@phdthesis{Liebs2014,
  author    = {Liebs, G{\"o}ran},
  title     = {Ground penetration radar wave velocities and their uncertainties},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43680},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-436807},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ii, 106},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We develop three new approaches for ground penetration wave velocity calcultaions. The first is based on linear moveout spectra to find the optimum ground wave velocity including uncertainties from multi-offset data gathers. We used synthetic data to illustrate the principles of the method and to investigate uncertainties in ground wave velocity estimates. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach to real data, we analyzed GPR data sets recorded at field sites in Canada over an annual cycle from Steelman \& Endres [2010]. The results obtained by this efficient and largely automated procedure agree well with the manual achieved results of Steelman \& Endres [2010], derived by a more laborious largely manual analysis strategy. Then we develop a second methodology to global invert reflection traveltimes with a particle swarm optimization approach more precise then conventional spectral NMO-based velocity analysis (e.g., Greaves et al. [1996]). For global optimization, we use particle swarm optimization (PSO; Kennedy \& Eberhart [1995]) in the combination with a fast eikonal solver as forward solver (Sethian [1996]; Fomel [1997a]; Sethian \& Popovici [1999]). This methodology allows us to generate reliability CMP derived models of subsurface velocities and water content including uncertainties. We test this method with synthetic data to study the behavior of the PSO algorithm. Afterward, We use this method to analyze our field data from a well constrained test site in Horstwalde, Germany. The achieved velocity models from field data showed good agreement to borehole logging and direct-push data (Schmelzbach et al. [2011]) at the same site position. For the third method we implement a global optimization approach also based on PSO to invert direct-arrival traveltimes of VRP data to obtain high resolution 1D velocity models including quantitative estimates of uncertainty. Our intensive tests with several traveltime data sets helped to understand the behavior of PSO algorithm for inversion. Integration of the velocity model to VRP reflection imaging and attenuation model improved the potential of VRP surveying. Using field data, we examine this novel analysis strategy for the development of petrophysical models and the linking between GPR borehole and other logging data to surface GPR reflection data.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Senyuk2014,
  author    = {Senyuk, Ulyana},
  title     = {Zum Status relativ{\"a}hnlicher S{\"a}tze im Fr{\"u}hneuhochdeutschen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-91673},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 276},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den sogenannten relativ{\"a}hnlichen S{\"a}tzen im Fr{\"u}hneuhochdeutschen und leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Subordinationsforschung des {\"a}lteren Deutsch. Relativ{\"a}hnliche S{\"a}tze sind formal durch ein satzinitiales anaphorisches d-Element und die Endstellung des finiten Verbs gekennzeichnet. Semantisch gesehen beziehen sie sich auf den vorangehenden Satz als Ganzes, indem sie ihn in bestimmter Weise weiterf{\"u}hren oder kommentieren. In der bisherigen Forschung werden diese S{\"a}tze satztypologisch als Haupts{\"a}tze mit Verbendstellung analysiert (vgl. dazu Maurer 1926, Behaghel 1932 und L{\"o}tscher 2000). Nach der ausf{\"u}hrlichen Diskussion der formalen Abh{\"a}ngigkeitsmarker im {\"a}lteren Deutsch sowie anhand einer umfangreichen korpusbasierten Untersuchung wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass relativ{\"a}hnliche S{\"a}tze im Fr{\"u}hneuhochdeutschen auch als abh{\"a}ngige S{\"a}tze - analog zu den weiterf{\"u}hrenden Relativs{\"a}tzen im Gegenwartsdeutschen - analysiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Die weiterf{\"u}hrenden Relativs{\"a}tze im Gegenwartsdeutschen enthalten satzinitial auch ein anaphorisches Element, das sich auf das Gesagte in dem vorangehenden Satz bezieht. Verbendstellung weisen sie ebenfalls auf (mehr zur Grammatik der weiterf{\"u}hrenden Relativs{\"a}tze vgl. insb. Brandt 1990 und Holler 2005). {\"U}ber die Untersuchung relativ{\"a}hnlicher S{\"a}tze hinaus befasst sich diese Arbeit ausf{\"u}hrlich mit formalen Abh{\"a}ngigkeitsmarkern des {\"a}lteren Deutsch, wie Verbendstellung, Einleiter und afinite Konstruktion.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Blankovsky2014,
  author    = {Blankovsky, Yuval},
  title     = {עבירה לשמה},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87158},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {A Transgression for the Sake of God -'Averah li-shmah: A Tale of a Radical Idea in Talmudic Literature All cultures, religions, and ethical or legal systems struggle with the role intention plays in evaluating actions. The Talmud compellingly elaborates on the notion of intention through the radical concept that "A sin committed for the sake of God [averah li-shmah] is greater than a commandment fulfilled not for the sake of God [mi-mizvah she-lo li-shmah]." The Babylonian Talmud attributes this concept—which challenges one of rabbinic Judaism's most fundamental dogmas, the obligation to fulfill the commandments and avoid sin—to R. Nahman b. Isaac (RNBI), a renowned 4th century Amora. Considering the normative character of the rabbinic culture in which Halakhah (Jewish religious law) plays such a central role, this concept, seems almost like a foreign body in the Talmudic corpus. The study focuses on the linguistic stratum of RNBI's statement. By tracking the development of the meanings and uses of the word 'li-shmah' the research locates RNBI's statement as part of the broader Talmudic discourse evaluating two levels of performing religious actions 'li-shmah/she-lo li-shmah'. Since we wish to explain the word 'li-shmah' consistently both times it appears in the statement, the best translation would be 'for the sake of God'. This translation is based on the linguistic connection between the word 'li-shmah' and the term 'le-shem shamayim' (for the sake of God) that appears in several rabbinic sources. This linguistic connection is also the key to identifying the possible root of RNBI's concept. RNBI bolsters his idea by quoting a verse about Jael, thus implying that Jael sinned for the sake of God. The research describes at least five statements in Sages' Literature that attribute sins for the sake of God to other biblical figures, all the while using the term 'le-shem shamim'. Therefore we may presume that RNBI's concept has evolved from the exegetical notion of attributing sin for the sake of God to biblical figures. To understand the way RNBI's statement was accepted in Talmudic culture, we must explore the textual witnesses to the literary frame of RNBI's statement: the Talmudic sugya (Nazir 23a; Horayot 10b). We possess five versions of the sugya's dialectical structure. Comparison of these versions, allows us to reconstruct the earlier dialectical structure, from which the familiar versions developed. The radical potential of RNBI's statement led to cultural activity, in the transmission of the sugya, in an effort to mitigate it. This activity is reflected in late additions to the sugya identified by our research—which should be viewed as a process of self-censorship for ideological reasons. This research explores a fundamental issue in rabbinic world: the immanent contradiction between law and intention. The research depicts in detail the movement of a radical idea from the margins culture to mainstream - in this case into the Babylonian Talmud. Therefore, the findings of this research provide substantial insight into our understanding of the interpretive process and of conceptual adaptation in rabbinic culture.},
  language  = {mul}
}
@phdthesis{Schwarz2014,
  author    = {Schwarz, Franziska},
  title     = {Einfluss von Kalorienrestriktion auf den Metabolismus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-83147},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {130},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die H{\"a}ufung von Diabetes, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und einigen Krebsarten, deren Entstehung auf {\"U}bergewicht und Bewegungsmangel zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind, ist ein aktuelles Problem unserer Gesellschaft. Insbesondere mit fortschreitendem Alter nehmen die damit einhergehenden Komplikationen zu. Umso bedeutender ist das Verst{\"a}ndnis der pathologischen Mechanismen in Folge von Adipositas, Bewegungsmangel, des Alterungsprozesses und den Einfluss-nehmenden Faktoren. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entstehung metabolischer Erkrankungen beim Menschen zu untersuchen. Die Auswertung von Verlaufsdaten anthropometrischer und metabolischer Parameter der 584 Teilnehmern der prospektiven ‚Metabolisches Syndrom Berlin Potsdam Follow-up Studie' wies f{\"u}r die gesamte Kohorte einen Anstieg an {\"U}bergewicht, ebenso eine Verschlechterung des Blutdrucks und des Glukosestoffwechsels auf. Wir untersuchten, ob das Hormon FGF21 Einfluss an dem Auftreten eines Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (T2DM) oder des Metabolischen Syndroms (MetS) hat. Wir konnten zeigen, dass Personen, die sp{\"a}ter ein MetS entwickeln, bereits zu Studienbeginn einen erh{\"o}hten FGF21-Spiegel, einen h{\"o}heren BMI, WHR, Hb1Ac und diastolischen Blutdruck aufwiesen. Neben FGF21 wurde auch Vaspin in diesem Zusammenhang untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Personen, die sp{\"a}ter einen T2DM entwickeln, neben einer Erh{\"o}hung klinischer Parameter tendenziell erh{\"o}hte Spiegel des Hormons aufwiesen. Mit FGF21 und Vaspin wurden hier zwei neue Faktoren f{\"u}r die Vorhersage des Metabolischen Syndroms bzw. Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 identifiziert. Der langfristige Effekt einer Gewichtsreduktion wurde in einer Subkohorte von 60 Personen untersucht. Der {\"u}berwiegende Teil der Probanden mit Gewichtsabnahme-Intervention nahm in der ersten sechsmonatigen Phase erfolgreich ab. Jedoch zeigte sich ein deutlicher Trend zur Wiederzunahme des verlorenen Gewichts {\"u}ber den Beobachtungszeitraum von f{\"u}nf Jahren. Von besonderem Interesse war die Absch{\"a}tzung des kardiovaskul{\"a}ren Risikos {\"u}ber den Framingham Score. Es wurde deutlich, dass f{\"u}r Personen mit konstanter Gewichtsabnahme ein deutlich geringeres kardiovaskul{\"a}res Risiko bestand. Hingegen zeigten Personen mit konstanter Wiederzunahme oder starken Gewichtsschwankungen ein hohes kardiovaskul{\"a}res Risiko. Unsere Daten legten nahe, dass eine erfolgreiche dauerhafte Gewichtsreduktion statistisch mit einem erniedrigten kardiovaskul{\"a}ren Risiko assoziiert ist, w{\"a}hrend Probanden mit starken Gewichtsschwankungen oder einer Gewichtszunahme ein gesteigertes Risiko haben k{\"o}nnten. Um die Interaktion der molekularen Vorg{\"a}nge hinsichtlich der Gewichtsreduktion und Lebensspanne untersuchen zu k{\"o}nnen, nutzen wir den Modellorganismus C.elegans. Eine kontinuierliche Restriktion wirkte sich verl{\"a}ngernd, eine {\"U}berversorgung verk{\"u}rzend auf die Lebensspanne des Rundwurms aus. Der Einfluss eines zeitlich eingeschr{\"a}nkten, intermittierenden Nahrungsregimes, analog zum Weight-Cycling im Menschen, auf die Lebensspanne war von großem Interesse. Dieser regelm{\"a}ßige Wechsel zwischen ad libitum F{\"u}tterung und Restriktion hatte in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der H{\"a}ufigkeit der Restriktion einen unterschiedlich starken lebensverl{\"a}ngernden Effekt. Ph{\"a}nomene, wie Gewichtswiederzunahmen, sind in C.elegans nicht zu beobachten und beruhen vermutlich auf einem Mechanismus ist, der evolution{\"a}r j{\"u}nger und in C.elegans noch nicht angelegt ist. Um neue Stoffwechselwege zu identifizieren, die die Lebensspanne beeinflussen, wurden Metabolitenprofile genetischer als auch di{\"a}tetischer Langlebigkeitsmodelle analysiert. Diese Analysen wiesen den Tryptophan-Stoffwechsel als einen neuen, bisher noch nicht im Fokus stehenden Stoffwechselweg aus, der mit Langlebigkeit in Verbindung steht.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Logačev2014,
  author    = {Logačev, Pavel},
  title     = {Underspecification and parallel processing in sentence comprehension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82047},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present thesis is to answer the question to what degree the processes involved in sentence comprehension are sensitive to task demands. A central phenomenon in this regard is the so-called ambiguity advantage, which is the finding that ambiguous sentences can be easier to process than unambiguous sentences. This finding may appear counterintuitive, because more meanings should be associated with a higher computational effort. Currently, two theories exist that can explain this finding. The Unrestricted Race Model (URM) by van Gompel et al. (2001) assumes that several sentence interpretations are computed in parallel, whenever possible, and that the first interpretation to be computed is assigned to the sentence. Because the duration of each structure-building process varies from trial to trial, the parallelism in structure-building predicts that ambiguous sentences should be processed faster. This is because when two structures are permissible, the chances that some interpretation will be computed quickly are higher than when only one specific structure is permissible. Importantly, the URM is not sensitive to task demands such as the type of comprehension questions being asked. A radically different proposal is the strategic underspecification model by Swets et al. (2008). It assumes that readers do not attempt to resolve ambiguities unless it is absolutely necessary. In other words, they underspecify. According the strategic underspecification hypothesis, all attested replications of the ambiguity advantage are due to the fact that in those experiments, readers were not required to fully understand the sentence. In this thesis, these two models of the parser's actions at choice-points in the sentence are presented and evaluated. First, it is argued that the Swets et al.'s (2008) evidence against the URM and in favor of underspecification is inconclusive. Next, the precise predictions of the URM as well as the underspecification model are refined. Subsequently, a self-paced reading experiment involving the attachment of pre-nominal relative clauses in Turkish is presented, which provides evidence against strategical underspecification. A further experiment is presented which investigated relative clause attachment in German using the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) paradigm. The experiment provides evidence against strategic underspecification and in favor of the URM. Furthermore the results of the experiment are used to argue that human sentence comprehension is fallible, and that theories of parsing should be able to account for that fact. Finally, a third experiment is presented, which provides evidence for the sensitivity to task demands in the treatment of ambiguities. Because this finding is incompatible with the URM, and because the strategic underspecification model has been ruled out, a new model of ambiguity resolution is proposed: the stochastic multiple-channel model of ambiguity resolution (SMCM). It is further shown that the quantitative predictions of the SMCM are in agreement with experimental data. In conclusion, it is argued that the human sentence comprehension system is parallel and fallible, and that it is sensitive to task-demands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Beck2014,
  author    = {Beck, Andreas},
  title     = {Unionsrechtliche Staatshaftung der EU-Mitgliedstaaten f{\"u}r judikatives Unrecht},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80211},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XIX, 260},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Obwohl in den unionalen Vertr{\"a}gen bis heute keine Vorschrift bez{\"u}glich einer Staatshaftung der Mitgliedstaaten f{\"u}r Entscheidungen ihrer Gerichte existiert, hat der Gerichtshof der Europ{\"a}ischen Union (EuGH) in einer Reihe von Entscheidungen eine solche Haftung entwickelt und pr{\"a}zisiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert eingehend diese Rechtsprechung mitsamt den sich daraus ergebenden facettenreichen Rechtsfragen. Im ersten Kapitel widmet sich die Arbeit der historischen Entwicklung der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung im Allgemeinen, ausgehend von dem bekannten Francovich-Urteil aus dem Jahr 1991. Sodann werden im zweiten Kapitel die zur Haftung f{\"u}r judikatives Unrecht grundlegenden Entscheidungen in den Rechtssachen K{\"o}bler und Traghetti vorgestellt. In dem sich anschließenden dritten Kapitel wird der Rechtscharakter der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung - einschließlich der Frage einer Subsidiarit{\"a}t des unionsrechtlichen Anspruchs gegen{\"u}ber bestehenden nationalen Staatshaftungsanspr{\"u}chen - untersucht. Das vierte Kapitel widmet sich der Frage, ob eine unionsrechtliche Staatshaftung f{\"u}r judikatives Unrecht prinzipiell anzuerkennen ist, wobei die wesentlichen f{\"u}r und gegen eine solche Haftung sprechenden Argumente ausf{\"u}hrlich behandelt und bewertet werden. Im f{\"u}nften Kapitel werden die im Zusammenhang mit den unionsrechtlichen Haftungsvoraussetzungen stehenden Probleme der Haftung f{\"u}r letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen detailliert er{\"o}rtert. Zugleich wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob eine Haftung f{\"u}r fehlerhafte unterinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen zu bef{\"u}rworten ist. Das sechste Kapitel befasst sich mit der Ausgestaltung der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung f{\"u}r letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen durch die Mitgliedstaaten, wobei u.a. zur Anwendbarkeit der deutschen Haftungsprivilegien bei judikativem Unrecht auf den unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftungsanspruch Stellung genommen wird. Im letzten Kapitel wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob der EuGH {\"u}berhaupt {\"u}ber eine Kompetenz zur Schaffung der Staatshaftung f{\"u}r letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen verf{\"u}gte. Abschließend werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit pr{\"a}sentiert und ein Ausblick auf weitere m{\"o}gliche Auswirkungen und Entwicklungen der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung f{\"u}r judikatives Unrecht gegeben.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Goswami2014,
  author    = {Goswami, Bedartha},
  title     = {Uncertainties in climate data analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78312},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Scientific inquiry requires that we formulate not only what we know, but also what we do not know and by how much. In climate data analysis, this involves an accurate specification of measured quantities and a consequent analysis that consciously propagates the measurement errors at each step. The dissertation presents a thorough analytical method to quantify errors of measurement inherent in paleoclimate data. An additional focus are the uncertainties in assessing the coupling between different factors that influence the global mean temperature (GMT). Paleoclimate studies critically rely on `proxy variables' that record climatic signals in natural archives. However, such proxy records inherently involve uncertainties in determining the age of the signal. We present a generic Bayesian approach to analytically determine the proxy record along with its associated uncertainty, resulting in a time-ordered sequence of correlated probability distributions rather than a precise time series. We further develop a recurrence based method to detect dynamical events from the proxy probability distributions. The methods are validated with synthetic examples and demonstrated with real-world proxy records. The proxy estimation step reveals the interrelations between proxy variability and uncertainty. The recurrence analysis of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the last 9000 years confirms the well-known `dry' events at 8200 and 4400 BP, plus an additional significantly dry event at 6900 BP. We also analyze the network of dependencies surrounding GMT. We find an intricate, directed network with multiple links between the different factors at multiple time delays. We further uncover a significant feedback from the GMT to the El Ni{\~n}o Southern Oscillation at quasi-biennial timescales. The analysis highlights the need of a more nuanced formulation of influences between different climatic factors, as well as the limitations in trying to estimate such dependencies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Scheinemann2014,
  author    = {Scheinemann, Hendrik Alexander},
  title     = {Hygienisierung von Rinderg{\"u}lle und Kl{\"a}rschl{\"a}mmen mittels milchsaurer Fermentation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77949},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xviii, 172},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Tierische und menschliche F{\"a}kalien aus Landwirtschaft und Haushalten enthalten zahlreiche obligat und opportunistisch pathogene Mikroorganismen, deren Konzentration u. a. je nach Gesundheitszustand der betrachteten Gruppe schwankt. Neben den Krankheitserregern enthalten F{\"a}kalien aber auch essentielle Pflanzenn{\"a}hrstoffe (276) und dienen seit Jahrtausenden (63) als D{\"u}nger f{\"u}r Feldfr{\"u}chte. Mit der unbedarften Verwendung von pathogenbelastetem F{\"a}kald{\"u}nger steigt jedoch auch das Risiko einer Infektion von Mensch und Tier. Diese Gefahr erh{\"o}ht sich mit der globalen Vernetzung der Landwirtschaft, z. B. durch den Import von kontaminierten Futter- bzw. Lebensmitteln (29). Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die milchsaure Fermentation von Rinderg{\"u}lle und Kl{\"a}rschlamm als alternative Hygienisierungsmethode gegen{\"u}ber der Pasteurisation in Biogasanlagen bzw. gebr{\"a}uchlichen Kompostierung vor. Dabei wird ein Abfall der Gram-negativen Bakterienflora sowie der Enterokokken, Schimmel- und Hefepilze unter die Nachweisgrenze von 3 log10KbE/g beobachtet, gleichzeitig steigt die Konzentration der Lactobacillaceae um das Tausendfache. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass pathogene Bakterien wie Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, EHEC O:157 und vegetative Clostridum perfringens-Zellen innerhalb von 3 Tagen inaktiviert werden. Die Inaktivierung von ECBO-Viren und Spulwurmeiern erfolgt innerhalb von 7 bzw. 56 Tagen. Zur Aufkl{\"a}rung der Ursache der beobachteten Hygienisierung wurde das fermentierte Material auf fl{\"u}chtige Fetts{\"a}uren sowie pH-Wert{\"a}nderungen untersucht. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die gemessenen Werte nicht die alleinige Ursache f{\"u}r das Absterben der Erreger sind, vielmehr wird eine zus{\"a}tzliche bakterizide Wirkung durch eine mutmaßliche Bildung von Bakteriozinen in Betracht gezogen. Die parasitizide Wirkung wird auf die physikalischen Bedingungen der Fermentation zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. Die methodischen Grundlagen basieren auf Analysen mittels zahlreicher klassisch-kultureller Verfahren, wie z. B. der Lebendkeimzahlbestimmung. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus findet die MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie und die klassische PCR in Kombination mit der Gradienten-Gelelektrophorese Anwendung, um kultivierbare Bakterienfloren zu beschreiben bzw. nicht kultivierbare Bakterienfloren stichprobenartig zu erfassen. Neben den Aspekten der Hygienisierung wird zudem die Eignung der Methode f{\"u}r die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Dies findet sich insbesondere in der Komposition des zu fermentierenden Materials wieder, welches f{\"u}r die verst{\"a}rkte Humusakkumulation im Ackerboden optimiert wurde. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird die Masseverlustbilanz w{\"a}hrend der milchsauren Fermentation mit denen der Kompostierung sowie der Verarbeitung in der Biogasanlage verglichen und als positiv bewertet, da sie mit insgesamt 2,45 \% sehr deutlich unter den bisherigen Alternativen liegt (73, 138, 458). Weniger Verluste an organischem Material w{\"a}hrend der Hygienisierung f{\"u}hren zu einer gr{\"o}ßeren verwendbaren D{\"u}ngermenge, die auf Grund ihres organischen Ursprungs zu einer Verst{\"a}rkung des Humusanteiles im Ackerboden beitragen kann (56, 132).},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pixner2014,
