@article{BenDorFlaxLevitanetal.2021,
  author    = {Ben Dor, Yoav and Flax, Tomer and Levitan, Itamar and Enzel, Yehouda and Brauer, Achim and Erel, Yigal},
  title     = {The paleohydrological implications of aragonite precipitation under contrasting climates in the endorheic Dead Sea and its precursors revealed by experimental investigations},
  series = {Chemical geology : official journal of the European Association for Geochemistry},
  volume    = {576},
  journal   = {Chemical geology : official journal of the European Association for Geochemistry},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0009-2541},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120261},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Carbonate minerals are common in both marine and lacustrine records, and are frequently used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The sedimentary sequence of the endorheic Dead Sea and its precursors contain aragonite laminae that provide a detailed sedimentary archive of climatic, hydrologic, limnologic and environmental conditions since the Pleistocene. However, the interpretation of these archives requires a detailed understanding of the constraints and mechanisms affecting CaCO3 precipitation, which are still debated. The implications of aragonite precipitation in the Dead Sea and in its late Pleistocene predecessor (Lake Lisan) were investigated in this study by mixing natural and synthetic brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution that mimics flash-floods composition, with and without the addition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Aragonite precipitation was monitored, and precipitation rates and carbonate yields were calculated and are discussed with respect to modern aquatic environments. The experimental insights on aragonite precipitation are then integrated with microfacies analyses in order to reconstruct and constrain prevailing limnogeological processes and their hydroclimatic drivers under low (interglacial) and high (glacial) lake level stands. Aragonite precipitation took place within days to several weeks after the mixing of the brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution. Incubation time was proportional to bicarbonate concentration, and precipitation rates were partially influenced by ionic strength. Additionally, extracellular polymeric substances inhibited aragonite precipitation for several months. As for the lake's water budget, our calculations suggest that the precipitation of a typical aragonite lamina (0.5 mm thick) during high lake stand requires unreasonable freshwater inflow from either surface or subsurface sources. This discrepancy can be resolved by considering one or a combination of the following scenarios; (1) discontinuous aragonite deposition over parts of the lake floor; (2) supply of additional carbonate flux (or fluxes) to the lake from aeolian dust and the remobilization and dissolution of dust deposits at the watershed; (3) carbonate production via oxidation of organic carbon by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Altogether, it is suggested that aragonite laminae thickness cannot be directly interpreted for quantitatively reconstructing the hydrological balance for the entire lake, they may still prove valuable for identifying inherent hydroclimatic periodicities at a single site.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LevAlmogiLabinMischkeetal.2014,
  author    = {Lev, L. and Almogi-Labin, Ahuva and Mischke, Steffen and Ito, E. and Ben-Avraham, Zvi and Stein, M.},
  title     = {Paleohydrology of Lake Kinneret during the Heinrich event H2},
  series = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  volume    = {396},
  journal   = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0031-0182},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.005},
  pages     = {183 -- 193},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {During the last glacial period lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee) fluctuated between high and low water levels reflecting the hydrological conditions of the lake watershed. Here, we focus on the hydrology of the lake after its retreat from the last glacial MIS2 (similar to 27-25 ka BP) highest stand of similar to 170 m below mean sea level (m bsl) to the low stand of similar to 214 m bsl at similar to 24-21 ka BP. The limnological-hydrological history of this time interval is recovered from trench and borehole that were dug and drilled in the southwestern shore of the lake at Ohalo-II archeological site. Cyprideis torosa (Ostracoda) recovered from the trench yielded elemental, Sr-87/Sr-86 and delta O-18 isotope data that provide information on the shore environment during the low stand period. The Sr-87/Sr-86 and Sr/Ca ratios in the ostracods, varying between similar to 0.70789 and similar to 