@article{KlieglHohensteinYanetal.2013, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Hohenstein, Sven and Yan, Ming and McDonald, Scott A.}, title = {How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.658073}, pages = {581 -- 600}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jahnke2013, author = {Jahnke, D{\"o}rte}, title = {Gest{\"o}rtes Essverhalten im familialen Kontext : Welche Rolle spielen m{\"u}tterliche gewichts- und essst{\"o}rungsrelevante Merkmale bei der Auspr{\"a}gung gest{\"o}rten Essverhaltens im Kindesalter?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-65145}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Gewichts- und essst{\"o}rungsrelevante Auff{\"a}lligkeiten sind bereits im Kindesalter verbreitet. Neben genetischen Faktoren kommt auch die familiale Vermittlung gest{\"o}rten Essverhaltens als Genesefaktor in Betracht. Ab dem Alter von zehn Jahren gibt es eine breite empirische Basis f{\"u}r die Verkn{\"u}pfung gest{\"o}rten Essverhaltens zwischen M{\"u}ttern und ihren Kindern. F{\"u}r das Alter unter zehn Jahren existiert bislang wenig gesichertes Wissen. Die Erforschung der spezifischen Wirkung des m{\"u}tterlichen auf kindliches gest{\"o}rtes Essverhalten ist jedoch im Hinblick auf Ans{\"a}tze zur Pr{\"a}vention kindlicher Gewichts- und Essst{\"o}rungen f{\"u}r dieses Alter von Bedeutung. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gest{\"o}rtes Essverhalten von M{\"u}ttern und Kindern im Alter zwischen einem und zehn Jahren sowie die Beziehung gest{\"o}rten Essverhaltens von M{\"u}ttern und ihren Kindern in zwei Studien analysiert. Die erste Studie verfolgte das Ziel, gest{\"o}rtes Essverhalten von M{\"u}ttern und Kindern sowie deren Beziehung im Kontext m{\"u}tterlichen {\"U}bergewichts zu analysieren. Es wurden 219 M{\"u}tter von Kindern im Alter von drei bis sechs Jahren befragt. In der zweiten Studie wurde neben m{\"u}tterlichem {\"U}bergewicht die Rolle m{\"u}tterlicher Essst{\"o}rungssymptomatik fokussiert und in den Analysen des gest{\"o}rten Essverhaltens von Kindern im Alter von einem bis zehn Jahren ber{\"u}cksichtigt. In die Untersuchung ging eine Stichprobe von 506 M{\"u}ttern und deren Kindern ein. In beiden Studien beantworteten M{\"u}tter ein Fragebogenpaket, welches Instrumente zum gest{\"o}rten Essverhalten der M{\"u}tter (emotionales, externales und gez{\"u}geltes Essverhalten) und gest{\"o}rten Essverhalten des Kindes (emotionales und externales Essverhalten sowie Verlangen nach Essen) umfasste. In der zweiten Studie wurden dar{\"u}ber hinaus Prim{\"a}rsymptomatik einer Essst{\"o}rung der Mutter (Schlankheitsstreben, K{\"o}rperunzufriedenheit und bulimisches Essverhalten) und pathologisches Essverhalten der Kinder erfragt. {\"U}bergewichtige M{\"u}tter berichteten nicht nur h{\"o}here Auspr{\"a}gungen emotionalen und externalen Essverhaltens, sondern auch mehr Schlankheitsstreben, K{\"o}rperunzufriedenheit und bulimisches Essverhalten als normal- und untergewichtige M{\"u}tter. Insgesamt 26\% der befragten M{\"u}tter der zweiten Studie berichteten eine relevante Essst{\"o}rungssymptomatik, davon waren 62\% {\"u}bergewichtig. F{\"u}r die Kinder konnten keine Geschlechtsunterschiede hinsichtlich des Essverhaltens nachgewiesen werden. Im Grundschulalter waren emotionales und pathologisches Essverhalten h{\"o}her ausgepr{\"a}gt als bei