  author    = {Pixner, Sofia},
  title     = {Evaluation einer Gesundheitspr{\"a}ventionsmaßnahme f{\"u}r baden-w{\"u}rttembergische Lehrkr{\"a}fte (Lehrergesundheitsprojekt) gem{\"a}ß dem "Lehrer/innen-Coaching nach dem Freiburger Modell" in zwei Darbietungsmodi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77998},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {192},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In der Berufsgruppe der Lehrerinnen und Lehrer besteht eine hohe Pr{\"a}valenz psychischer und psychosomatischer Erkrankungen. Aus- und Weiterbildungsangebote zur Vermittlung lehrerspezifischer sozialer Kompetenzen spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der F{\"o}rderung der Lehrergesundheit. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das „Lehrer/innen-Coaching nach dem Freiburger Modell" evaluiert, welches die Kompetenz von Lehrkr{\"a}ften st{\"a}rken soll, innerhalb der Schule und insbesondere im Unterricht, schwierige interpersonelle Situationen aktiv und konstruktiv zu gestalten. Damit sollen stressbedingte gesundheitliche Belastungen abgebaut und dem Entstehen gravierender psychischer St{\"o}rungen vorgebeugt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei modifizierte Versionen dieses Programms erstmalig im Rahmen einer landesweiten Feldstudie untersucht. Die zentralen Evaluationsfragestellungen beziehen sich auf die Effektivit{\"a}t der Intervention als Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderungsmaßnahme (Akzeptanz, Wirksamkeit, Wirksamkeitsvergleich der beiden Interventionsformen im landesweiten Einsatz). Daneben strebt die Studie einen Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen einer Vorg{\"a}ngerstudie sowie die Generierung weiterer Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang zwischen Aspekten der sozialen Kompetenz von Lehrkr{\"a}ften und ihrer psychischen Gesundheit an. An der Maßnahme konnten alle baden-w{\"u}rttembergischen Lehrerinnen und Lehrer mit einer Berufserfahrung von mindestens 10 Jahren teilnehmen. F{\"u}r die Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit der Maßnahme und des Wirksamkeitsvergleichs der beiden unterschiedlichen Formen liegt ein quasiexperimentelles Design mit insgesamt zwei Messzeitpunkten vor. In die Auswertung zur Wirksamkeit der Intervention konnten die Daten von den 314 Teilnehmern einbezogen werden. Die Messinstrumente, die in der vorliegenden Studie zur Anwendung kamen, waren der General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), das Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-D) und die ins Deutsche {\"u}bersetzte Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) in der an Lehrer adaptierten Form. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Teilnahme am „Lehrer/innen-Coaching nach dem Freiburger Modell" mit einer signifikanten Verbesserung der gesundheitsbezogenen abh{\"a}ngigen Variablen einhergeht. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die ausgepr{\"a}gte Verbesserung der mittels GHQ-12 erfassten psychischen Gesundheit. Das Ergebnis des Pr{\"a}-Post-Vergleichs der Gesundheitswerte beider Interventionsgruppen best{\"a}tigte sich auch im Vergleich zu einer Null-Interventionsgruppe: Entsprechend der Hypothese gab es bei den Teilnehmern eine signifikant st{\"a}rkere Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit als bei den Nicht-Teilnehmern (Null-Interventionsgruppe). Die beiden Interventionsmodi „Kompaktform" und „Kurzform" erwiesen sich im Hinblick auf die Verbesserung der Lehrergesundheit als gleichermaßen wirksam. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse der Teilnehmerbefragung, dass die Maßnahme Anklang bei der Zielgruppe fand. Die Akzeptanz durch die Zielgruppe ist f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit einer auf Freiwilligkeit basierenden verhaltenspr{\"a}ventiven Maßnahme naturgem{\"a}ß eine essenzielle Voraussetzung. Bei der psychischen Gesundheit der Lehrer bestehen - wie aus weiteren Befunden der Studie ersichtlich - bedeutsame Zusammenh{\"a}nge zu einer intakten zwischenmenschlichen Beziehung mit den Sch{\"u}lern, einer gelungenen, durch gegenseitige Unterst{\"u}tzung gekennzeichneten Interaktion im Kollegium und einem entsprechend unterst{\"u}tzenden F{\"u}hrungsverhalten der Schulleitung. Dies macht deutlich, welches besondere Gewicht einer gelingenden Beziehungsgestaltung an Schulen und im Unterricht beizumessen ist. Bez{\"u}glich der Vorgehensweise in der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden einige methodische Limitationen hinsichtlich des Designs diskutiert. Erg{\"a}nzend wird im Ausblick der Evaluationsstudie darauf hingewiesen, wie sich durch die Verkn{\"u}pfung des vorliegenden Programms mit weiteren, auf den Ebenen Verhalten, Verh{\"a}ltnisse und F{\"u}hrung ansetzenden gesundheitspr{\"a}ventiven Maßnahmen, zuk{\"u}nftig die St{\"a}rkung der psychischen Gesundheit von Lehrkr{\"a}ften weiter ausbauen ließe.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Czesnick2014,
  author    = {Czesnick, Hj{\"o}rdis},
  title     = {Functional specialization of Arabidopsis poly(A) polymerases in relation to flowering time and stress},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78015},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {157},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Polyadenylation is a decisive 3' end processing step during the maturation of pre-mRNAs. The length of the poly(A) tail has an impact on mRNA stability, localization and translatability. Accordingly, many eukaryotic organisms encode several copies of canonical poly(A) polymerases (cPAPs). The disruption of cPAPs in mammals results in lethality. In plants, reduced cPAP activity is non-lethal. Arabidopsis encodes three nuclear cPAPs, PAPS1, PAPS2 and PAPS4, which are constitutively expressed throughout the plant. Recently, the detailed analysis of Arabidopsis paps1 mutants revealed a subset of genes that is preferentially polyadenylated by the cPAP isoform PAPS1 (Vi et al. 2013). Thus, the specialization of cPAPs might allow the regulation of different sets of genes in order to optimally face developmental or environmental challenges. To gain insights into the cPAP-based gene regulation in plants, the phenotypes of Arabidopsis cPAPs mutants under different conditions are characterized in detail in the following work. An involvement of all three cPAPs in flowering time regulation and stress response regulation is shown. While paps1 knockdown mutants flower early, paps4 and paps2 paps4 knockout mutants exhibit a moderate late-flowering phenotype. PAPS1 promotes the expression of the major flowering inhibitor FLC, supposedly by specific polyadenylation of an FLC activator. PAPS2 and PAPS4 exhibit partially overlapping functions and ensure timely flowering by repressing FLC and at least one other unidentified flowering inhibitor. The latter two cPAPs act in a novel regulatory pathway downstream of the autonomous pathway component FCA and act independently from the polyadenylation factors and flowering time regulators CstF64 and FY. Moreover, PAPS1 and PAPS2/PAPS4 are implicated in different stress response pathways in Arabidopsis. Reduced activity of the poly(A) polymerase PAPS1 results in enhanced resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, paps1 mutants are cold-sensitive. In contrast, PAPS2/PAPS4 are not involved in the regulation of osmotic or cold stress, but paps2 paps4 loss-of-function mutants exhibit enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress provoked in the chloroplast. Thus, both PAPS1 and PAPS2/PAPS4 are required to maintain a balanced redox state in plants. PAPS1 seems to fulfil this function in concert with CPSF30, a polyadenylation factor that regulates alternative polyadenylation and tolerance to oxidative stress. The individual paps mutant phenotypes and the cPAP-specific genetic interactions support the model of cPAP-dependent polyadenylation of selected mRNAs. The high similarity of the polyadenylation machineries in yeast, mammals and plants suggests that similar regulatory mechanisms might be present in other organism groups. The cPAP-dependent developmental and physiological pathways identified in this work allow the design of targeted experiments to better understand the ecological and molecular context underlying cPAP-specialization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wilde2014,
  author    = {Wilde, Anja},
  title     = {Auspr{\"a}gungen r{\"a}umlicher Identit{\"a}t in ehemaligen sudetendeutschen Gebieten der Tschechischen Republik},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-311-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-70247},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XVI, 395},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Das tschechische Grenzgebiet ist eine der Regionen in Europa, die in der Folge des Zweiten Weltkrieges am gravierendsten von Umbr{\"u}chen in der zuvor bestehenden Bev{\"o}lkerungsstruktur betroffen waren. Der erzwungenen Aussiedlung eines Großteils der ans{\"a}ssigen Bev{\"o}lkerung folgten die Neubesiedlung durch verschiedenste Zuwanderergruppen sowie teilweise langanhaltende Fluktuationen der Einwohnerschaft. Die Stabilisierung der Bev{\"o}lkerung stand sodann unter dem Zeichen der sozialistischen Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, die die Lebensweise und Raumwahrnehmung der neuen Einwohner nachhaltig pr{\"a}gte. Die Grenz{\"o}ffnung von 1989, die politische Transformation sowie die Integration der Tschechischen Republik in die Europ{\"a}ische Union brachten neue demographische und sozio{\"o}konomische Entwicklungen mit sich. Sie schufen aber auch die Bedingungen daf{\"u}r, sich neu und offen auch mit der spezifischen Geschichte des ehemaligen Sudetenlandes sowie mit dem Zustand der gegenw{\"a}rtigen Gesellschaft in diesem Gebiet auseinanderzusetzen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand zweier Beispielregionen untersucht, welche Raumvorstellungen und Raumbindungen bei der heute in den ehemaligen sudetendeutschen Gebieten ans{\"a}ssigen Bev{\"o}lkerung vorhanden sind und welche Einfl{\"u}sse die unterschiedlichen raumstrukturellen Bedingungen darauf aus{\"u}ben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die soziale Komponente der Auspr{\"a}gung r{\"a}umlicher Identit{\"a}t gelegt, das heißt auf die Rolle von Bedeutungszuweisungen gegen{\"u}ber Raumelementen im Rahmen sozialer Kommunikation und Interaktion. Dies erscheint von besonderer Relevanz in einem Raum, der sich durch eine gewisse Heterogenit{\"a}t seiner Einwohnerschaft hinsichtlich ihres ethnischen, kulturellen beziehungsweise biographischen Hintergrundes auszeichnet. Schließlich wird ermittelt, welche Impulse unter Umst{\"a}nden von einer ausgepr{\"a}gten r{\"a}umlichen Identit{\"a}t f{\"u}r die Entwicklung des Raumes ausgehen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pussak2014,
  author    = {Pussak, Marcin},
  title     = {Seismic characterization of geothermal reservoirs by application of the common-reflection-surface stack method and attribute analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77565},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {viii, 140},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {An important contribution of geosciences to the renewable energy production portfolio is the exploration and utilization of geothermal resources. For the development of a geothermal project at great depths a detailed geological and geophysical exploration program is required in the first phase. With the help of active seismic methods high-resolution images of the geothermal reservoir can be delivered. This allows potential transport routes for fluids to be identified as well as regions with high potential of heat extraction to be mapped, which indicates favorable conditions for geothermal exploitation. The presented work investigates the extent to which an improved characterization of geothermal reservoirs can be achieved with the new methods of seismic data processing. The summations of traces (stacking) is a crucial step in the processing of seismic reflection data. The common-reflection-surface (CRS) stacking method can be applied as an alternative for the conventional normal moveout (NMO) or the dip moveout (DMO) stack. The advantages of the CRS stack beside an automatic determination of stacking operator parameters include an adequate imaging of arbitrarily curved geological boundaries, and a significant increase in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio by stacking far more traces than used in a conventional stack. A major innovation I have shown in this work is that the quality of signal attributes that characterize the seismic images can be significantly improved by this modified type of stacking in particular. Imporoved attribute analysis facilitates the interpretation of seismic images and plays a significant role in the characterization of reservoirs. Variations of lithological and petro-physical properties are reflected by fluctuations of specific signal attributes (eg. frequency or amplitude characteristics). Its further interpretation can provide quality assessment of the geothermal reservoir with respect to the capacity of fluids within a hydrological system that can be extracted and utilized. The proposed methodological approach is demonstrated on the basis on two case studies. In the first example, I analyzed a series of 2D seismic profile sections through the Alberta sedimentary basin on the eastern edge of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In the second application, a 3D seismic volume is characterized in the surroundings of a geothermal borehole, located in the central part of the Polish basin. Both sites were investigated with the modified and improved stacking attribute analyses. The results provide recommendations for the planning of future geothermal plants in both study areas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wunderlich2014,
  author    = {Wunderlich, Kai},
  title     = {Entwicklung einer parallelen Mehrkomponentenanalyse von Antigen-Antik{\"o}rper-Reaktionen in der Dopinganalyse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VIII, 130},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Weltweit streben Anti-Doping Institute danach jene Sportler zu {\"u}berf{\"u}hren, welche sich unerlaubter Mittel oder Methoden bedienen. Die hierf{\"u}r notwendigen Testsysteme werden kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt und neue Methoden aufgrund neuer Wirkstoffe der Pharmaindustrie etabliert. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war es, eine parallele Mehrkomponentenanalyse auf Basis von Antigen-Antik{\"o}rper Reaktionen zu entwickeln, bei dem es prim{\"a}r um Verringerung des ben{\"o}tigten Probevolumens und der Versuchszeit im Vergleich zu einem Standard Nachweis-Verfahren ging. Neben der Verwendung eines Multiplex Ansatzes und der Mikroarraytechnologie stellten ebenfalls die Genauigkeit aller Messparameter, die Stabilit{\"a}t des Versuchsaufbaus sowie die Performance {\"u}ber einen Einfach-Blind-Ansatz Herausforderungen dar. Die Anforderung an den Multiplex Ansatz, keine falschen Signale trotz {\"a}hnlicher Strukturen zu messen, konnte durch die gezielte Kombination von spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpern realisiert werden. Hierf{\"u}r wurden neben Kreuzreaktivit{\"a}tstests auf dem Mikroarray parallel erfolgreich Western Blot Versuche durchgef{\"u}hrt. Jene Antik{\"o}rper, welche in diesen Versuchen die gesetzten Anforderungen erf{\"u}llten, wurden f{\"u}r das Ermitteln der kleinsten nachweisbaren Konzentration verwendet. {\"U}ber das Optimieren der Versuchsbedingungen konnte unter Verwendung von Tween in der Waschl{\"o}sung sowohl auf Glas als auch auf Kunststoff die Hintergrundfluoreszenz reduziert und somit eine Steigerung des Signal/Hintergrundverh{\"a}ltnisses erreicht werden. In den Versuchen zu Ermittlung der Bestimmungsgrenze wurde f{\"u}r das humane Choriongonadotropin (hCG-i) eine Konzentration von 10 mU/ml, f{\"u}r dessen beta-Untereinheit (hCG-beta) eine Konzentration von 3,6 mU/ml und f{\"u}r das luteinisierende Hormon (LH) eine Konzentration von 10 mU/ml bestimmt. Den ermittelten Wert im Serum f{\"u}r das hCG-i entspricht dem von der Welt-Anti-Dopin-Agentur (WADA) geforderten Wert in Urin von 5 mU/ml. Neben der Ermittlung von Bestimmungsgrenzen wurden diese hinsichtlich auftretender Matrixeffekte in Serum und Blut gemessen. Wie aus den Versuchen zur Ermittlung von Kreuzreaktivit{\"a}ten auf dem Mikroarray zu entnehmen ist, lassen sich das LH, das hCG-i und hCG-β ebenfalls in Serum und Blut messen. Die Durchf{\"u}hrung einer Performance-Analyse {\"u}ber einem Einfach-Blind-Ansatz mit 130 Serum Proben, wurde ebenfalls {\"u}ber dieses System realisiert. Die ausgewerteten Proben wurden anschließend {\"u}ber eine Grenzwertoptimierungskurve analysiert und die diagnostische Spezifit{\"a}t ermittelt. F{\"u}r die Messungen des LH konnte eine Sensitivit{\"a}t und Spezifit{\"a}t von 100\% erreicht werden. Demnach wurden alle negativen und positiven Proben eindeutig interpretiert. F{\"u}r das hCG-β konnte ebenfalls eine Spezifit{\"a}t von 100\% und eine Sensitivit{\"a}t von 97\% erreicht werden. Die hCG-i Proben wurden mit einer Spezifit{\"a}t von 100\% und eine Sensitivit{\"a}t von 97,5\% gemessen. Um den Nachweis zu erbringen, dass dieser Versuchsaufbau {\"u}ber mehrere Wochen stabile Signale bei Vermessen von identischen Proben liefert, wurde ein {\"u}ber zw{\"o}lf Wochen angesetzter Stabilit{\"a}tstest f{\"u}r alle Parameter erfolgreich in Serum und Blut durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit erfolgreich eine Mehrkomponentenanalyse als Multiplex Ansatz auf einem Mikroarray entwickelt werden. Die Durchf{\"u}hrung der Performance-Analyse und des Stabilit{\"a}tstests zeigen bereits die m{\"o}gliche Einsatzf{\"a}higkeit dieses Tests im Kontext einer Dopinganalyse.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Conrad2014,
  author    = {Conrad, Claudia},
  title     = {Open cluster groups and complexes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77605},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xii, 172},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {It is generally agreed upon that stars typically form in open clusters and stellar associations, but little is known about the structure of the open cluster system. Do open clusters and stellar associations form isolated or do they prefer to form in groups and complexes? Open cluster groups and complexes could verify star forming regions to be larger than expected, which would explain the chemical homogeneity over large areas in the Galactic disk. They would also define an additional level in the hierarchy of star formation and could be used as tracers for the scales of fragmentation in giant molecular clouds? Furthermore, open cluster groups and complexes could affect Galactic dynamics and should be considered in investigations and simulations on the dynamical processes, such as radial migration, disc heating, differential rotation, kinematic resonances, and spiral structure. In the past decade there were a few studies on open cluster pairs (de La Fuente Marcos \& de La Fuente Marcos 2009a,b,c) and on open cluster groups and complexes (Piskunov et al. 2006). The former only considered spatial proximity for the identification of the pairs, while the latter also required tangential velocities to be similar for the members. In this work I used the full set of 6D phase-space information to draw a more detailed picture on these structures. For this purpose I utilised the most homogeneous cluster catalogue available, namely the Catalogue of Open Cluster Data (COCD; Kharchenko et al. 2005a,b), which contains parameters for 650 open clusters and compact associations, as well as for their uniformly selected members. Additional radial velocity (RV) and metallicity ([M/H]) information on the members were obtained from the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE; Steinmetz et al. 2006; Kordopatis et al. 2013) for 110 and 81 clusters, respectively. The RAVE sample was cleaned considering quality parameters and flags provided by RAVE (Matijevič et al. 2012; Kordopatis et al. 2013). To ensure that only real members were included for the mean values, also the cluster membership, as provided by Kharchenko et al. (2005a,b), was considered for the stars cross-matched in RAVE. 6D phase-space information could be derived for 432 out of the 650 COCD objects and I used an adaption of the Friends-of-Friends algorithm, as used in cosmology, to identify potential groupings. The vast majority of the 19 identified groupings were pairs, but I also found four groups of 4-5 members and one complex with 15 members. For the verification of the identified structures, I compared the results to a randomly selected subsample of the catalogue for the Milky Way global survey of Star Clusters (MWSC; Kharchenko et al. 2013), which became available recently, and was used as reference sample. Furthermore, I implemented Monte-Carlo simulations with randomised samples created from two distinguished input distributions for the spatial and velocity parameters. On the one hand, assuming a uniform distribution in the Galactic disc and, on the other hand, assuming the COCD data distributions to be representative for the whole open cluster population. The results suggested that the majority of identified pairs are rather by chance alignments, but the groups and the complex seemed to be genuine. A comparison of my results to the pairs, groups and complexes proposed in the literature yielded a partial overlap, which was most likely because of selection effects and different parameters considered. This is another verification for the existence of such structures. The characteristics of the found groupings favour that members of an open cluster grouping originate from a common giant molecular cloud and formed in a single, but possibly sequential, star formation event. Moreover, the fact that the young open cluster population showed smaller spatial separations between nearest neighbours than the old cluster population indicated that the lifetime of open cluster groupings is most likely comparable to that of the Galactic open cluster population itself. Still even among the old open clusters I could identify groupings, which suggested that the detected structure could be in some cases more long lived as one might think. In this thesis I could only present a pilot study on structures in the Galactic open cluster population, since the data sample used was highly incomplete. For further investigations a far more complete sample would be required. One step in this direction would be to use data from large current surveys, like SDSS, RAVE, Gaia-ESO and VVV, as well as including results from studies on individual clusters. Later the sample can be completed by data from upcoming missions, like Gaia and 4MOST. Future studies using this more complete open cluster sample will reveal the effect of open cluster groupings on star formation theory and their significance for the kinematics, dynamics and evolution of the Milky Way, and thereby of spiral galaxies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gurman2014,