0.70815 and 0.0017 and 0.0030, respectively indicate contributions of waters from the last glacial lake and regional runoff. The increase in the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios reflects the decreasing effect of the last glacial Lake Kinneret waters and enhanced contribution of local runoff that washed down dried mountain soils that were previously developed during the wet and vegetated glacial. The lake retreat at similar to 24 ka BP coincided with the Heinrich event H2 at the northern Atlantic. H2 was expressed by severe aridity in Lake Kinneret-Dead Sea watershed. The limnological-hydrological change at post H2 was accompanied by 2\% decrease in the delta O-18 value from -2\% to -4\% reflecting the change in the composition of the east Mediterranean rain sources. The last glacial lake Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio is similar to the Tiberias Spa saline waters and distinctly different from the modern Lake Kinneret fresh waters: Sr-87/Sr-86 similar to 0.70785 compared to similar to 0.70760, respectively. This difference is explained by enhanced contribution of Ca-chloride brines with high Sr-87/Sr-86 values to the last glacial lake and reduced Jordan River contribution due to cold freezing conditions at its headwaters, while the modern Lake Kinneret is more affected by low Sr-87/Sr-86 freshwater from the Jordan watershed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhangZhangFengetal.2012,
  author    = {Zhang, Chengjun and Zhang, Wanyi and Feng, Zhaodong and Mischke, Steffen and Gao, Xiang and Gao, Dou and Sun, Feifei},
  title     = {Holocene hydrological and climatic change on the northern Mongolian Plateau based on multi-proxy records from Lake Gun Nuur},
  series = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  volume    = {323},
  journal   = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0031-0182},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.032},
  pages     = {75 -- 86},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {A multi-proxy study including analyses of delta C-13(org) for the lake sediment core GN-02 and grain size, TOC. CaCO3 content, delta C-13(carb) and delta O-18(carb) of bulk carbonate, and the mineralogy of the parallel core GN-04 from Gun Nuur was performed to reconstruct the Holocene hydrology and climate on the northern Mongolian Plateau. The chronology was established using 40 C-14 dates of bulk organic matter in addition to nine previously published radiocarbon dates for core GN-02, and further five C-14 dates for the new core GN-04. A lake reservoir effect of 1060 C-14 years was determined as the intercept of the high-resolution GN-02 age-depth model at the modern sediment surface. The size of the reservoir effect is supported by the age of the core-top sample (1200 +/- 40 C-14 years) and the determined difference between a wood-derived radiocarbon age from the GN-02 core base and the age-model inferred age for bulk organic matter at the same stratigraphic level (1000 C-14 years). Low lake level and prevailing aeolian sediment deposition at Gun Nuur under dry conditions were recorded during the earliest Holocene (> 10,800-10,300 cal a BP). Gun Nuur expanded under significantly wetter conditions between 10,300 and 7000 cal a BP. Unstable climate conditions existed in the mid Holocene (7000-2500 cal a BP) and three periods of low lake-levels and significantly drier conditions were recorded between 7000-5700, 4100-3600 and 3000-2500 cal a BP. Intermediate lake levels were inferred for the intervening periods. Around 2500 cal a BP, the climate change and wetter conditions were established again. As a consequence, the lake level of Gun Nuur rose again due to higher effective moisture and the relatively wet present conditions were achieved ca. 1600 cal a BP. Our results suggest that the initial Holocene climate change on the northern Mongolian Plateau was not accompanied by a rapid increase in precipitation as on the Tibetan Plateau. The establishment of wetter conditions in northern Mongolia lagged behind the early Holocene moisture increase on the Tibetan Plateau by ca. 1000 years. Subsiding dry air in the north of the Tibetan Plateau resulted from the strengthened summer monsoon on the Tibetan Plateau during the period of maximum summer insolation and probably inhibited a significant precipitation increase in Mongolia. The significant moisture increase in the Gun Nuur region at ca. 10.3 cal ka BP is probably not related to the northward shift of the present summer monsoon boundary or the moisture delivery from the northern Atlantic through the westerlies. Instead, water from melting snow, ice and frozen ground and the generation of precipitation from the local recycling of moisture are discussed as possible moisture source for the early onset of wetter conditions on the Mongolian Plateau.},
  language  = {en}
}