairiens {\`a} ses limites qui incitait alors {\`a} l'{\´e}tude de l'unit{\´e} du signifiant et du signifi{\´e}; (2) la simplification et l'outrance de la pens{\´e}e structurale dans le Cours, publi{\´e} en 1916 par Charles Bally et Albert Sechehaye et (3) la pr{\´e}paration de la r{\´e}ception de la pens{\´e}e s{\´e}miologique par plusieurs travaux parall{\`e}les.}, language = {fr} } @article{RenansDeVeaughGeiss2019, author = {Renans, Agata and De Veaugh-Geiss, Joseph P.}, title = {Experimental Studies on it-Clefts and Predicate Interpretation}, series = {Semantics and pragmatics}, volume = {12}, journal = {Semantics and pragmatics}, publisher = {Linguistic Society of America}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1937-8912}, doi = {10.3765/sp.12.11}, pages = {50}, year = {2019}, abstract = {There is an ongoing discussion in the literature whether the series of sentences 'It's not α that did P. α and β did P.' is acceptable or not. Whereas the homogeneity approach in B{\"u}ring \& Križ 2013, Križ 2016, and Križ 2017 predicts these sentences to be unacceptable, the alternative-based approach predicts acceptability depending on the predicate being interpreted distributively or non- distributively (among others, Horn 1981, Velleman et al. 2012, Renans 2016a,b). We report on three experiments testing the predictions of both types of approaches. These studies provide empirical data that not only bears on these approaches, but also allows us to distinguish between different accounts of cleft exhaustivity that might otherwise make the same predictions. The results of the three studies reported here suggest that the acceptability of clefts depends on the interpretation of the predicate, thereby posing a serious challenge to the homogeneity approach, and contributing to the ongoing discussion on the semantics of it-clefts.}, language = {en} } @article{StedeSchefflerMendes2019, author = {Stede, Manfred and Scheffler, Tatjana and Mendes, Amalia}, title = {Connective-Lex}, series = {Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique}, journal = {Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique}, number = {24}, publisher = {Universit{\´e} de Paris-Sorbonne}, address = {Paris}, issn = {1963-1723}, doi = {10.4000/discours.10098}, pages = {36}, year = {2019}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a tangible outcome of the TextLink network: a joint online database project displaying and linking existing and newly-created lexicons of discourse connectives in multiple languages. We discuss the definition and demarcation of the class of connectives that should be included in such a resource, and present the syntactic, semantic/pragmatic, and lexicographic information we collected. Further, the technical implementation of the database and the search functionality are presented. We discuss how the multilingual integration of several connective lexicons provides added value for linguistic researchers and other users interested in connectives, by allowing crosslinguistic comparison and a direct linking between discourse relational devices in different languages. Finally, we provide pointers for possible future extensions both in breadth (i.e., by adding lexicons for additional languages) and depth (by extending the information provided for each connective item and by strengthening the crosslinguistic links).}, language = {en} } @misc{OfnerStober2019, author = {Ofner, Andre and Stober, Sebastian}, title = {Hybrid variational predictive coding as a bridge between human and artificial cognition}, series = {ALIFE 2019: The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life}, journal = {ALIFE 2019: The 2019 Conference on Artificial Life}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge}, pages = {68 -- 69}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Predictive coding and its generalization to active inference offer a unified theory of brain function. The underlying predictive processing paradigmhas gained significant attention in artificial intelligence research for its representation learning and predictive capacity. Here, we suggest that it is possible to integrate human and artificial generative models with a predictive coding network that processes sensations simultaneously with the signature of predictive coding found in human neuroimaging data. We propose a recurrent hierarchical predictive coding model that predicts low-dimensional representations of stimuli, electroencephalogram and physiological signals with variational inference. We suggest that in a shared environment, such hybrid predictive coding networks learn to incorporate the human predictive model in order to reduce prediction error. We evaluate the model on a publicly available EEG dataset of subjects watching one-minute long video excerpts. Our initial results indicate that the model can be trained to predict visual properties such as the amount, distance and motion of human subjects in videos.}, language = {en} }