  author    = {Gurman, Avraham I.},
  title     = {איסור נישואי "מעוברת חברו ומנקת חברו" במשפט העברי},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77081},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XIX, 343, P},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The Period of the Sages 1. The stringent approach in the early halakhah: we assume that a pregnant or nursing widow was forbidden to remarry because such a marriage would be considered trespassing on the domain of her late husband. This prohibition was perceived as quite severe since it stemmed from biblical verses. 2. The lenient approach: A different rationale was given for the prohibition, and significant exceptions were made to the prohibition. Furthermore, many rabbinic scholars maintained that the prohibition's duration should be less than twenty-four months. 3. Choosing stringency with the closing of the Talmud: At the end of the amoraic period, or, perhaps, even in the saboraic period, the rabbis decided to adopt the more stringent positions pertaining to the marital prohibition. They ruled that there were to be no exceptions to the law, except if the child died. Likewise, the rabbis ruled that the duration of the waiting period would be twenty-four months from the birth of the child. The Geonic period 4. In the Geonic period differences of opinion between the Babylonian Jews and the Jews living in the Land of Israel were preserved. These differences had their roots in sources in the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, respectively. Ultimately, the Babylonian Geonim ensured that the Babylonian Talmud's approach became the consensus opinion among the rabbinic decisors. The Period of the Rishonim (Early Authorities) 5. Broadening the scope of the prohibition: In the period of the Early Authorities, the rabbis decided that the prohibition also applied to divorcees who had children from their previous marriages and to single women who had children out of wedlock. These rulings greatly expanded the scope of the prohibition. 6. Exceptions to the prohibition - the case of R. Jacob ha-Kohen of Cracow and its impact on the Spanish sages: R. Jacob of Cracow believed that exceptions could be made to the prohibition. By hiring a wet nurse for the child and creating a mechanism that would prevent her from breaking her commitment, the mother could remarry. This position was vehemently rejected by the sages of Ashkenaz, but Spanish sages seemed to have accepted it. When R. Asher b. Yehiel (Rosh) fled to Spain, he revolutionized the Spanish approach, leading the Spanish sages to adopt the stringent approach that originated in Ashkenaz. The Modern period 7. In the Modern period, with the shortening of the average nursing period, the rabbinic decisors faced a dilemma: on the one hand the classical halakhic literature adopted a stringent approach to the prohibition, but on the other hand, the rationale to the prohibition almost disappeared. The Halakhah reacted to this new reality by adopting two contradictory approaches: the stringent one and the lenient one. 8. The stringent approach fashioned by the Chatam Sofer: The Chatam Sofer and his disciples were only willing to annul the prohibition if forbidding the marriage was likely to cause the child to ultimately forsake religion. The Chatam Sofer's stringent approach was influenced by the fact that one of the early religious reformers, R. Aharon Churin argued that the marital ban should be abrogated. In order to strengthen the prohibition's legitimacy, Sofer's student, the Maharam Schik, argued that the prohibition was biblically mandated and he suggested a new rational to the prohibition. 9. The lenient approach: This approach is the product of a number of lenient rulings issued by various rabbinic decisors. These leniencies reflect the tremendous openness of the text to interpretation. Sources that had been interpreted stringently for hundreds of years were suddenly interpreted in a far more lenient fashion. We presume that the change in interpretation was a result of the change of the surrounding environment. 10. The Chatam Sofer's school's stringent opinion influenced the lenient rabbinic decisors too, vitiating their willingness to cross certain boundaries. Thus, the lenient decisors were willing to adopt lenient interpretations to the ancient sources, but they were not usually willing to recognize the need for a dramatic change in the law's status in light of the changing reality.},
  language  = {mul}
}
@phdthesis{Huebner2014,
  author    = {H{\"u}bner, Sandra},
  title     = {Molekulare Grundlagen der Bittergeschmackswahrnehmung in der Maus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77720},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {X, 171, iii},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Der Bittergeschmack dient S{\"a}ugern vermutlich zur Wahrnehmung und Vermeidung toxischer Substanzen. Bitterstoffe k{\"o}nnen jedoch auch gesund sein oder werden oft bereitwillig mit der Nahrung aufgenommen. Ob sie geschmacklich unterschieden werden k{\"o}nnen, ist allerdings umstritten. Detektiert werden Bitterstoffe von oralen Bittergeschmacksrezeptoren, den TAS2R (human) bzw. Tas2r (murin). In der Literatur gibt es aber immer mehr Hinweise darauf, dass {\"u}berdies Tas2r nicht nur in extragustatorischen Organen exprimiert werden, sondern dort auch wichtige Aufgaben erf{\"u}llen k{\"o}nnten, was wiederum die Aufkl{\"a}rung ihrer noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig entschl{\"u}sselten Funktionsweisen erfordert. So ist noch unbekannt, ob alle bisher als funktionell identifizierten Tas2r wirklich gustatorische Funktionen erf{\"u}llen. Im Rahmen der Charakterisierung neu generierter, im Locus des Bittergeschmacksrezeptors Tas2r131 genetisch modifizierter Mauslinien, wurde in vorliegender Arbeit die gustatorische sowie extragustatorische Expression von Tas2r131 untersucht. Dass Tas2r131 nicht nur in Pilzpapillen, Wall- und Bl{\"a}tterpapillen (VP+FoP), Gaumen, Ductus nasopalatinus, Vomeronasalorgan und Kehldeckel, sondern auch in Thymus, Testes und Nebenhodenkopf, in Gehirnarealen sowie im Ganglion geniculatum nachgewiesen wurde, bildete die Grundlage f{\"u}r weiterf{\"u}hrende Studien. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt außerdem, dass Tas2r108, Tas2r126, Tas2r135, Tas2r137 und Tas2r143 in Blut exprimiert werden, was auf eine heterogene Funktion der Tas2r hindeutet. Dass zus{\"a}tzlich erstmals die Expression aller 35 als funktionell beschriebenen Tas2r im gustatorischen VP+FoP-Epithel von C57BL/6-M{\"a}usen nachgewiesen wurde, verweist auf deren Relevanz als funktionelle Geschmacksrezeptoren. Weiter zeigten Untersuchungen zur Aufkl{\"a}rung eines m{\"o}glichen Bitter-Unterscheidungsverm{\"o}gens in Geschmackspapillen von M{\"a}usen mit fluoreszenzmarkierten oder ablatierten Tas2r131-Zellen, dass Tas2r131 exprimierende Zellen eine Tas2r-Zellsubpopulation bilden. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus existieren innerhalb der Bitterzellen geordnete Tas2r-Expressionsmuster, die sich nach der chromosomalen Lage ihrer Gene richten. Isolierte Bitterzellen reagieren heterogen auf bekannte Bitterstoffe. Und M{\"a}use mit ablatierter Tas2r131-Zellpopulation besitzen noch andere Tas2r-Zellen und schmecken damit einige Bitterstoffe kaum noch, andere aber noch sehr gut. Diese Befunde belegen die Existenz verschiedener gustatorischer Tas2r-Zellpopulationen, welche die Voraussetzung bilden, Bitterstoffe heterogen zu detektieren. Ob dies die Grundlage f{\"u}r ein divergierendes Verhalten gegen{\"u}ber unvertr{\"a}glichen und harmlosen oder gar n{\"u}tzlichen Bitterstoffen darstellt, kann mit Hilfe der dargelegten Tas2r-Expressionsmuster k{\"u}nftig in Verhaltensexperimenten gepr{\"u}ft werden. Die Bittergeschmackswahrnehmung in S{\"a}ugetieren stellt sich als ein hochkomplexer Mechanismus dar, dessen Vielschichtigkeit durch die hier neu aufgezeigten heterogenen Tas2r-Expressions- und Funktionsmuster erneut verdeutlicht wird.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Heise2014,
  author    = {Heise, Arvid},
  title     = {Data cleansing and integration operators for a parallel data analytics platform},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77100},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ii, 179},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The data quality of real-world datasets need to be constantly monitored and maintained to allow organizations and individuals to reliably use their data. Especially, data integration projects suffer from poor initial data quality and as a consequence consume more effort and money. Commercial products and research prototypes for data cleansing and integration help users to improve the quality of individual and combined datasets. They can be divided into either standalone systems or database management system (DBMS) extensions. On the one hand, standalone systems do not interact well with DBMS and require time-consuming data imports and exports. On the other hand, DBMS extensions are often limited by the underlying system and do not cover the full set of data cleansing and integration tasks. We overcome both limitations by implementing a concise set of five data cleansing and integration operators on the parallel data analytics platform Stratosphere. We define the semantics of the operators, present their parallel implementation, and devise optimization techniques for individual operators and combinations thereof. Users specify declarative queries in our query language METEOR with our new operators to improve the data quality of individual datasets or integrate them to larger datasets. By integrating the data cleansing operators into the higher level language layer of Stratosphere, users can easily combine cleansing operators with operators from other domains, such as information extraction, to complex data flows. Through a generic description of the operators, the Stratosphere optimizer reorders operators even from different domains to find better query plans. As a case study, we reimplemented a part of the large Open Government Data integration project GovWILD with our new operators and show that our queries run significantly faster than the original GovWILD queries, which rely on relational operators. Evaluation reveals that our operators exhibit good scalability on up to 100 cores, so that even larger inputs can be efficiently processed by scaling out to more machines. Finally, our scripts are considerably shorter than the original GovWILD scripts, which results in better maintainability of the scripts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kirchhecker2014,
  author    = {Kirchhecker, Sarah},
  title     = {Renewable imidazolium zwitterions as platform molecules for the synthesis of ionic liquids and materials},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-77412},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {136},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Following the principles of green chemistry, a simple and efficient synthesis of functionalised imidazolium zwitterionic compounds from renewable resources was developed based on a modified one-pot Debus-Radziszewski reaction. The combination of different carbohydrate-derived 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds and amino acids is a simple way to modulate the properties and introduce different functionalities. A representative compound was assessed as an acid catalyst, and converted into acidic ionic liquids by reaction with several strong acids. The reactivity of the double carboxylic functionality was explored by esterification with long and short chain alcohols, as well as functionalised amines, which led to the straightforward formation of surfactant-like molecules or bifunctional esters and amides. One of these di-esters is currently being investigated for the synthesis of poly(ionic liquids). The functionalisation of cellulose with one of the bifunctional esters was investigated and preliminary tests employing it for the functionalisation of filter papers were carried out successfully. The imidazolium zwitterions were converted into ionic liquids via hydrothermal decarboxylation in flow, a benign and scalable technique. This method provides access to imidazolium ionic liquids via a simple and sustainable methodology, whilst completely avoiding contamination with halide salts. Different ionic liquids can be generated depending on the functionality contained in the ImZw precursor. Two alanine-derived ionic liquids were assessed for their physicochemical properties and applications as solvents for the dissolution of cellulose and the Heck coupling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fronton2014,
  author    = {Fronton, Ludivine},
  title     = {Modeling approaches to characterize the disposition of monoclonal antibodies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76537},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xxi, 133},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are engineered immunoglobulins G (IgG) used for more than 20 years as targeted therapy in oncology, infectious diseases and (auto-)immune disorders. Their protein nature greatly influences their pharmacokinetics (PK), presenting typical linear and non-linear behaviors. While it is common to use empirical modeling to analyze clinical PK data of mAbs, there is neither clear consensus nor guidance to, on one hand, select the structure of classical compartment models and on the other hand, interpret mechanistically PK parameters. The mechanistic knowledge present in physiologically-based PK (PBPK) models is likely to support rational classical model selection and thus, a methodology to link empirical and PBPK models is desirable. However, published PBPK models for mAbs are quite diverse in respect to the physiology of distribution spaces and the parameterization of the non-specific elimination involving the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and endogenous IgG (IgGendo). The remarkable discrepancy between the simplicity of biodistribution data and the complexity of published PBPK models translates in parameter identifiability issues. In this thesis, we address this problem with a simplified PBPK model—derived from a hierarchy of more detailed PBPK models and based on simplifications of tissue distribution model. With the novel tissue model, we are breaking new grounds in mechanistic modeling of mAbs disposition: We demonstrate that binding to FcRn is indeed linear and that it is not possible to infer which tissues are involved in the unspecific elimination of wild-type mAbs. We also provide a new approach to predict tissue partition coefficients based on mechanistic insights: We directly link tissue partition coefficients (Ktis) to data-driven and species-independent published antibody biodistribution coefficients (ABCtis) and thus, we ensure the extrapolation from pre-clinical species to human with the simplified PBPK model. We further extend the simplified PBPK model to account for a target, relevant to characterize the non-linear clearance due to mAb-target interaction. With model reduction techniques, we reduce the dimensionality of the simplified PBPK model to design 2-compartment models, thus guiding classical model development with physiological and mechanistic interpretation of the PK parameters. We finally derive a new scaling approach for anatomical and physiological parameters in PBPK models that translates the inter-individual variability into the design of mechanistic covariate models with direct link to classical compartment models, specially useful for PK population analysis during clinical development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmitt2014,
  author    = {Schmitt, Clemens Nikolaus Zeno},
  title     = {The role of protein metal complexes in the mechanics of Mytilus californianus byssal threads},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-74216},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VIII, 93},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Protein-metal coordination complexes are well known as active centers in enzymatic catalysis, and to contribute to signal transduction, gas transport, and to hormone function. Additionally, they are now known to contribute as load-bearing cross-links to the mechanical properties of several biological materials, including the jaws of Nereis worms and the byssal threads of marine mussels. The primary aim of this thesis work is to better understand the role of protein-metal cross-links in the mechanical properties of biological materials, using the mussel byssus as a model system. Specifically, the focus is on histidine-metal cross-links as sacrificial bonds in the fibrous core of the byssal thread (Chapter 4) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-metal bonds in the protective thread cuticle (Chapter 5). Byssal threads are protein fibers, which mussels use to attach to various substrates at the seashore. These relatively stiff fibers have the ability to extend up to about 100 \% strain, dissipating large amounts of mechanical energy from crashing waves, for example. Remarkably, following damage from cyclic loading, initial mechanical properties are subsequently recovered by a material-intrinsic self-healing capability. Histidine residues coordinated to transition metal ions in the proteins comprising the fibrous thread core have been suggested as reversible sacrificial bonds that contribute to self-healing; however, this remains to be substantiated in situ. In the first part of this thesis, the role of metal coordination bonds in the thread core was investigated using several spectroscopic methods. In particular, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied to probe the coordination environment of zinc in Mytilus californianus threads at various stages during stretching and subsequent healing. Analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) suggests that tensile deformation of threads is correlated with the rupture of Zn-coordination bonds and that self-healing is connected with the reorganization of Zn-coordination bond topologies rather than the mere reformation of Zn-coordination bonds. These findings have interesting implications for the design of self-healing metallopolymers. The byssus cuticle is a protective coating surrounding the fibrous thread core that is both as hard as an epoxy and extensible up to 100 \% strain before cracking. It was shown previously that cuticle stiffness and hardness largely depend on the presence of Fe-DOPA coordination bonds. However, the byssus is known to concentrate a large variety of metals from seawater, some of which are also capable of binding DOPA (e.g. V). Therefore, the question arises whether natural variation of metal composition can affect the mechanical performance of the byssal thread cuticle. To investigate this hypothesis, nanoindentation and confocal Raman spectroscopy were applied to the cuticle of native threads, threads with metals removed (EDTA treated), and threads in which the metal ions in the native tissue were replaced by either Fe or V. Interestingly, replacement of metal ions with either Fe or V leads to the full recovery of native mechanical properties with no statistical difference between each other or the native properties. This likely indicates that a fixed number of metal coordination sites are maintained within the byssal thread cuticle - possibly achieved during thread formation - which may provide an evolutionarily relevant mechanism for maintaining reliable mechanics in an unpredictable environment. While the dynamic exchange of bonds plays a vital role in the mechanical behavior and self-healing in the thread core by allowing them to act as reversible sacrificial bonds, the compatibility of DOPA with other metals allows an inherent adaptability of the thread cuticle to changing circumstances. The requirements to both of these materials can be met by the dynamic nature of the protein-metal cross-links, whereas covalent cross-linking would fail to provide the adaptability of the cuticle and the self-healing of the core. In summary, these studies of the thread core and the thread cuticle serve to underline the important and dynamic roles of protein-metal coordination in the mechanical function of load-bearing protein fibers, such as the mussel byssus.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reiter2014,
  author    = {Reiter, Karsten},
