@article{CaliendoKuenn2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen},
  title     = {Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5},
  pages     = {1005 -- 1043},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Borck2014,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Adieu Rabenmutter-culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z},
  pages     = {739 -- 765},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fits these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap.},
  language  = {en}
}