@article{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40347},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge Schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old-adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to 11 s per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50\% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high- rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1991,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Interesse und Textrepr{\"a}sentation : zur Auswirkung des thematischen Interesses auf unterschiedliche Komponenten der Textrepr{\"a}sentation unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung kognitiver und motivationaler Kontrollvariablen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33496},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Die Untersuchung besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit dem Einfluß des thematischen Interesses auf die Auspr{\"a}gung der nach dem Textverarbeitungsmodell von van Dijk \& Kintsch (1983) unterschiedenen Komponenten der Textrepr{\"a}sentation. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus sollte der Einfluß von Interesse auf motivationale und kognitive Variablen des Leseprozesses (z.B. Elaboration) {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde eine Reihe relevanter Einflußgr{\"o}ßen (z.B. Vorwissen) im Sinne von Kontrollvariablen erhoben. 43 Studenten wurden auf der Basis eines Fragebogens in hoch und niedrig thematisch interessierte eingeteilt. Die Vpn bekamen einen Text zum Thema «Kommunikation» zu lesen. Anschließend wurde retrospektiv eine Reihe von Prozeßvariablen erhoben. Es folgte ein Rekognitionstest, der die Ermittlung der unterschiedlichen St{\"a}rke der w{\"o}rtlichen, propositionalen und situativen Textrepr{\"a}sentation erlaubt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die w{\"o}rtliche Textrepr{\"a}sentation bei den niedrig Interessierten signifikant st{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gt ist, w{\"a}hrend die hoch Interessierten eine st{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gte propositionale Abbildung des Textes erkennen lassen. Keine erkennbaren Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Versuchsgruppen zeigten sich hinsichtlich der situativen Repr{\"a}sentation. Die Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der einbezogenen Kontrollvariablen hatte keine Minderung des Interesseneffekts zur Folge. Interesse h{\"a}ngt dar{\"u}ber hinaus eng mit dem Ausmaß von Aktivierung, Flow-Erleben, elaborativen Prozessen und der H{\"a}ufigkeit von Notizen zusammen. Es ergaben sich Anhaltspunkte, daß diese Variablen auch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Vermittlung des beobachteten Interesseneffekts spielen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Social psychological issues in the study of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33903},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The chapter presents a social psychological approach to the study of rape and sexual assault. Two issues are at the core of this approach: identifying the critical variables that affect attributions of responsibility to victims of rape. and exploring people's subjective definitions of rape, which may differ markedly from legal definitions. Following a review of the American evidence, a series of studies conductcd in two European countries is presented to address these issues.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Zur Renaissance des idiographischen Ansatzes in der Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsforschung : eine Zwischenbilanz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45607},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KlieglBaltes1991,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t in einer Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung},
  issn      = {0233-2353},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1991,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t in einer Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40362},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Bisherige Ergebnisse der kognitiven Altersforschung erlauben keine Schlußfolgerung dar{\"u}ber, ob die Gr{\"o}ße und Robustheit der Altersverluste in kognitiven Basisprozessen irreversibel sind und folglich als Indikatoren neurobiologischer Grenzen des alternden Organismus interpretiert werden k{\"o}nnen: Durch die Forschungsstrategie des Testing-the-Limits wurden im Zusammenhang mit einer kognitiven Intervention zuverl{\"a}ssige Ergebnisse bez{\"u}glich alterskorrelierter Grenzen kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t erwartet. Gesunde {\"a}ltere und junge Erwachsene nahmen an 38 {\"u}ber ein Jahr verteilten experimentellen Sitzungen teil, in denen sie in einer Ged{\"a}chtnistechnik, der Methode der Orte, trainiert und wiederholt getestest wurden. Die Kriteriumsaufgabe war das Behalten langer Wortlisten auf der Grundlage der Erzeugung phantasievoller Gedankenbilder. Obwohl {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in der Lage waren, die Ged{\"a}chtnistechnik zu erwerben, zeigte sich unter Testing-the-Limits- Bedingungen eine nahezu vollst{\"a}ndige Entzerrung der Leistungsverteilungen junger und {\"a}lterer Erwachsener, die auch durch langfristiges Training nicht abgebaut wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf (1) die Bedeutung spezifischer kognitiver Basisprozesse, (2) Kohorten- bvs. biologische Alterseffekte und (3) m{\"o}gliche Ausnahmen vom Altersabbau diskutiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margic and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Borkenhagen1991,
  author    = {Borkenhagen, Birgit},
  title     = {Auswirkungen von Erwartungs{\"a}nderungen auf die Leistungsmotivation in der Abiturstufe},
  pages     = {160, X, 77 S. : Ill.},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}