  title     = {Crustal stress variability across spatial scales - examples from Canada, Northern Switzerland and a South African gold mine},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VIII, 149, XI},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The quantitative descriptions of the state of stress in the Earth's crust, and spatial-temporal stress changes are of great importance in terms of scientific questions as well as applied geotechnical issues. Human activities in the underground (boreholes, tunnels, caverns, reservoir management, etc.) have a large impact on the stress state. It is important to assess, whether these activities may lead to (unpredictable) hazards, such as induced seismicity. Equally important is the understanding of the in situ stress state in the Earth's crust, as it allows the determination of safe well paths, already during well planning. The same goes for the optimal configuration of the injection- and production wells, where stimulation for artificial fluid path ways is necessary. The here presented cumulative dissertation consists of four separate manuscripts, which are already published, submitted or will be submitted for peer review within the next weeks. The main focus is on the investigation of the possible usage of geothermal energy in the province Alberta (Canada). A 3-D geomechanical-numerical model was designed to quantify the contemporary 3-D stress tensor in the upper crust. For the calibration of the regional model, 321 stress orientation data and 2714 stress magnitude data were collected, whereby the size and diversity of the database is unique. A calibration scheme was developed, where the model is calibrated versus the in situ stress data stepwise for each data type and gradually optimized using statistically test methods. The optimum displacement on the model boundaries can be determined by bivariate linear regression, based on only three model runs with varying deformation ratio. The best-fit model is able to predict most of the in situ stress data quite well. Thus, the model can provide the full stress tensor along any chosen virtual well paths. This can be used to optimize the orientation of horizontal wells, which e.g. can be used for reservoir stimulation. The model confirms regional deviations from the average stress orientation trend, such as in the region of the Peace River Arch and the Bow Island Arch. In the context of data compilation for the Alberta stress model, the Canadian database of the World Stress Map (WSM) could be expanded by including 514 new data records. This publication of an update of the Canadian stress map after ~20 years with a specific focus on Alberta shows, that the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) is oriented southwest to northeast over large areas in Northern America. The SHmax orientation in Alberta is very homogeneous, with an average of about 47°. In order to calculate the average SHmax orientation on a regular grid as well as to estimate the wave-length of stress orientation, an existing algorithm has been improved and is applied to the Canadian data. The newly introduced quasi interquartile range on the circle (QIROC) improves the variance estimation of periodic data, as it is less susceptible to its outliers. Another geomechanical-numerical model was built to estimate the 3D stress tensor in the target area "N{\"o}rdlich L{\"a}gern" in Northern Switzerland. This location, with Opalinus clay as a host rock, is a potential repository site for high-level radioactive waste. The performed modelling aims to investigate the sensitivity of the stress tensor on tectonic shortening, topography, faults and variable rock properties within the Mesozoic sedimentary stack, according to the required stability needed for a suitable radioactive waste disposal site. The majority of the tectonic stresses caused by the far-field shortening from the South are admitted by the competent rock units in the footwall and hanging wall of the argillaceous target horizon, the Upper Malm and Upper Muschelkalk. Thus, the differential stress within the host rock remains relatively low. East-west striking faults release stresses driven by tectonic shortening. The purely gravitational influence by the topography is low; higher SHmax magnitudes below topographical depression and lower values below hills are mainly observed near the surface. A complete calibration of the model is not possible, as no stress magnitude data are available for calibration, yet. The collection of this data will begin in 2015; subsequently they will be used to adjust the geomechanical-numerical model again. The third geomechanical-numerical model investigates the stress variation in an ultra-deep gold mine in South Africa. This reservoir model is spatially one order of magnitude smaller than the previous local model from Northern Switzerland. Here, the primary focus is to investigate the hypothesis that the Mw 1.9 earthquake on 27 December 2007 was induced by stress changes due to the mining process. The Coulomb failure stress change (DeltaCFS) was used to analyse the stress change. It confirmed that the seismic event was induced by static stress transfer due to the mining progress. The rock was brought closer to failure on the derived rupture plane by stress changes of up to 1.5-15MPa, in dependence of the DeltaCFS analysis type. A forward modelling of a generic excavation scheme reveals that with decreasing distance to the dyke the DeltaCFS values increase significantly. Hence, even small changes in the mining progress can have a significant impact on the seismic hazard risk, i.e. the change of the occurrence probability to induce a seismic event of economic concern.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hutter2014,
  author    = {Hutter, Anne},
  title     = {Unveiling the epoch of reionization by simulations and high-redshift galaxies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76998},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vi, 155},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The Epoch of Reionization marks after recombination the second major change in the ionization state of the universe, going from a neutral to an ionized state. It starts with the appearance of the first stars and galaxies; a fraction of high-energy photons emitted from galaxies permeate into the intergalactic medium (IGM) and gradually ionize the hydrogen, until the IGM is completely ionized at z~6 (Fan et al., 2006). While the progress of reionization is driven by galaxy evolution, it changes the ionization and thermal state of the IGM substantially and affects subsequent structure and galaxy formation by various feedback mechanisms. Understanding this interaction between reionization and galaxy formation is further impeded by a lack of understanding of the high-redshift galactic properties such as the dust distribution and the escape fraction of ionizing photons. Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs) represent a sample of high-redshift galaxies that are sensitive to all these galactic properties and the effects of reionization. In this thesis we aim to understand the progress of reionization by performing cosmological simulations, which allows us to investigate the limits of constraining reionization by high-redshift galaxies as LAEs, and examine how galactic properties and the ionization state of the IGM affect the visibility and observed quantities of LAEs and Lyman Break galaxies (LBGs). In the first part of this thesis we focus on performing radiative transfer calculations to simulate reionization. We have developed a mapping-sphere-scheme, which, starting from spherically averaged temperature and density fields, uses our 1D radiative transfer code and computes the effect of each source on the IGM temperature and ionization (HII, HeII, HeIII) profiles, which are subsequently mapped onto a grid. Furthermore we have updated the 3D Monte-Carlo radiative transfer pCRASH, enabling detailed reionization simulations which take individual source characteristics into account. In the second part of this thesis we perform a reionization simulation by post-processing a smoothed-particle hydrodynamical (SPH) simulation (GADGET-2) with 3D radiative transfer (pCRASH), where the ionizing sources are modelled according to the characteristics of the stellar populations in the hydrodynamical simulation. Following the ionization fractions of hydrogen (HI) and helium (HeII, HeIII), and temperature in our simulation, we find that reionization starts at z~11 and ends at z~6, and high density regions near sources are ionized earlier than low density regions far from sources. In the third part of this thesis we couple the cosmological SPH simulation and the radiative transfer simulations with a physically motivated, self-consistent model for LAEs, in order to understand the importance of the ionization state of the IGM, the escape fraction of ionizing photons from galaxies and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) on the visibility of LAEs. Comparison of our models results with the LAE Lyman Alpha (Lya) and UV luminosity functions at z~6.6 reveals a three-dimensional degeneracy between the ionization state of the IGM, the ionizing photons escape fraction and the ISM dust distribution, which implies that LAEs act not only as tracers of reionization but also of the ionizing photon escape fraction and of the ISM dust distribution. This degeneracy does not even break down when we compare simulated with observed clustering of LAEs at z~6.6. However, our results show that reionization has the largest impact on the amplitude of the LAE angular correlation functions, and its imprints are clearly distinguishable from those of properties on galactic scales. These results show that reionization cannot be constrained tightly by exclusively using LAE observations. Further observational constraints, e.g. tomographies of the redshifted hydrogen 21cm line, are required. In addition we also use our LAE model to probe the question when a galaxy is visible as a LAE or a LBG. Within our model galaxies above a critical stellar mass can produce enough luminosity to be visible as a LBG and/or a LAE. By finding an increasing duty cycle of LBGs with Lya emission as the UV magnitude or stellar mass of the galaxy rises, our model reveals that the brightest (and most massive) LBGs most often show Lya emission. Predicting the Lya equivalent width (Lya EW) distribution and the fraction of LBGs showing Lya emission at z~6.6, we reproduce the observational trend of the Lya EWs with UV magnitude. However, the Lya EWs of the UV brightest LBGs exceed observations and can only be reconciled by accounting for an increased Lya attenuation of massive galaxies, which implies that the observed Lya brightest LAEs do not necessarily coincide with the UV brightest galaxies. We have analysed the dependencies of LAE observables on the properties of the galactic and intergalactic medium and the LAE-LBG connection, and this enhances our understanding of the nature of LAEs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sen2014,
  author    = {Sen, Ali Tolga},
  title     = {Inversion of seismic source parameters for weak mining-induced and natural earthquakes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71914},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The purpose of this thesis is to develop an automated inversion scheme to derive point and finite source parameters for weak earthquakes, here intended with the unusual meaning of earthquakes with magnitudes at the limit or below the bottom magnitude threshold of standard source inversion routines. The adopted inversion approaches entirely rely on existing inversion software, the methodological work mostly targeting the development and tuning of optimized inversion flows. The resulting inversion scheme is tested for very different datasets, and thus allows the discussion on the source inversion problem at different scales. In the first application, dealing with mining induced seismicity, the source parameters determination is addressed at a local scale, with source-sensor distance of less than 3 km. In this context, weak seismicity corresponds to event below magnitude MW 2.0, which are rarely target of automated source inversion routines. The second application considers a regional dataset, namely the aftershock sequence of the 2010 Maule earthquake (Chile), using broadband stations at regional distances, below 300 km. In this case, the magnitude range of the target aftershocks range down to MW 4.0. This dataset is here considered as a weak seismicity case, since the analysis of such moderate seismicity is generally investigated only by moment tensor inversion routines, with no attempt to resolve source duration or finite source parameters. In this work, automated multi-step inversion schemes are applied to both datasets with the aim of resolving point source parameters, both using double couple (DC) and full moment tensor (MT) models, source duration and finite source parameters. A major result of the analysis of weaker events is the increased size of resulting moment tensor catalogues, which interpretation may become not trivial. For this reason, a novel focal mechanism clustering approach is used to automatically classify focal mechanisms, allowing the investigation of the most relevant and repetitive rupture features. The inversion of the mining induced seismicity dataset reveals the repetitive occurrence of similar rupture processes, where the source geometry is controlled by the shape of the mined panel. Moreover, moment tensor solutions indicate a significant contribution of tensile processes. Also the second application highlights some characteristic geometrical features of the fault planes, which show a general consistency with the orientation of the slab. The additional inversion for source duration allowed to verify the empirical correlation for moment normalized earthquakes in subduction zones among a decreasing rupture duration with increasing source depth, which was so far only observed for larger events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jueppner2014,
  author    = {J{\"u}ppner, Jessica},
  title     = {Characterization of metabolomic dynamics in synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell cultures and the impact of TOR inhibition on cell cycle, proliferation and growth},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76923},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VI, 153},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The adaptation of cell growth and proliferation to environmental changes is essential for the surviving of biological systems. The evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase "Target of Rapamycin" (TOR) has emerged as a major signaling node that integrates the sensing of numerous growth signals to the coordinated regulation of cellular metabolism and growth. Although the TOR signaling pathway has been widely studied in heterotrophic organisms, the research on TOR in photosynthetic eukaryotes has been hampered by the reported land plant resistance to rapamycin. Thus, the finding that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is sensitive to rapamycin, establish this unicellular green alga as a useful model system to investigate TOR signaling in photosynthetic eukaryotes. The observation that rapamycin does not fully arrest Chlamydomonas growth, which is different from observations made in other organisms, prompted us to investigate the regulatory function of TOR in Chlamydomonas in context of the cell cycle. Therefore, a growth system that allowed synchronously growth under widely unperturbed cultivation in a fermenter system was set up and the synchronized cells were characterized in detail. In a highly resolved kinetic study, the synchronized cells were analyzed for their changes in cytological parameters as cell number and size distribution and their starch content. Furthermore, we applied mass spectrometric analysis for profiling of primary and lipid metabolism. This system was then used to analyze the response dynamics of the Chlamydomonas metabolome and lipidome to TOR-inhibition by rapamycin The results show that TOR inhibition reduces cell growth, delays cell division and daughter cell release and results in a 50\% reduced cell number at the end of the cell cycle. Consistent with the growth phenotype we observed strong changes in carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the direction of rapid conversion into carbon and nitrogen storage through an accumulation of starch, triacylglycerol and arginine. Interestingly, it seems that the conversion of carbon into triacylglycerol occurred faster than into starch after TOR inhibition, which may indicate a more dominant role of TOR in the regulation of TAG biosynthesis than in the regulation of starch. This study clearly shows, for the first time, a complex picture of metabolic and lipidomic dynamically changes during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and furthermore reveals a complex regulation and adjustment of metabolite pools and lipid composition in response to TOR inhibition.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{NetchaevBakinski2014,
  author    = {Netchaev-Bakinski, Alexandre},
  title     = {Les voies/voix radicales en Angleterre, 1789-1848},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75472},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {355},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {What is a radical? Somebody who goes against mainstream opinions? An agitator who suggests transforming society at the risk of endangering its harmony? In the political context of the British Isles at the end of the eighteenth century, the word radical had a negative connotation. It referred to the Levellers and the English Civil War, it brought back a period of history which was felt as a traumatic experience. Its stigmas were still vivid in the mind of the political leaders of these times. The reign of Cromwell was certainly the main reason for the general aversion of any form of virulent contestation of the power, especially when it contained political claims. In the English political context, radicalism can be understood as the different campaigns for parliamentary reforms establishing universal suffrage. However, it became evident that not all those who were supporting such a reform originated from the same social class or shared the same ideals. As a matter of fact, the reformist associations and their leaders often disagreed with each other. Edward Royle and Hames Walvin claimed that radicalism could not be analyzed historically as a concept, because it was not a homogeneous movement, nor it had common leaders and a clear ideology. For them, radicalism was merely a loose concept, « a state of mind rather than a plan of action. » At the beginning of the nineteenth-century, the newspaper The Northern Star used the word radical in a positive way to designate a person or a group of people whose ideas were conform to those of the newspaper. However, an opponent of parliamentary reform will use the same word in a negative way, in this case the word radical will convey a notion of menace. From the very beginning, the term radical covered a large spectrum of ideas and conceptions. In fact, the plurality of what the word conveys is the main characteristic of what a radical is. As a consequence, because the radicals tended to differentiate themselves with their plurality and their differences rather than with common features, it seems impossible to define what radicalism (whose suffix in -ism implies that it designate a doctrine, an ideology) is. Nevertheless, today it is accepted by all historians. From the mid-twentieth century, we could say that it was taken from granted to consider radicalism as a movement that fitted with the democratic precepts (universal suffrage, freedom of speech) of our modern world. Let us first look at radicalism as a convenient way to designate the different popular movements appealing to universal suffrage during the time period 1792-1848. We could easily observe through the successions of men and associations, a long lasting radical state of mind: Cartwright, Horne Tooke, Thomas Hardy, Francis Burdett, William Cobbett, Henry Hunt, William Lovett, Bronterre O'Brien, Feargus O'Connor, The London Society for Constitutional information (SCI), The London Corresponding Society (LCS), The Hampden Clubs, The Chartists, etc. These organizations and people acknowledged having many things in common and being inspired by one another in carrying out their activities. These influences can be seen in the language and the political ideology that British historians name as "Constitutionalist", but also, in the political organization of extra-parliamentary societies. Most of the radicals were eager to redress injustices and, in practice, they were inspired by a plan of actions drawn on from the pamphlets of the True Whigs of the eighteenth-century. We contest the argument that the radicals lacked coherence and imagination or that they did not know how to put into practice their ambitions. In fact, their innovative forms of protest left a mark on history and found many successors in the twentieth century. Radicals' prevarications were the result of prohibitive legislation that regulated the life of associations and the refusal of the authorities to cooperate with them. As mentioned above, the term radical was greatly used and the contemporaries of the period starting from the French Revolution to Chartism never had to quarrel about the notions the word radical covered. However, this does not imply that all radicals were the same or that they belong to the same entity. Equally to Horne Tooke, the Reverend and ultra-Tory Stephens was considered as a radical, it went also with the shoemaker Thomas Hardy and the extravagant aristocrat Francis Burdett. Whether one belonged to the Aristocracy, the middle-class, the lower class or the Church, nothing could prevent him from being a radical. Surely, anybody could be a radical in its own way. Radicalism was wide enough to embrace everybody, from revolutionary reformers to paternalistic Tories. We were interested to clarify the meaning of the term radical because its inclusive nature was overlooked by historians. That's why the term radical figures in the original title of our dissertation Les voix/voies radicales (radical voices/ways to radicalism). In the French title, both words voix/voies are homonymous; the first one voix (voice) correspond to people, the second one voies (ways) refers to ideas. By this, we wanted to show that the word radical belongs to the sphere of ideas and common experience but also to the nature of human beings. Methodoloy The thesis stresses less on the question of class and its formation than on the circumstances that brought people to change their destiny and those of their fellows or to modernize the whole society. We challenged the work of E.P. Thompson, who in his famous book, The Making of the English Working Class, defined the radical movements in accordance with an idea of class. How a simple shoe-maker, Thomas Hardy, could become the center of attention during a trial where he was accused of being the mastermind of a modern revolution? What brought William Cobbett, an ultra-Tory, self-taught intellectual, to gradually espouse the cause of universal suffrage at a period where it was unpopular to do so? Why a whole population gathered to hear Henry Hunt, a gentleman farmer whose background did not destine him for becoming the champion of the people? It seemed that the easiest way to answer to these questions and to understand the nature of the popular movements consisted in studying the life of their leaders. We aimed at reconstructing the universe which surrounded the principal actors of the reform movements as if we were a privileged witness of theses times. This idea to associate the biographies of historical characters for a period of more than fifty years arouse when we realized that key events of the reform movements were echoing each other, such the trial of Thomas Hardy in 1794 and the massacre of Peterloo of 1819. The more we learned about the major events of radicalism and the life of their leaders, the more we were intrigued. Finally, one could ask himself if being a radical was not after all a question of character rather than one of class. The different popular movements in favour of a parliamentary reform were in fact far more inclusive and diversified from what historians traditionally let us to believe. For instance, once he manage to gather a sufficient number of members of the popular classes, Thomas Hardy projected to give the control of his association to an intellectual elite led by Horne Tooke. Moreover, supporters of the radical reforms followed leaders whose background was completely different as theirs. For example, O'Connor claimed royal descent from the ancient kings of Ireland. William Cobbett, owner of a popular newspaper was proud of his origins as a farmer. William Lovett, close to the liberals and a few members of parliament came from a very poor family of fishermen. We have thus put together the life of these five men, Thomas hardy, William Cobbett, Henry Hunt, William Lovett and Feargus O'Connor in order to compose a sort of a saga of the radicals. This association gives us a better idea of the characteristics of the different movements in which they participated, but also, throw light on the circumstances of their formation and their failures, on the particular atmosphere which prevailed at these times, on the men who influenced these epochs, and finally on the marks they had left. These men were at the heart of a whole network and in contact with other actors of peripheral movements. They gathered around themselves close and loyal fellows with whom they shared many struggles but also quarreled and had strong words. The original part of our approach is reflected in the choice to not consider studying the fluctuations of the radical movements in a linear fashion where the story follows a strict chronology. We decided to split up the main issue of the thesis through different topics. To do so, we simply have described the life of the people who inspired these movements. Each historical figure covers a chapter, and the general story follows a chronological progression. Sometimes we had to go back through time or discuss the same events in different chapters when the main protagonists lived in the same period of time. Radical movements were influenced by people of different backgrounds. What united them above all was their wish to obtain a normalization of the political world, to redress injustices and obtain parliamentary reform. We paid particular attention to the moments where the life of these men corresponded to an intense activity of the radical movement or to a transition of its ideas and organization. We were not so much interested in their feelings about secondary topics nor did we about their affective relations. Furthermore, we had little interest in their opinions on things which were not connected to our topic unless it helped us to have a better understanding of their personality. We have purposely reduced the description of our protagonists to their radical sphere. Of course we talked about their background and their intellectual development; people are prone to experience reversals of opinions, the case of Cobbett is the most striking one. The life of these personalities coincided with particular moments of the radical movement, such as the first popular political associations, the first open-air mass meetings, the first popular newspapers, etc. We wanted to emphasize the personalities of those who addressed speeches and who were present in the radical associations. One could argue that the inconvenience of focusing on a particular person presents a high risk of overlooking events and people who were not part of his world. However, it was essential to differ from an analysis or a chronicle which had prevailed in the studies of the radical movements, as we aimed at offering a point of view that completed the precedents works written on that topic. In order to do so, we have deliberately put the humane character of the radical movement at the center of our work and used the techniques of biography as a narrative thread. Conclusion The life of each historical figure that we have portrayed corresponded to a particular epoch of the radical movement. Comparing the speeches of the radical leaders over a long period of time, we noticed that the radical ideology evolved. The principles of the Rights of Men faded away and gave place to more concrete reasoning, such as the right to benefit from one's own labour. This transition is characterized by the Chartist period of Feargus O'Connor. This does not mean that collective memory and radical tradition ceased to play an important part. The popular classes were always appealed to Constitutional rhetoric and popular myths. Indeed, thanks to them they identified themselves and justified their claims to universal suffrage. We focused on the life of a few influent leaders of radicalism in order to understand its evolution and its nature. The description of their lives constituted our narrative thread and it enabled us to maintain consistency in our thesis. If the chapters are independent the one from the other, events and speeches are in correspondences. Sometimes we could believe that we were witnessing a repetition of facts and events as if history was repeating itself endlessly. However, like technical progress, the spirit of time, Zeitgeist, experiences changes and mutations. These features are fundamental elements to comprehend historical phenomena; the latter cannot be simplified to philosophical, sociological, or historical concept. History is a science which has this particularity that the physical reality of phenomena has a human dimension. As a consequence, it is essential not to lose touch with the human aspect of history when one pursues studies and intellectual activities on a historical phenomenon. We decided to take a route opposite to the one taken by many historians. We have first identified influential people from different epochs before entering into concepts analysis. Thanks to this compilation of radical leaders, a new and fresh look to the understanding of radicalism was possible. Of course, we were not the first one to have studied them, but we ordered them following a chronology, like Plutarch enjoyed juxtaposing Greeks and Romans historical figures. Thanks to this technique we wanted to highlight the features of the radical leaders' speeches, personalities and epochs, but also their differences. At last, we tried to draw the outlines and the heart of different radical movements in order to follow the ways that led to radicalism. We do not pretend to have offered an original and exclusive definition of radicalism, we mainly wanted to understand the nature of what defines somebody as a radical and explain the reasons why thousands of people decided to believe in this man. Moreover, we wanted to distance ourselves from the ideological debate of the Cold War which permeated also the interpretation of past events. Too often, the history of radicalism was either narrated with a form of revolutionary nostalgia or in order to praise the merits of liberalism. If the great mass meetings ends in the mid-nineteenth-century with the fall of Chartism, this practice spread out in the whole world in the twentieth-century. Incidentally, the Arab Spring of the beginning of the twenty-first-century demonstrated that a popular platform was the best way for the people to claim their rights and destabilize a political system which they found too authoritative. Through protest the people express an essential quality of revolt, which is an expression of emancipation from fear. From then on, a despotic regime loses this psychological terror which helped it to maintain itself into power. The balance of power between the government and its people would also take a new turn. The radicals won this psychological victory more than 150 years ago and yet universal suffrage was obtained only a century later. From the acceptance of the principles of liberties to their cultural practice, a long route has to be taken to change people's mind. It is a wearisome struggle for the most vulnerable people. In the light of western history, fundamental liberties must be constantly defended. Paradoxically, revolt is an essential and constitutive element of the maintenance of democracy.},
  language  = {fr}
}
@phdthesis{SahyaziciKnaak2014,
  author    = {Sahyazici-Knaak, Fidan},
  title     = {Dysfunktionale Einstellungen und Depression im Kindes- und Jugendalter},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-76417},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XVI, 264},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Studie besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit der Bedeutung der dysfunktionalen Einstellungen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von depressiven Symptomen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Nach der kognitiven Theorie der Depression von Beck (1967, 1996) f{\"u}hren dysfunktionale Einstellungen in Interaktion mit Stress zu depressiven Symptomen. Es existieren allerdings nur wenige Studien, die die longitudinale Beziehung zwischen den dysfunktionalen Einstellungen und der Depressivit{\"a}t bei Kindern und Jugendlichen untersucht haben (Lakdawalla et al., 2007). Folglich kann noch nicht eindeutig gekl{\"a}rt werden, ob die dysfunktionalen Einstellungen Ursache, Begleiterscheinung oder Konsequenz der Depression sind. Als Datengrundlage diente eine Stichprobe von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 9 bis 20 Jahren, die im Rahmen der PIER-Studie zu dysfunktionalen Einstellungen, kritischen Lebensereignissen und depressiven Symptomen befragt wurden (Nt1t2 = 1.053; t1: 2011/2012, t2: 2013/2014). Querschnittliche Analysen zeigten hohe Assoziationen zwischen den dysfunktionalen Einstellungen, kritischen Lebensereignissen und depressiven Symptomen. Eine latente Moderationsanalyse wies nur bei den Jugendlichen auf signifikante Interaktion zwischen den dysfunktionalen Einstellungen und den kritischen Lebensereignissen in der Vorhersage depressiver Symptomatik hin. Im L{\"a}ngsschnitt zeigten latente Cross-Lagged-Panel-Analysen erwartungsgem{\"a}ß, dass die dysfunktionalen Einstellungen und die Depressivit{\"a}t mit dem Alter immer stabilere Konstrukte darstellen, die sehr eng miteinander zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Eine diesem Modell hinzugef{\"u}gte latente Moderationsanalyse konnte das kognitive Modell der Depression nach Beck weder bei Kindern noch bei Jugendlichen best{\"a}tigen. Die sp{\"a}tere depressive Symptomatik konnte lediglich durch Haupteffekte der fr{\"u}heren Auspr{\"a}gung der Depressivit{\"a}t und der kritischen Lebensereignisse vorhergesagt werden. Diese Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass es sich bei den dysfunktionalen Einstellungen eher um Begleiterscheinungen als um Risikofaktoren oder Konsequenzen der depressiven Symptomatik handelt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{D'Agata2014,
  author    = {D'Agata, Valeria Costanza},
  title     = {A partire dalla Somaestetica di Shusterman},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72650},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {280},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Con la sua proposta di una Somaestetica, articolata fondamentalmente in analitica, pragmatica e pratica, Richard Shusterman intende in primo luogo fornire e creare una cornice metodologica, un orientamento unitario che sia in grado di rintracciare, ricostruire e portare a manifestazione - all'interno di eterogenee riflessioni teoriche e pratiche somatiche - la comune esigenza di ridare luce alla dimensione corporea come modo primario di essere nel mondo. Recuperando l'accezione baumgarteniana di Aesthetica come gnoseologia inferiore, arte dell'analogo della ragione, scienza della conoscenza sensibile, la somaestetica intende dare nuovo impulso alla pi{\`u} profonda radice di estetica e filosofia che coglie la vita nel suo processo di metamorfosi e rigenerazione continua, in quel respiro vitale che, per quanto possa diventare cosciente, non {\`e} mai totalmente afferrabile dalla ragione discorsiva, situandosi piuttosto in quello spazio primordiale in cui coscienza e corpo si coappartengono, in cui il soggetto non {\`e} ancora individualizzabile perch{\´e} fuso con l'ambiente, non {\`e} totalmente privatizzabile perch{\´e} intrinsecamente plasmato dal tessuto sociale cui egli stesso conferisce dinamicamente forma. A partire dunque dalla rivalutazione del concetto di Aisthesis la disciplina somaestetica mira ad una intensificazione di sensorialit{\`a}, percezione, emozione, commozione, rintracciando proprio nel Soma la fonte di quelle facolt{\`a} "inferiori" irriducibili a quelle puramente intellettuali, che permettono di accedere alle dimensioni qualitative dell'esperienza, di portare a manifestazione e far maturare l'essere umano come essere indivisibile che non si lascia incontrare da un pensiero che ne rinnega l'unitariet{\`a} in nome di fittizie e laceranti distinzioni dicotomiche. Nel corpo infatti si radicano in modo silente regole, convenzioni, norme e valori socioculturali che determinano e talvolta limitano la configurazione ed espressione di sensazioni, percezioni, cognizioni, pensieri, azioni, volizioni, disposizioni di un soggetto da sempre inserito in una Mitwelt (mondo comune), ed {\`e} allora proprio al corpo che bisogna rivolgersi per riconfigurare pi{\`u} autentiche modalit{\`a} di espressione del soggetto che crea equilibri dinamici per mantenere una relazione di coerenza con il pi{\`u} ampio contesto sociale, culturale, ambientale. L'apertura al confronto con eterogenee posizioni filosofiche e l'intrinseca multidisciplinariet{\`a} spiegano la centralit{\`a} nel contemporaneo dibattito estetologico internazionale della Somaestetica che, rivolgendosi tanto ad una formulazione teorica quanto ad una concreta applicazione pratica, intende rivalutare il soma come corporeit{\`a} intelligente, senziente, intenzionale e attiva, non riducibile all'accezione peccaminosa di caro (mero corpo fisico privo di vita e sensazione). Attraverso la riflessione e la pratica di tecniche di coscienza somatica si portano in primo piano i modi in cui il sempre pi{\`u} consapevole rapporto con la propria corporeit{\`a} come mediatamente esperita e immediatamente vissuta, sentita, offre occasioni autentiche di realizzazione progressiva di s{\´e} innanzitutto come persone, capaci di autocoltivazione, di riflessione cosciente sulle proprie abitudini incorporate, di ristrutturazione creativa di s{\´e}, di intensificata percezione e apprezzamento sensoriale sia nel concreto agire quotidiano, sia nella dimensione pi{\`u} propriamente estetologica di ricezione, fruizione e creazione artistica. L'indirizzo essenzialmente pragmatista della riflessione di Shusterman traccia cos{\`i} una concezione fondamentalmente relazionale dell'estetica in grado di porsi proprio nel movimento e nel rapporto continuamente diveniente di vera e propria trasformazione e passaggio tra le dimensioni fisiche, proprio-corporee, psichiche e spirituali del soggetto la cui interazione, ed il cui reciproco riversarsi le une nelle altre, pu{\`o} risultare profondamente arricchito attraverso una progressiva e sempre crescente consapevolizzazione della ricchezza della dimensione corporea in quanto intenzionale, percettiva, senziente, volitiva, tanto quanto vulnerabile, limitante, caduca, patica. Il presente lavoro intende ripercorrere ed approfondire alcuni dei principali referenti di Shusterman, focalizzandosi prevalentemente sulla radice pragmatista della sua proposta e sul confronto con il dibattito di area tedesca tra estetica, antropologia filosofica, neofenomenologia e antropologia medica, per riguadagnare una nozione di soma che proprio a partire dal contrasto, dall'impatto irriducibile con la potenza annullante delle situazioni limite, della crisi possa acquisire un pi{\`u} complesso e ricco valore armonizzante delle intrinseche e molteplici dimensioni che costituiscono il tessuto della soggettivit{\`a} incarnata. In particolare il primo capitolo (1. Somaestetica) chiarisce le radici essenzialmente pragmatiste della proposta shustermaniana e mostra come sia possibile destrutturare e dunque riconfigurare radicati modi di esperienza, rendendo coscienti abitudini e modi di vivere che si fissano a livello somatico in modo per lo pi{\`u} inavvertito. Il confronto con la nozione di Habitus, di cui Pierre Bourdieu mette brillantemente in luce l'invisibile e socialmente determinata matrice somatica, lascia scorgere come ogni manifestazione umana sia sostenuta dall'incorporazione di norme, credenze, valori che determinano e talvolta limitano l'espressione, lo sviluppo, persino le predisposizioni e le inclinazioni degli individui. Ed {\`e} proprio intervenendo a questo livello che si pu{\`o} restituire libert{\`a} alle scelte e aprirsi cos{\`i} alle dimensioni essenzialmente qualitative dell'esperienza che, nell'accezione deweyana {\`e} un insieme olistico unitario e coeso che fa da sfondo alle relazioni organismo-ambiente, un intreccio inestricabile di teoria e prassi, particolare e universale, psiche e soma, ragione ed emozione, percettivo e concettuale, insomma quell'immediata conoscenza corporea che struttura lo sfondo di manifestazione della coscienza.},
  language  = {it}
}
@phdthesis{Loladze2014,
  author    = {Loladze, Besik},
  title     = {Das Rechtsstaatsprinzip in der Verfassung Georgiens und in der Rechtsprechung des Verfassungsgerichts Georgiens},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75425},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {498},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die Dissertation wird der rechtsstaatlichen Problematik in der Verfassung von Georgien und in der Rechtsprechung des Verfassungsgerichts Georgiens gewidmet und bietet eine umfangreiche Analyse der wichtigsten Rechtsstaatsmerkmale in dieser Hinsicht. Neben dieser Analyse der fr{\"u}heren und bestehenden Gegebenheiten, prognostiziert sie mittels der perspektivistischen Denkmodele zuk{\"u}nftige Entwicklungen und schl{\"a}gt eventuelle L{\"o}sungswege von Problemen vor. Bei der Arbeit an der Dissertation wurde insbesondere die reiche Erfahrung der deutschen Rechtsstaatsdogmatik in Anspruch genommen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Meissner2014,
  author    = {Meissner, Sven},
  title     = {Implications of Microcystin Production in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75199},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VII, 141},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Cyanobacteria produce about 40 percent of the world's primary biomass, but also a variety of often toxic peptides such as microcystin. Mass developments, so called blooms, can pose a real threat to the drinking water supply in many parts of the world. This study aimed at characterizing the biological function of microcystin production in one of the most common bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. In a first attempt, the effect of elevated light intensity on microcystin production and its binding to cellular proteins was studied. Therefore, conventional microcystin quantification techniques were combined with protein-biochemical methods. RubisCO, the key enzyme for primary carbon fixation was a major microcystin interaction partner. High light exposition strongly stimulated microcystin-protein interactions. Up to 60 percent of the total cellular microcystin was detected bound to proteins, i.e. inaccessible for standard quantification procedures. Underestimation of total microcystin contents when neglecting the protein fraction was also demonstrated in field samples. Finally, an immuno-fluorescence based method was developed to identify microcystin producing cyanobacteria in mixed populations. The high light induced microcystin interaction with proteins suggested an impact of the secondary metabolite on the primary metabolism of Microcystis by e.g. modulating the activity of enzymes. For addressing that question, a comprehensive GC/MS-based approach was conducted to compare the accumulation of metabolites in the wild-type of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and the microcystin deficient ΔmcyB mutant. From all 501 detected non-redundant metabolites 85 (17 percent) accumulated significantly different in either of both genotypes upon high light exposition. Accumulation of compatible solutes in the ΔmcyB mutant suggests a role of microcystin in fine-tuning the metabolic flow to prevent stress related to excess light, high oxygen concentration and carbon limitation. Co-analysis of the widely used model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 revealed profound metabolic differences between species of cyanobacteria. Whereas Microcystis channeled more resources towards carbohydrate synthesis, Synechocystis invested more in amino acids. These findings were supported by electron microscopy of high light treated cells and the quantification of storage compounds. While Microcystis accumulated mainly glycogen to about 8.5 percent of its fresh weight within three hours, Synechocystis produced higher amounts of cyanophycin. The results showed that the characterization of species-specific metabolic features should gain more attention with regard to the biotechnological use of cyanobacteria.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2014,
  author    = {Schmidt, Lukas},
  title     = {Aerosols and boundary layer structure over Arctic sea ice based on airborne lidar and dropsonde measurements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75076},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {vii, 98, xiii},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the distribution of sea ice and open water. Leads in the sea ice produce strong convective fluxes of sensible and latent heat and release aerosol particles into the atmosphere. They increase the occurrence of clouds and modify the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and thereby influence the Arctic climate. In the course of this study aircraft measurements were performed over the western Arctic Ocean as part of the campaign PAMARCMIP 2012 of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Backscatter from aerosols and clouds within the lower troposphere and the ABL were measured with the nadir pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) and dropsondes were launched to obtain profiles of meteorological variables. Furthermore, in situ measurements of aerosol properties, meteorological variables and turbulence were part of the campaign. The measurements covered a broad range of atmospheric and sea ice conditions. In this thesis, properties of the ABL over Arctic sea ice with a focus on the influence of open leads are studied based on the data from the PAMARCMIP campaign. The height of the ABL is determined by different methods that are applied to dropsonde and AMALi backscatter profiles. ABL heights are compared for different flights representing different conditions of the atmosphere and of sea ice and open water influence. The different criteria for ABL height that are applied show large variation in terms of agreement among each other, depending on the characteristics of the ABL and its history. It is shown that ABL height determination from lidar backscatter by methods commonly used under mid-latitude conditions is applicable to the Arctic ABL only under certain conditions. Aerosol or clouds within the ABL are needed as a tracer for ABL height detection from backscatter. Hence an aerosol source close to the surface is necessary, that is typically found under the present influence of open water and therefore convective conditions. However it is not always possible to distinguish residual layers from the actual ABL. Stable boundary layers are generally difficult to detect. To illustrate the complexity of the Arctic ABL and processes therein, four case studies are analyzed each of which represents a snapshot of the interplay between atmosphere and underlying sea ice or water surface. Influences of leads and open water on the aerosol and clouds within the ABL are identified and discussed. Leads are observed to cause the formation of fog and cloud layers within the ABL by humidity emission. Furthermore they decrease the stability and increase the height of the ABL and consequently facilitate entrainment of air and aerosol layers from the free troposphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sarkar2014,
  author    = {Sarkar, Saswati},
  title     = {Holocene variations in the strength of the Indian Monsoon system},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-74905},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ix, 114},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The monsoon is an important component of the Earth's climate system. It played a vital role in the development and sustenance of the largely agro-based economy in India. A better understanding of past variations in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is necessary to assess its nature under global warming scenarios. Instead, our knowledge of spatiotemporal patterns of past ISM strength, as inferred from proxy records, is limited due to the lack of high-resolution paleo-hydrological records from the core monsoon domain. In this thesis I aim to improve our understanding of Holocene ISM variability from the core 'monsoon zone' (CMZ) in India. To achieve this goal, I tried to understand modern and thereafter reconstruct Holocene monsoonal hydrology, by studying surface sediments and a high-resolution sedimentary record from the saline-alkaline Lonar crater lake, central India. My approach relies on analyzing stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios from sedimentary lipid biomarkers to track past hydrological changes. In order to evaluate the relationship of the modern ecosystem and hydrology of the lake I studied the distribution of lipid biomarkers in the modern ecosystem and compared it to lake surface sediments. The major plants from dry deciduous mixed forest type produced a greater amount of leaf wax n-alkanes and a greater fraction of n-C31 and n-C33 alkanes relative to n-C27 and n-C29. Relatively high average chain length (ACL) values (29.6-32.8) for these plants seem common for vegetation from an arid and warm climate. Additionally I found that human influence and subsequent nutrient supply result in increased lake primary productivity, leading to an unusually high concentration of tetrahymanol, a biomarker for salinity and water column stratification, in the nearshore sediments. Due to this inhomogeneous deposition of tetrahymanol in modern sediments, I hypothesize that lake level fluctuation may potentially affect aquatic lipid biomarker distributions in lacustrine sediments, in addition to source changes. I reconstructed centennial-scale hydrological variability associated with changes in the intensity of the ISM based on a record of leaf wax and aquatic biomarkers and their stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopic composition from a 10 m long sediment core from the lake. I identified three main periods of distinct hydrology over the Holocene in central India. The period between 10.1 and 6 cal. ka BP was likely the wettest during the Holocene. Lower ACL index values (29.4 to 28.6) of leaf wax n-alkanes and their negative δ13C values (-34.8 per mille to -27.8 per mille) indicated the dominance of woody C3 vegetation in the catchment, and negative δDwax (average for leaf wax n-alkanes) values (-171 per mille to -147 per mille) argue for a wet period due to an intensified monsoon. After 6 cal. ka BP, a gradual shift to less negative δ13C values (particularly for the grass derived n-C31) and appearance of the triterpene lipid tetrahymanol, generally considered as a marker for salinity and water column stratification, marked the onset of drier conditions. At 5.1 cal. ka BP increasing flux of leaf wax n-alkanes along with the highest flux of tetrahymanol indicated proximity of the lakeshore to the center due to a major lake level decrease. Rapid fluctuations in abundance of both terrestrial and aquatic biomarkers between 4.8 and 4 cal. ka BP indicated an unstable lake ecosystem, culminating in a transition to arid conditions. A pronounced shift to less negative δ13C values, in particular for n-C31 (-25.2 per mille to -22.8 per mille), over this period indicated a change of dominant vegetation to C4 grasses. Along with a 40 per mille increase in leaf wax n-alkane δD values, which likely resulted from less rainfall and/or higher plant evapotranspiration, I interpret this period to reflect the driest conditions in the region during the last 10.1 ka. This transition led to protracted late Holocene arid conditions and the establishment of a permanently saline lake. This is supported by the high abundance of tetrahymanol. A late Holocene peak of cyanobacterial biomarker input at 1.3 cal. ka BP might represent an event of lake eutrophication, possibly due to human impact and the onset of cattle/livestock farming in the catchment. The most intriguing feature of the mid-Holocene driest period was the high amplitude and rapid fluctuations in δDwax values, probably due to a change in the moisture source and/or precipitation seasonality. I hypothesize that orbital induced weakening of the summer solar insolation and associated reorganization of the general atmospheric circulation were responsible for an unstable hydroclimate in the mid-Holocene in the CMZ. My findings shed light onto the sequence of changes during mean state changes of the monsoonal system, once an insolation driven threshold has been passed, and show that small changes in solar insolation can be associated to major environmental changes and large fluctuations in moisture source, a scenario that may be relevant with respect to future changes in the ISM system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Strauss2014,
  author    = {Strauß, Jens},
  title     = {Organic carbon in ice-rich permafrost},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-7523},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75236},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XIII, 107, 102},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Permafrost, defined as ground that is frozen for at least two consecutive years, is a distinct feature of the terrestrial unglaciated Arctic. It covers approximately one quarter of the land area of the Northern Hemisphere (23,000,000 km²). Arctic landscapes, especially those underlain by permafrost, are threatened by climate warming and may degrade in different ways, including active layer deepening, thermal erosion, and development of rapid thaw features. In Siberian and Alaskan late Pleistocene ice-rich Yedoma permafrost, rapid and deep thaw processes (called thermokarst) can mobilize deep organic carbon (below 3 m depth) by surface subsidence due to loss of ground ice. Increased permafrost thaw could cause a feedback loop of global significance if its stored frozen organic carbon is reintroduced into the active carbon cycle as greenhouse gases, which accelerate warming and inducing more permafrost thaw and carbon release. To assess this concern, the major objective of the thesis was to enhance the understanding of the origin of Yedoma as well as to assess the associated organic carbon pool size and carbon quality (concerning degradability). The key research questions were: - How did Yedoma deposits accumulate? - How much organic carbon is stored in the Yedoma region? - What is the susceptibility of the Yedoma region's carbon for future decomposition? To address these three research questions, an interdisciplinary approach, including detailed field studies and sampling in Siberia and Alaska as well as methods of sedimentology, organic biogeochemistry, remote sensing, statistical analyses, and computational modeling were applied. To provide a panarctic context, this thesis additionally includes results both from a newly compiled northern circumpolar carbon database and from a model assessment of carbon fluxes in a warming Arctic. The Yedoma samples show a homogeneous grain-size composition. All samples were poorly sorted with a multi-modal grain-size distribution, indicating various (re-) transport processes. This contradicts the popular pure loess deposition hypothesis for the origin of Yedoma permafrost. The absence of large-scale grinding processes via glaciers and ice sheets in northeast Siberian lowlands, processes which are necessary to create loess as material source, suggests the polygenetic origin of Yedoma deposits. Based on the largest available data set of the key parameters, including organic carbon content, bulk density, ground ice content, and deposit volume (thickness and coverage) from Siberian and Alaskan study sites, this thesis further shows that deep frozen organic carbon in the Yedoma region consists of two distinct major reservoirs, Yedoma deposits and thermokarst deposits (formed in thaw-lake basins). Yedoma deposits contain ~80 Gt and thermokarst deposits ~130 Gt organic carbon, or a total of ~210 Gt. Depending on the approach used for calculating uncertainty, the range for the total Yedoma region carbon store is ±75 \% and ±20 \% for conservative single and multiple bootstrapping calculations, respectively. Despite the fact that these findings reduce the Yedoma region carbon pool by nearly a factor of two compared to previous estimates, this frozen organic carbon is still capable of inducing a permafrost carbon feedback to climate warming. The complete northern circumpolar permafrost region contains between 1100 and 1500 Gt organic carbon, of which ~60 \% is perennially frozen and decoupled from the short-term carbon cycle. When thawed and reintroduced into the active carbon cycle, the organic matter qualities become relevant. Furthermore, results from investigations into Yedoma and thermokarst organic matter quality studies showed that Yedoma and thermokarst organic matter exhibit no depth-dependent quality trend. This is evidence that after freezing, the ancient organic matter is preserved in a state of constant quality. The applied alkane and fatty-acid-based biomarker proxies including the carbon-preference and the higher-land-plant-fatty-acid indices show a broad range of organic matter quality and thus no significantly different qualities of the organic matter stored in thermokarst deposits compared to Yedoma deposits. This lack of quality differences shows that the organic matter biodegradability depends on different decomposition trajectories and the previous decomposition/incorporation history. Finally, the fate of the organic matter has been assessed by implementing deep carbon pools and thermokarst processes in a permafrost carbon model. Under various warming scenarios for the northern circumpolar permafrost region, model results show a carbon release from permafrost regions of up to ~140 Gt and ~310 Gt by the years 2100 and 2300, respectively. The additional warming caused by the carbon release from newly-thawed permafrost contributes 0.03 to 0.14°C by the year 2100. The model simulations predict that a further increase by the 23rd century will add 0.4°C to global mean surface air temperatures. In conclusion, Yedoma deposit formation during the late Pleistocene was dominated by water-related (alluvial/fluvial/lacustrine) as well as aeolian processes under periglacial conditions. The circumarctic permafrost region, including the Yedoma region, contains a substantial amount of currently frozen organic carbon. The carbon of the Yedoma region is well-preserved and therefore available for decomposition after thaw. A missing quality-depth trend shows that permafrost preserves the quality of ancient organic matter. When the organic matter is mobilized by deep degradation processes, the northern permafrost region may add up to 0.4°C to the global warming by the year 2300.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Goldshteyn2014,
  author    = {Goldshteyn, Jewgenij},
  title     = {Frequency-resolved ultrafast dynamics of phonon polariton wavepackets in the ferroelectric crystals LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-71623},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {During this work I built a four wave mixing setup for the time-resolved femtosecond spectroscopy of Raman-active lattice modes. This setup enables to study the selective excitation of phonon polaritons. These quasi-particles arise from the coupling of electro-magnetic waves and transverse optical lattice modes, the so-called phonons. The phonon polaritons were investigated in the optically non-linear, ferroelectric crystals LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃. The direct observation of the frequency shift of the scattered narrow bandwidth probe pulses proofs the role of the Raman interaction during the probe and excitation process of phonon polaritons. I compare this experimental method with the measurement where ultra-short laser pulses are used. The frequency shift remains obscured by the relative broad bandwidth of these laser pulses. In an experiment with narrow bandwidth probe pulses, the Stokes and anti-Stokes intensities are spectrally separated. They are assigned to the corresponding counter-propagating wavepackets of phonon polaritons. Thus, the dynamics of these wavepackets was separately studied. Based on these findings, I develop the mathematical description of the so-called homodyne detection of light for the case of light scattering from counter propagating phonon polaritons. Further, I modified the broad bandwidth of the ultra-short pump pulses using bandpass filters to generate two pump pulses with non-overlapping spectra. This enables the frequency-selective excitation of polariton modes in the sample, which allows me to observe even very weak polariton modes in LiNbO₃ or LiTaO₃ that belong to the higher branches of the dispersion relation of phonon polaritons. The experimentally determined dispersion relation of the phonon polaritons could therefore be extended and compared to theoretical models. In addition, I determined the frequency-dependent damping of phonon polaritons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mallonn2014,
  author    = {Mallonn, Matthias},
  title     = {Ground-based transmission spectroscopy of three inflated Hot Jupiter exoplanets},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-74403},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ix, 115},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The characterization of exoplanets is a young and rapidly expanding field in astronomy. It includes a method called transmission spectroscopy that searches for planetary spectral fingerprints in the light received from the host star during the event of a transit. This techniques allows for conclusions on the atmospheric composition at the terminator region, the boundary between the day and night side of the planet. Observationally a big challenge, first attempts in the community have been successful in the detection of several absorption features in the optical wavelength range. These are for example a Rayleighscattering slope and absorption by sodium and potassium. However, other objects show a featureless spectrum indicative for a cloud or haze layer of condensates masking the probable atmospheric layers. In this work, we performed transmission spectroscopy by spectrophotometry of three Hot Jupiter exoplanets. When we began the work on this thesis, optical transmission spectra have been available for two exoplanets. Our main goal was to advance the current sample of probed objects to learn by comparative exoplanetology whether certain absorption features are common. We selected the targets HAT-P-12b, HAT-P-19b and HAT-P-32b, for which the detection of atmospheric signatures is feasible with current ground-based instrumentation. In addition, we monitored the host stars of all three objects photometrically to correct for influences of stellar activity if necessary. The obtained measurements of the three objects all favor featureless spectra. A variety of atmospheric compositions can explain the lack of a wavelength dependent absorption. But the broad trend of featureless spectra in planets of a wide range of temperatures, found in this work and in similar studies recently published in the literature, favors an explanation based on the presence of condensates even at very low concentrations in the atmospheres of these close-in gas giants. This result points towards the general conclusion that the capability of transmission spectroscopy to determine the atmospheric composition is limited, at least for measurements at low spectral resolution. In addition, we refined the transit parameters and ephemerides of HAT-P-12b and HATP- 19b. Our monitoring campaigns allowed for the detection of the stellar rotation period of HAT-P-19 and a refined age estimate. For HAT-P-12 and HAT-P-32, we derived upper limits on their potential variability. The calculated upper limits of systematic effects of starspots on the derived transmission spectra were found to be negligible for all three targets. Finally, we discussed the observational challenges in the characterization of exoplanet atmospheres, the importance of correlated noise in the measurements and formulated suggestions on how to improve on the robustness of results in future work.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Yeldesbay2014,
  author    = {Yeldesbay, Azamat},
  title     = {Complex regimes of synchronization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-73348},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ii, 60},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Synchronization is a fundamental phenomenon in nature. It can be considered as a general property of self-sustained oscillators to adjust their rhythm in the presence of an interaction. In this work we investigate complex regimes of synchronization phenomena by means of theoretical analysis, numerical modeling, as well as practical analysis of experimental data. As a subject of our investigation we consider chimera state, where due to spontaneous symmetry-breaking of an initially homogeneous oscillators lattice split the system into two parts with different dynamics. Chimera state as a new synchronization phenomenon was first found in non-locally coupled oscillators system, and has attracted a lot of attention in the last decade. However, the recent studies indicate that this state is also possible in globally coupled systems. In the first part of this work, we show under which conditions the chimera-like state appears in a system of globally coupled identical oscillators with intrinsic delayed feedback. The results of the research explain how initially monostable oscillators became effectivly bistable in the presence of the coupling and create a mean field that sustain the coexistence of synchronized and desynchronized states. Also we discuss other examples, where chimera-like state appears due to frequency dependence of the phase shift in the bistable system. In the second part, we make further investigation of this topic by modeling influence of an external periodic force to an oscillator with intrinsic delayed feedback. We made stability analysis of the synchronized state and constructed Arnold tongues. The results explain formation of the chimera-like state and hysteric behavior of the synchronization area. Also, we consider two sets of parameters of the oscillator with symmetric and asymmetric Arnold tongues, that correspond to mono- and bi-stable regimes of the oscillator. In the third part, we demonstrate the results of the work, which was done in collaboration with our colleagues from Psychology Department of University of Potsdam. The project aimed to study the effect of the cardiac rhythm on human perception of time using synchronization analysis. From our part, we made a statistical analysis of the data obtained from the conducted experiment on free time interval reproduction task. We examined how ones heartbeat influences the time perception and searched for possible phase synchronization between heartbeat cycles and time reproduction responses. The findings support the prediction that cardiac cycles can serve as input signals, and is used for reproduction of time intervals in the range of several seconds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Feld2014,
  author    = {Feld, Christian},
  title     = {Crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount, Cyprus and S. Turkey from an amphibian wide-angle seismic profile},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-73479},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 131},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In March 2010, the project CoCoCo (incipient COntinent-COntinent COllision) recorded a 650 km long amphibian N-S wide-angle seismic profile, extending from the Eratosthenes Seamount (ESM) across Cyprus and southern Turkey to the Anatolian plateau. The aim of the project is to reveal the impact of the transition from subduction to continent-continent collision of the African plate with the Cyprus-Anatolian plate. A visual quality check, frequency analysis and filtering were applied to the seismic data and reveal a good data quality. Subsequent first break picking, finite-differences ray tracing and inversion of the offshore wide-angle data leads to a first-arrival tomographic model. This model reveals (1) P-wave velocities lower than 6.5 km/s in the crust, (2) a variable crustal thickness of about 28 - 37 km and (3) an upper crustal reflection at 5 km depth beneath the ESM. Two land shots on Turkey, also recorded on Cyprus, airgun shots south of Cyprus and geological and previous seismic investigations provide the information to derive a layered velocity model beneath the Anatolian plateau and for the ophiolite complex on Cyprus. The analysis of the reflections provides evidence for a north-dipping plate subducting beneath Cyprus. The main features of this layered velocity model are (1) an upper and lower crust with large lateral changes of the velocity structure and thickness, (2) a Moho depth of about 38 - 45 km beneath the Anatolian plateau, (3) a shallow north-dipping subducting plate below Cyprus with an increasing dip and (4) a typical ophiolite sequence on Cyprus with a total thickness of about 12 km. The offshore-onshore seismic data complete and improve the information about the velocity structure beneath Cyprus and the deeper part of the offshore tomographic model. Thus, the wide-angle seismic data provide detailed insights into the 2-D geometry and velocity structures of the uplifted and overriding Cyprus-Anatolian plate. Subsequent gravity modelling confirms and extends the crustal P-wave velocity model. The deeper part of the subducting plate is constrained by the gravity data and has a dip angle of ~ 28°. Finally, an integrated analysis of the geophysical and geological information allows a comprehensive interpretation of the crustal structure related to the collision process.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schulz2014,
  author    = {Schulz, Anneli},
  title     = {Search for gamma-ray emission from bow shocks of runaway stars},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-73905},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {123},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The mystery of the origin of cosmic rays has been tackled for more than hundred years and is still not solved. Cosmic rays are detected with energies spanning more than 10 orders of magnitude and reaching energies up to ~10²¹ eV, far higher than any man-made accelerator can reach. Different theories on the astrophysical objects and processes creating such highly energetic particles have been proposed. A very prominent explanation for a process producing highly energetic particles is shock acceleration. The observation of high-energy gamma rays from supernova remnants, some of them revealing a shell like structure, is clear evidence that particles are accelerated to ultrarelativistic energies in the shocks of these objects. The environments of supernova remnants are complex and challenge detailed modelling of the processes leading to high-energy gamma-ray emission. The study of shock acceleration at bow shocks, created by the supersonic movement of individual stars through the interstellar medium, offers a unique possibility to determine the physical properties of shocks in a less complex environment. The shocked medium is heated by the stellar and the shock excited radiation, leading to thermal infrared emission. 28 bow shocks have been discovered through their infrared emission. Nonthermal radiation in radio and X-ray wavelengths has been detected from two bow shocks, pointing to the existence of relativistic particles in these systems. Theoretical models of the emission processes predict high-energy and very high-energy emission at a flux level in reach of current instruments. This work presents the search for gamma-ray emission from bow shocks of runaway stars in the energy regime from 100MeV to ~100TeV. The search is performed with the large area telescope (LAT) on-board the Fermi satellite and the H.E.S.S. telescopes located in the Khomas Highland in Namibia. The Fermi-LAT was launched in 2008 and is continuously scanning the sky since then. It detects photons with energies from 20MeV to over 300 GeV and has an unprecedented sensitivity. The all-sky coverage allows us to study all 28 bow shocks of runaway stars listed in the E-BOSS catalogue of infrared bow shocks. No significant emission was detected from any of the objects, although predicted by several theoretical models describing the non-thermal emission of bow shocks of runaway stars. The H.E.S.S. experiment is the most sensitive system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. It detects photons from several tens of GeV to ~100TeV. Seven of the bow shocks have been observed with H.E.S.S. and the data analysis is presented in this thesis. The analyses of the very-high energy data did not reveal significant emission from any of the sources either. This work presents the first systematic search for gamma-ray emission from bow shocks of runaway stars. For the first time Fermi-LAT data was specifically analysed to reveal emission from bow shocks of runaway stars. In the TeV regime no searches for emission from theses objects have been published so far, the study presented here is the first in this energy regime. The level of the gamma-ray emission from bow shocks of runaway stars is constrained by the calculated upper limits over six orders in magnitude in energy. The upper limits calculated for the bow shocks of runaway stars in the course of this work, constrain several models. For the best candidate, ζ Ophiuchi, the upper limits in the Fermi-LAT energy range are lower than the predictions by a factor ~5. This challenges the assumptions made in this model and gives valuable input for further modelling approaches. The analyses were performed with the software packages provided by the H.E.S.S. and Fermi collaborations. The development of a unified analysis framework for gamma-ray data, namely GammaLib/ctools, is rapidly progressing within the CTA consortium. Recent implementations and cross-checks with current software frameworks are presented in the Appendix.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lindauer2014,
  author    = {Lindauer, T. Marius},
  title     = {Algorithm selection, scheduling and configuration of Boolean constraint solvers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-71260},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ii, 130},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Boolean constraint solving technology has made tremendous progress over the last decade, leading to industrial-strength solvers, for example, in the areas of answer set programming (ASP), the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), propositional satisfiability (SAT) and satisfiability of quantified Boolean formulas (QBF). However, in all these areas, there exist multiple solving strategies that work well on different applications; no strategy dominates all other strategies. Therefore, no individual solver shows robust state-of-the-art performance in all kinds of applications. Additionally, the question arises how to choose a well-performing solving strategy for a given application; this is a challenging question even for solver and domain experts. One way to address this issue is the use of portfolio solvers, that is, a set of different solvers or solver configurations. We present three new automatic portfolio methods: (i) automatic construction of parallel portfolio solvers (ACPP) via algorithm configuration,(ii) solving the \$NP\$-hard problem of finding effective algorithm schedules with Answer Set Programming (aspeed), and (iii) a flexible algorithm selection framework (claspfolio2) allowing for fair comparison of different selection approaches. All three methods show improved performance and robustness in comparison to individual solvers on heterogeneous instance sets from many different applications. Since parallel solvers are important to effectively solve hard problems on parallel computation systems (e.g., multi-core processors), we extend all three approaches to be effectively applicable in parallel settings. We conducted extensive experimental studies different instance sets from ASP, CSP, MAXSAT, Operation Research (OR), SAT and QBF that indicate an improvement in the state-of-the-art solving heterogeneous instance sets. Last but not least, from our experimental studies, we deduce practical advice regarding the question when to apply which of our methods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Berdzinski2014,
  author    = {Berdzinski, Stefan},
  title     = {Photoinduzierte radikalische Polymerisation in ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten und der Einfluss der Radikalrekombination},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72582},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VIII, 114},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt Untersuchungen zum Einfluss ionischer Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten sowohl auf den Rekombinationsprozess photolytisch generierter Lophylradikale als auch auf die photoinduzierte Polymerisation. Im Fokus standen hierbei pyrrolidiniumbasierte ionische Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten sowie polymerisierbare imidazoliumbasierte ionische Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten. Mittels UV-Vis-Spektroskopie wurde in den ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten im Vergleich zu ausgew{\"a}hlten organischen L{\"o}sungsmitteln die Rekombinationskinetik der aus o-Cl-HABI photolytisch generierten Lophylradikale bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen verfolgt und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Radikalrekombination bestimmt. Die Charakterisierung des Rekombinationsprozesses erfolgt dabei insbesondere unter Verwendung der mittels Eyring-Gleichung ermittelten Aktivierungsparameter. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Rekombination der Lophylradikale in den ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten im Gegensatz zu den organischen L{\"o}sungsmitteln zu einem großen Anteil innerhalb des L{\"o}sungsmittelk{\"a}figs erfolgt. Weiterhin wurden f{\"u}r den Einsatz von o-Cl-HABI als Radikalbildner in den photoinduzierten Polymerisationen mehrere m{\"o}gliche Co-Initiatoren {\"u}ber photokalorimetrische Messungen untersucht. Hierbei wurde auch ein neuer Aspekt zur Ketten{\"u}bertragung vom Lophylradikal auf den heterocyclischen Co-Initiator vorgestellt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden photoinduzierte Polymerisationen unter Einsatz eines Initiatorsystems, bestehend aus o-Cl-HABI als Radikalbildner und einem heterocyclischen Co-Initiator, in den ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen beinhalten zum einen photokalorimetrische Messungen der photoinduzierten Polymerisation von polymerisierbaren imidazoliumbasierten ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten. Zum anderen wurden Untersuchungen zur photoinduzierten Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in pyrrolidiniumbasierten ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei wurden Einflussparameter wie Zeit, Temperatur, Viskosit{\"a}t, L{\"o}sungsmittelk{\"a}figeffekt und die Alkylkettenl{\"a}nge am Kation der ionischen Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten auf die Ausbeuten und Molmassen sowie Molmassenverteilungen der Polymere hin untersucht.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Loersch2014,
  author    = {Loersch, Christian},
  title     = {Business start-ups and the effect of coaching programs},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72605},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XII, 282},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Entrepreneurship is known to be a main driver of economic growth. Hence, governments have an interest in supporting and promoting entrepreneurial activities. Start-up subsidies, which have been analyzed extensively, only aim at mitigating the lack of financial capital. However, some entrepreneurs also lack in human, social, and managerial capital. One way to address these shortcomings is by subsidizing coaching programs for entrepreneurs. However, theoretical and empirical evidence about business coaching and programs subsidizing coaching is scarce. This dissertation gives an extensive overview of coaching and is the first empirical study for Germany analyzing the effects of coaching programs on its participants. In the theoretical part of the dissertation the process of a business start-up is described and it is discussed how and in which stage of the company's evolvement coaching can influence entrepreneurial success. The concept of coaching is compared to other non-monetary types of support as training, mentoring, consulting, and counseling. Furthermore, national and international support programs are described. Most programs have either no or small positive effects. However, there is little quantitative evidence in the international literature. In the empirical part of the dissertation the effectiveness of coaching is shown by evaluating two German coaching programs, which support entrepreneurs via publicly subsidized coaching sessions. One of the programs aims at entrepreneurs who have been employed before becoming self-employed, whereas the other program is targeted at former unemployed entrepreneurs. The analysis is based on the evaluation of a quantitative and a qualitative dataset. The qualitative data are gathered by intensive one-on-one interviews with coaches and entrepreneurs. These data give a detailed insight about the coaching topics, duration, process, effectiveness, and the thoughts of coaches and entrepreneurs. The quantitative data include information about 2,936 German-based entrepreneurs. Using propensity score matching, the success of participants of the two coaching programs is compared with adequate groups of non-participants. In contrast to many other studies also personality traits are observed and controlled for in the matching process. The results show that only the program for former unemployed entrepreneurs has small positive effects. Participants have a larger survival probability in self-employment and a larger probability to hire employees than matched non-participants. In contrast, the program for former employed individuals has negative effects. Compared to individuals who did not participate in the coaching program, participants have a lower probability to stay in self-employment, lower earned net income, lower number of employees and lower life satisfaction. There are several reasons for these differing results of the two programs. First, former unemployed individuals have more basic coaching needs than former employed individuals. Coaches can satisfy these basic coaching needs, whereas former employed individuals have more complex business problems, which are not very easy to be solved by a coaching intervention. Second, the analysis reveals that former employed individuals are very successful in general. It is easier to increase the success of former unemployed individuals as they have a lower base level of success than former employed individuals. An effect heterogeneity analysis shows that coaching effectiveness differs by region. Coaching for previously unemployed entrepreneurs is especially useful in regions with bad labor market conditions. In summary, in line with previous literature, it is found that coaching has little effects on the success of entrepreneurs. The previous employment status, the characteristics of the entrepreneur and the regional labor market conditions play a crucial role in the effectiveness of coaching. In conclusion, coaching needs to be well tailored to the individual and applied thoroughly. Therefore, governments should design and provide coaching programs only after due consideration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Munack2014,
  author    = {Munack, Henry},
  title     = {From phantom blocks to denudational noise},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72629},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xvii, 172},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Knowing the rates and mechanisms of geomorphic process that shape the Earth's surface is crucial to understand landscape evolution. Modern methods for estimating denudation rates enable us to quantitatively express and compare processes of landscape downwearing that can be traced through time and space—from the seemingly intact, though intensely shattered, phantom blocks of the catastrophically fragmented basal facies of giant rockslides up to denudational noise in orogen-wide data sets averaging over several millennia. This great variety of spatiotemporal scales of denudation rates is both boon and bane of geomorphic process rates. Indeed, processes of landscape downwearing can be traced far back in time, helping us to understand the Earth's evolution. Yet, this benefit may turn into a drawback due to scaling issues if these rates are to be compared across different observation timescales. This thesis investigates the mechanisms, patterns and rates of landscape downwearing across the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. Accounting for the spatiotemporal variability of denudation processes, this thesis addresses landscape downwearing on three distinctly different spatial scales, starting off at the local scale of individual hillslopes where considerable amounts of debris are generated from rock instantaneously: Rocksliding in active mountains is a major impetus of landscape downwearing. Study I provides a systematic overview of the internal sedimentology of giant rockslide deposits and thus meets the challenge of distinguishing them from macroscopically and microscopically similar glacial deposits, tectonic fault-zone breccias, and impact breccias. This distinction is important to avoid erroneous or misleading deduction of paleoclimatic or tectonic implications. -> Grain size analysis shows that rockslide-derived micro-breccia closely resemble those from meteorite impact or tectonic faults. -> Frictionite may occur more frequently that previously assumed. -> M{\"o}ssbauer-spectroscopy derived results indicate basal rock melting in the absence of water, involving short-term temperatures of >1500°C. Zooming out, Study II tracks the fate of these sediments, using the example of the upper Indus River, NW India. There we use river sand samples from the Indus and its tributaries to estimate basin-averaged denudation rates along a ~320-km reach across the Tibetan Plateau margin, to answer the question whether incision into the western Tibetan Plateau margin is currently active or not. -> We find an about one-order-of-magnitude upstream decay—from 110 to 10 mm kyr^-1—of cosmogenic Be-10-derived basin-wide denudation rates across the morphological knickpoint that marks the transition from the Transhimalayan ranges to the Tibetan Plateau. This trend is corroborated by independent bulk petrographic and heavy mineral analysis of the same samples. -> From the observation that tributary-derived basin-wide denudation rates do not increase markedly until ~150-200 km downstream of the topographic plateau margin we conclude that incision into the Tibetan Plateau is inactive. -> Comparing our postglacial Be-10-derived denudation rates to long-term (>10^6 yr) estimates from low-temperature thermochronometry, ranging from 100 to 750 mm kyr^-1, points to an order- of-magnitude decay of rates of landscape downwearing towards present. We infer that denudation rates must have been higher in the Quaternary, probably promoted by the interplay of glacial and interglacial stages. Our investigation of regional denudation patterns in the upper Indus finally is an integral part of Study III that synthesizes denudation of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen. In order to identify general and time-invariant predictors for Be-10-derived denudation rates we analyze tectonic, climatic and topographic metrics from an inventory of 297 drainage basins from various parts of the orogen. Aiming to get insight to the full response distributions of denudation rate to tectonic, climatic and topographic candidate predictors, we apply quantile regression instead of ordinary least squares regression, which has been standard analysis tool in previous studies that looked for denudation rate predictors. -> We use principal component analysis to reduce our set of 26 candidate predictors, ending up with just three out of these: Aridity Index, topographic steepness index, and precipitation of the coldest quarter of the year. -> Topographic steepness index proves to perform best during additive quantile regression. Our consequent prediction of denudation rates on the basin scale involves prediction errors that remain between 5 and 10 mm kyr^-1. -> We conclude that while topographic metrics such as river-channel steepness and slope gradient—being representative on timescales that our cosmogenic Be-10-derived denudation rates integrate over—generally appear to be more suited as predictors than climatic and tectonic metrics based on decadal records.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Albrecht2014,
  author    = {Albrecht, Steve},
  title     = {Generation, recombination and extraction of charges in polymer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72285},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {144},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {A dramatic efficiency improvement of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on electron-donating conjugated polymers in combination with soluble fullerene derivatives has been achieved over the past years. Certified and reported power conversion efficiencies now reach over 9\% for single junctions and exceed the 10\% benchmark for tandem solar cells. This trend brightens the vision of organic photovoltaics becoming competitive with inorganic solar cells including the realization of low-cost and large-area organic photovoltaics. For the best performing organic materials systems, the yield of charge generation can be very efficient. However, a detailed understanding of the free charge carrier generation mechanisms at the donor acceptor interface and the energy loss associated with it needs to be established. Moreover, organic solar cells are limited by the competition between charge extraction and free charge recombination, accounting for further efficiency losses. A conclusive picture and the development of precise methodologies for investigating the fundamental processes in organic solar cells are crucial for future material design, efficiency optimization, and the implementation of organic solar cells into commercial products. In order to advance the development of organic photovoltaics, my thesis focuses on the comprehensive understanding of charge generation, recombination and extraction in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells summarized in 6 chapters on the cumulative basis of 7 individual publications. The general motivation guiding this work was the realization of an efficient hybrid inorganic/organic tandem solar cell with sub-cells made from amorphous hydrogenated silicon and organic bulk heterojunctions. To realize this project aim, the focus was directed to the low band-gap copolymer PCPDTBT and its derivatives, resulting in the examination of the charge carrier dynamics in PCPDTBT:PC70BM blends in relation to by the blend morphology. The phase separation in this blend can be controlled by the processing additive diiodooctane, enhancing domain purity and size. The quantitative investigation of the free charge formation was realized by utilizing and improving the time delayed collection field technique. Interestingly, a pronounced field dependence of the free carrier generation for all blends is found, with the field dependence being stronger without the additive. Also, the bimolecular recombination coefficient for both blends is rather high and increases with decreasing internal field which we suggest to be caused by a negative field dependence of mobility. The additive speeds up charge extraction which is rationalized by the threefold increase in mobility. By fluorine attachment within the electron deficient subunit of PCPDTBT, a new polymer F-PCPDTBT is designed. This new material is characterized by a stronger tendency to aggregate as compared to non-fluorinated PCPDTBT. Our measurements show that for F-PCPDTBT:PCBM blends the charge carrier generation becomes more efficient and the field-dependence of free charge carrier generation is weakened. The stronger tendency to aggregate induced by the fluorination also leads to increased polymer rich domains, accompanied in a threefold reduction in the non-geminate recombination coefficient at conditions of open circuit. The size of the polymer domains is nicely correlated to the field-dependence of charge generation and the Langevin reduction factor, which highlights the importance of the domain size and domain purity for efficient charge carrier generation. In total, fluorination of PCPDTBT causes the PCE to increase from 3.6 to 6.1\% due to enhanced fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage. Further optimization of the blend ratio, active layer thickness, and polymer molecular weight resulted in 6.6\% efficiency for F-PCPDTBT:PC70BM solar cells. Interestingly, the double fluorinated version 2F-PCPDTBT exhibited poorer FF despite a further reduction of geminate and non-geminate recombination losses. To further analyze this finding, a new technique is developed that measures the effective extraction mobility under charge carrier densities and electrical fields comparable to solar cell operation conditions. This method involves the bias enhanced charge extraction technique. With the knowledge of the carrier density under different electrical field and illumination conditions, a conclusive picture of the changes in charge carrier dynamics leading to differences in the fill factor upon fluorination of PCPDTBT is attained. The more efficient charge generation and reduced recombination with fluorination is counterbalanced by a decreased extraction mobility. Thus, the highest fill factor of 60\% and efficiency of 6.6\% is reached for F-PCPDTBT blends, while 2F-PCPDTBT blends have only moderate fill factors of 54\% caused by the lower effective extraction mobility, limiting the efficiency to 6.5\%. To understand the details of the charge generation mechanism and the related losses, we evaluated the yield and field-dependence of free charge generation using time delayed collection field in combination with sensitive measurements of the external quantum efficiency and absorption coefficients for a variety of blends. Importantly, both the yield and field-dependence of free charge generation is found to be unaffected by excitation energy, including direct charge transfer excitation below the optical band gap. To access the non-detectable absorption at energies of the relaxed charge transfer emission, the absorption was reconstructed from the CT emission, induced via the recombination of thermalized charges in electroluminescence. For a variety of blends, the quantum yield at energies of charge transfer emission was identical to excitations with energies well above the optical band-gap. Thus, the generation proceeds via the split-up of the thermalized charge transfer states in working solar cells. Further measurements were conducted on blends with fine-tuned energy levels and similar blend morphologies by using different fullerene derivatives. A direct correlation between the efficiency of free carrier generation and the energy difference of the relaxed charge transfer state relative to the energy of the charge separated state is found. These findings open up new guidelines for future material design as new high efficiency materials require a minimum energetic offset between charge transfer and the charge separated state while keeping the HOMO level (and LUMO level) difference between donor and acceptor as small as possible.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ehlers2014,
  author    = {Ehlers, Nadja},
  title     = {Die Entwicklung der {\"o}ffentlich-rechtlichen Gef{\"a}hrdungshaftung in Deutschland},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72381},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XXIX, 131},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Inhalt der Arbeit ist es, einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die historische Entwicklung der {\"o}ffentlich-rechtlichen Gef{\"a}hrdungshaftung in Deutschland vom 18. Jahrhundert bis heute zu geben sowie ihre praktische Bedeutung zu analysieren. Dabei wird zwischen den unterschiedlichen Gesetzgebungen, Rechtsprechungen und den theoretischen L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tzen der {\"o}ffentlich-rechtlichen Gef{\"a}hrdungshaftung unterschieden und insbesondere letzteres problematisiert. Ferner wird auf das Verh{\"a}ltnis zu den grundrechtlichen Schutzpflichten, den sozialen Risikotatbest{\"a}nden, dem sozialrechtlichen Herstellungsanspruch und den Tumultsch{\"a}den eingegangen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mauri2014,
  author    = {Mauri, Marco},
  title     = {A model for sigma factor competition in bacterial cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {167},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Bacteria respond to changing environmental conditions by switching the global pattern of expressed genes. In response to specific environmental stresses the cell activates several stress-specific molecules such as sigma factors. They reversibly bind the RNA polymerase to form the so-called holoenzyme and direct it towards the appropriate stress response genes. In exponentially growing E. coli cells, the majority of the transcriptional activity is carried out by the housekeeping sigma factor, while stress responses are often under the control of alternative sigma factors. Different sigma factors compete for binding to a limited pool of RNA polymerase (RNAP) core enzymes, providing a mechanism for cross talk between genes or gene classes via the sharing of expression machinery. To quantitatively analyze the contribution of sigma factor competition to global changes in gene expression, we develop a thermodynamic model that describes binding between sigma factors and core RNAP at equilibrium, transcription, non-specific binding to DNA and the modulation of the availability of the molecular components. Association of housekeeping sigma factor to RNAP is generally favored by its abundance and higher binding affinity to the core. In order to promote transcription by alternative sigma subunits, the bacterial cell modulates the transcriptional efficiency in a reversible manner through several strategies such as anti-sigma factors, 6S RNA and generally any kind of transcriptional regulators (e.g. activators or inhibitors). By shifting the outcome of sigma factor competition for the core, these modulators bias the transcriptional program of the cell. The model is validated by comparison with in vitro competition experiments, with which excellent agreement is found. We observe that transcription is affected via the modulation of the concentrations of the different types of holoenzymes, so saturated promoters are only weakly affected by sigma factor competition. However, in case of overlapping promoters or promoters recognized by two types of sigma factors, we find that even saturated promoters are strongly affected. Active transcription effectively lowers the affinity between the sigma factor driving it and the core RNAP, resulting in complex cross talk effects and raising the question of how their in vitro measure is relevant in the cell. We also estimate that sigma factor competition is not strongly affected by non-specific binding of core RNAPs, sigma factors, and holoenzymes to DNA. Finally, we analyze the role of increased core RNAP availability upon the shut-down of ribosomal RNA transcription during stringent response. We find that passive up-regulation of alternative sigma-dependent transcription is not only possible, but also displays hypersensitivity based on the sigma factor competition. Our theoretical analysis thus provides support for a significant role of passive control during that global switch of the gene expression program and gives new insights into RNAP partitioning in the cell.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Widdrat2014,
  author    = {Widdrat, Marc},
  title     = {Formation and alteration of magnetite nanoparticles},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72239},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {113},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Magnetite is an iron oxide, which is ubiquitous in rocks and is usually deposited as small nanoparticulate matter among other rock material. It differs from most other iron oxides because it contains divalent and trivalent iron. Consequently, it has a special crystal structure and unique magnetic properties. These properties are used for paleoclimatic reconstructions where naturally occurring magnetite helps understanding former geological ages. Further on, magnetic properties are used in bio- and nanotechnological applications -synthetic magnetite serves as a contrast agent in MRI, is exploited in biosensing, hyperthermia or is used in storage media. Magnetic properties are strongly size-dependent and achieving size control under preferably mild synthesis conditions is of interest in order to obtain particles with required properties. By using a custom-made setup, it was possible to synthesize stable single domain magnetite nanoparticles with the co-precipitation method. Furthermore, it was shown that magnetite formation is temperature-dependent, resulting in larger particles at higher temperatures. However, mechanistic approaches about the details are incomplete. Formation of magnetite from solution was shown to occur from nanoparticulate matter rather than solvated ions. The theoretical framework of such processes has only started to be described, partly due to the lack of kinetic or thermodynamic data. Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles at different temperatures was performed and the Arrhenius plot was used determine an activation energy for crystal growth of 28.4 kJ mol-1, which led to the conclusion that nanoparticle diffusion is the rate-determining step. Furthermore, a study of the alteration of magnetite particles of different sizes as a function of their storage conditions is presented. The magnetic properties depend not only on particle size but also depend on the structure of the oxide, because magnetite oxidizes to maghemite under environmental conditions. The dynamics of this process have not been well described. Smaller nanoparticles are shown to oxidize more rapidly than larger ones and the lower the storage temperature, the lower the measured oxidation. In addition, the magnetic properties of the altered particles are not decreased dramatically, thus suggesting that this alteration will not impact the use of such nanoparticles as medical carriers. Finally, the effect of biological additives on magnetite formation was investigated. Magnetotactic bacteria¬¬ are able to synthesize and align magnetite nanoparticles of well-defined size and morphology due to the involvement of special proteins with specific binding properties. Based on this model of morphology control, phage display experiments were performed to determine peptide sequences that preferably bind to (111)-magnetite faces. The aim was to control the shape of magnetite nanoparticles during the formation. Magnetotactic bacteria are also able to control the intracellular redox potential with proteins called magnetochromes. MamP is such a protein and its oxidizing nature was studied in vitro via biomimetic magnetite formation experiments based on ferrous ions. Magnetite and further trivalent oxides were found. This work helps understanding basic mechanisms of magnetite formation and gives insight into non-classical crystal growth. In addition, it is shown that alteration of magnetite nanoparticles is mainly based on oxidation to maghemite and does not significantly influence the magnetic properties. Finally, biomimetic experiments help understanding the role of MamP within the bacteria and furthermore, a first step was performed to achieve morphology control in magnetite formation via co-precipitation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tinnefeld2014,
  author    = {Tinnefeld, Christian},
  title     = {Building a columnar database on shared main memory-based storage},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72063},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {175},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In the field of disk-based parallel database management systems exists a great variety of solutions based on a shared-storage or a shared-nothing architecture. In contrast, main memory-based parallel database management systems are dominated solely by the shared-nothing approach as it preserves the in-memory performance advantage by processing data locally on each server. We argue that this unilateral development is going to cease due to the combination of the following three trends: a) Nowadays network technology features remote direct memory access (RDMA) and narrows the performance gap between accessing main memory inside a server and of a remote server to and even below a single order of magnitude. b) Modern storage systems scale gracefully, are elastic, and provide high-availability. c) A modern storage system such as Stanford's RAMCloud even keeps all data resident in main memory. Exploiting these characteristics in the context of a main-memory parallel database management system is desirable. The advent of RDMA-enabled network technology makes the creation of a parallel main memory DBMS based on a shared-storage approach feasible. This thesis describes building a columnar database on shared main memory-based storage. The thesis discusses the resulting architecture (Part I), the implications on query processing (Part II), and presents an evaluation of the resulting solution in terms of performance, high-availability, and elasticity (Part III). In our architecture, we use Stanford's RAMCloud as shared-storage, and the self-designed and developed in-memory AnalyticsDB as relational query processor on top. AnalyticsDB encapsulates data access and operator execution via an interface which allows seamless switching between local and remote main memory, while RAMCloud provides not only storage capacity, but also processing power. Combining both aspects allows pushing-down the execution of database operators into the storage system. We describe how the columnar data processed by AnalyticsDB is mapped to RAMCloud's key-value data model and how the performance advantages of columnar data storage can be preserved. The combination of fast network technology and the possibility to execute database operators in the storage system opens the discussion for site selection. We construct a system model that allows the estimation of operator execution costs in terms of network transfer, data processed in memory, and wall time. This can be used for database operators that work on one relation at a time - such as a scan or materialize operation - to discuss the site selection problem (data pull vs. operator push). Since a database query translates to the execution of several database operators, it is possible that the optimal site selection varies per operator. For the execution of a database operator that works on two (or more) relations at a time, such as a join, the system model is enriched by additional factors such as the chosen algorithm (e.g. Grace- vs. Distributed Block Nested Loop Join vs. Cyclo-Join), the data partitioning of the respective relations, and their overlapping as well as the allowed resource allocation. We present an evaluation on a cluster with 60 nodes where all nodes are connected via RDMA-enabled network equipment. We show that query processing performance is about 2.4x slower if everything is done via the data pull operator execution strategy (i.e. RAMCloud is being used only for data access) and about 27\% slower if operator execution is also supported inside RAMCloud (in comparison to operating only on main memory inside a server without any network communication at all). The fast-crash recovery feature of RAMCloud can be leveraged to provide high-availability, e.g. a server crash during query execution only delays the query response for about one second. Our solution is elastic in a way that it can adapt to changing workloads a) within seconds, b) without interruption of the ongoing query processing, and c) without manual intervention.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Negri2014,
  author    = {Negri, Michael},
  title     = {How coaches influence referee decisions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72247},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {132},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The work elaborates on the question if coaches in non-professional soccer can influence referee decisions. Modeled from a principal-agent perspective, the managing referee boards can be seen as the principal. They aim at facilitating a fair competition which is in accordance with the existing rules and regulations. In doing so, the referees are assigned as impartial agents on the pitch. The coaches take over a non-legitimate principal-like role trying to influence the referees even though they do not have the formal right to do so. Separate questionnaires were set up for referees and coaches. The coach questionnaire aimed at identifying the extent and the forms of influencing attempts by coaches. The referee questionnaire tried to elaborate on the questions if referees take notice of possible influencing attempts and how they react accordingly. The results were put into relation with official match data in order to identify significant influences on personal sanctions (yellow cards, second yellow cards, red cards) and the match result. It is found that there is a slight effect on the referee's decisions. However, this effect is rather disadvantageous for the influencing coach and there is no evidence for an impact on the match result itself.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sorce2014,
  author    = {Sorce, Jenny},
  title     = {From Spitzer mid-infrared observations and measurements of peculiar velocities to constrained simulations of the local universe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72486},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xx, 303},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Galaxies are observational probes to study the Large Scale Structure. Their gravitational motions are tracers of the total matter density and therefore of the Large Scale Structure. Besides, studies of structure formation and galaxy evolution rely on numerical cosmological simulations. Still, only one universe observable from a given position, in time and space, is available for comparisons with simulations. The related cosmic variance affects our ability to interpret the results. Simulations constrained by observational data are a perfect remedy to this problem. Achieving such simulations requires the projects Cosmic flows and CLUES. Cosmic flows builds catalogs of accurate distance measurements to map deviations from the expansion. These measures are mainly obtained with the galaxy luminosity-rotation rate correlation. We present the calibration of that relation in the mid-infrared with observational data from Spitzer Space Telescope. Resulting accurate distance estimates will be included in the third catalog of the project. In the meantime, two catalogs up to 30 and 150 Mpc/h have been released. We report improvements and applications of the CLUES' method on these two catalogs. The technique is based on the constrained realization algorithm. The cosmic displacement field is computed with the Zel'dovich approximation. This latter is then reversed to relocate reconstructed three-dimensional constraints to their precursors' positions in the initial field. The size of the second catalog (8000 galaxies within 150 Mpc/h) highlighted the importance of minimizing the observational biases. By carrying out tests on mock catalogs, built from cosmological simulations, a method to minimize observational bias can be derived. Finally, for the first time, cosmological simulations are constrained solely by peculiar velocities. The process is successful as resulting simulations resemble the Local Universe. The major attractors and voids are simulated at positions approaching observational positions by a few megaparsecs, thus reaching the limit imposed by the linear theory.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mayer2014,
  author    = {Mayer, Michael},
  title     = {Pulsar wind nebulae at high energies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-71504},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {142},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are the most abundant TeV gamma-ray emitters in the Milky Way. The radiative emission of these objects is powered by fast-rotating pulsars, which donate parts of their rotational energy into winds of relativistic particles. This thesis presents an in-depth study of the detected population of PWNe at high energies. To outline general trends regarding their evolutionary behaviour, a time-dependent model is introduced and compared to the available data. In particular, this work presents two exceptional PWNe which protrude from the rest of the population, namely the Crab Nebula and N 157B. Both objects are driven by pulsars with extremely high rotational energy loss rates. Accordingly, they are often referred to as energetic twins. Modelling the non-thermal multi-wavelength emission of N157B gives access to specific properties of this object, like the magnetic field inside the nebula. Comparing the derived parameters to those of the Crab Nebula reveals large intrinsic differences between the two PWNe. Possible origins of these differences are discussed in context of the resembling pulsars. Compared to the TeV gamma-ray regime, the number of detected PWNe is much smaller in the MeV-GeV gamma-ray range. In the latter range, the Crab Nebula stands out by the recent detection of gamma-ray flares. In general, the measured flux enhancements on short time scales of days to weeks were not expected in the theoretical understanding of PWNe. In this thesis, the variability of the Crab Nebula is analysed using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT). For the presented analysis, a new gamma-ray reconstruction method is used, providing a higher sensitivity and a lower energy threshold compared to previous analyses. The derived gamma-ray light curve of the Crab Nebula is investigated for flares and periodicity. The detected flares are analysed regarding their energy spectra, and their variety and commonalities are discussed. In addition, a dedicated analysis of the flare which occurred in March 2013 is performed. The derived short-term variability time scale is roughly 6h, implying a small region inside the Crab Nebula to be responsible for the enigmatic flares. The most promising theories explaining the origins of the flux eruptions and gamma-ray variability are discussed in detail. In the technical part of this work, a new analysis framework is presented. The introduced software, called gammalib/ctools, is currently being developed for the future CTA observa- tory. The analysis framework is extensively tested using data from the H. E. S. S. experiment. To conduct proper data analysis in the likelihood framework of gammalib/ctools, a model describing the distribution of background events in H.E.S.S. data is presented. The software provides the infrastructure to combine data from several instruments in one analysis. To study the gamma-ray emitting PWN population, data from Fermi-LAT and H. E. S. S. are combined in the likelihood framework of gammalib/ctools. In particular, the spectral peak, which usually lies in the overlap energy regime between these two instruments, is determined with the presented analysis framework. The derived measurements are compared to the predictions from the time-dependent model. The combined analysis supports the conclusion of a diverse population of gamma-ray emitting PWNe.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sayago2014,
  author    = {Sayago, Jhosnella},
  title     = {Late Paleozoic basin analysis of the Loppa High and Finnmark Platform in the Norwegian Barents Sea : integration of seismic attributes and seismic sequence stratigraphy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72576},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {viii, 109},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The subsurface upper Palaeozoic sedimentary successions of the Loppa High half-graben and the Finnmark platform in the Norwegian Barents Sea (southwest Barents Sea) were investigated using 2D/3D seismic datasets combined with well and core data. These sedimentary successions represent a case of mixed siliciclastic-carbonates depositional systems, which formed during the earliest phase of the Atlantic rifting between Greenland and Norway. During the Carboniferous and Permian the southwest part of the Barents Sea was located along the northern margin of Pangaea, which experienced a northward drift at a speed of ~2-3 mm per year. This gradual shift in the paleolatitudinal position is reflected by changes in regional climatic conditions: from warm-humid in the early Carboniferous, changing to warm-arid in the middle to late Carboniferous and finally to colder conditions in the late Permian. Such changes in paleolatitude and climate have resulted in major changes in the style of sedimentation including variations in the type of carbonate factories. The upper Palaeozoic sedimentary succession is composed of four major depositional units comprising chronologically the Billefjorden Group dominated by siliciclastic deposition in extensional tectonic-controlled wedges, the Gipsdalen Group dominated by warm-water carbonates, stacked buildups and evaporites, the Bjarmeland Group characterized by cool-water carbonates as well as by the presence of buildup networks, and the Tempelfjorden Group characterized by fine-grained sedimentation dominated by biological silica production. In the Loppa High, the integration of a core study with multi-attribute seismic facies classification allowed highlighting the main sedimentary unconformities and mapping the spatial extent of a buried paleokarst terrain. This geological feature is interpreted to have formed during a protracted episode of subaerial exposure occurring between the late Palaeozoic and middle Triassic. Based on seismic sequence stratigraphy analysis the palaeogeography in time and space of the Loppa High basin was furthermore reconstructed and a new and more detailed tectono-sedimentary model for this area was proposed. In the Finnmark platform area, a detailed core analysis of two main exploration wells combined with key 2D seismic sections located along the main depositional profile, allowed the evaluation of depositional scenarios for the two main lithostratigraphic units: the {\O}rn Formation (Gipsdalen Group) and the Isbj{\o}rn Formation (Bjarmeland Group). During the mid-Sakmarian, two major changes were observed between the two formations including (1) the variation in the type of the carbonate factories, which is interpreted to be depth-controlled and (2) the change in platform morphology, which evolved from a distally steepened ramp to a homoclinal ramp. The results of this study may help supporting future reservoirs characterization of the upper Palaeozoic units in the Barents Sea, particularly in the Loppa High half-graben and the Finmmark platform area.},
  language  = {en}
}