j{\"u}ngeren Kindern. Kindliches {\"U}bergewicht war mit mehr emotionalem und externalem Essverhalten, Verlangen nach Essen sowie pathologischem Essverhalten verbunden. Das Vorliegen m{\"u}tterlichen {\"U}bergewichts sowie einer m{\"u}tterlichen Essst{\"o}rungssymptomatik war mit h{\"o}heren Auspr{\"a}gungen v.a. emotionalen Essverhaltens des Kindes assoziiert. Die h{\"o}chsten Auspr{\"a}gungen emotionalen Essverhaltens zeigten Kinder, deren M{\"u}tter {\"U}bergewicht und eine komorbide Essst{\"o}rungssymptomatik berichtet hatten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus leisteten gest{\"o}rte Essverhaltensweisen der Mutter {\"u}ber allgemeine und gewichtsspezifische Aspekte hinaus einen relevanten Beitrag zur Varianzaufkl{\"a}rung emotionalen und externalen Essverhaltens des Kindes. Dabei war emotionales und externales Essverhalten von Mutter und Kind spezifisch miteinander verkn{\"u}pft. In der ersten Studie ließ sich im Rahmen eines Mediatormodells zeigen, dass die Beziehung zwischen m{\"u}tterlichem BMI und emotionalem Essverhalten des Kindes vollst{\"a}ndig durch das emotionale Essverhalten der Mutter vermittelt wurde. In der zweiten Studie moderierte das Alter des Kindes die Beziehung zwischen emotionalem Essverhalten von M{\"u}ttern und ihren Kindern in Richtung einer signifikanten Assoziation ab dem Alter von 5,4 Jahren des Kindes. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert deutliche Hinweise auf die Verkn{\"u}pfung zwischen m{\"u}tterlichen gewichts- und essst{\"o}rungsrelevanten Merkmalen und kindlichem gest{\"o}rtem Essverhalten. Die Befunde legen nahe, dass emotionales Essverhalten als spezifischer {\"U}bertragungsweg gewichts- und essbezogener St{\"o}rungen zwischen M{\"u}ttern und Kindern in Betracht kommt und in Pr{\"a}ventionsans{\"a}tzen ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden sollte.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Helfert2013, author = {Helfert, Susanne}, title = {Die Rolle aussehensbezogenen sozialen Drucks in der Entstehung von K{\"o}rperunzufriedenheit im Jugendalter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-66946}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {K{\"o}rperliche Attraktivit{\"a}t und gutes Aussehen spielen in der heutigen Gesellschaft eine entscheidende Rolle, was bereits fr{\"u}hzeitig auch Kinder und Jugendliche in ihren Einstellungen und der Wahrnehmung ihres K{\"o}rpers pr{\"a}gt. Sorgen um den eigenen K{\"o}rper gelten als normatives Problem unter Jugendlichen und bergen nicht selten das Risiko f{\"u}r gesundheitsgef{\"a}hrdendes Verhalten und psychische Erkrankungen. In der Suche nach den Ursachen gerieten in den letzten Jahren insbesondere soziokulturelle Faktoren, insbesondere der Einfluss von medial vermittelten Sch{\"o}nheitsidealen, in den Fokus der Forschung. Es ist jedoch fraglich, warum nicht alle Jugendlichen in gleicher Weise auf den allgegenw{\"a}rtigen Mediendruck reagieren. Naheliegend ist, dass die Jugendlichen besonders gef{\"a}hrdet sind, deren unmittelbares soziales Umfeld das geltende Sch{\"o}nheitsideal direkt oder indirekt vermittelt und verst{\"a}rkt. Das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Rolle sozialen Drucks ist jedoch bislang noch durch zahlreiche inhaltliche und methodische Aspekte beschr{\"a}nkt (z.B. Einschr{\"a}nkungen in der Operationalisierung, ungen{\"u}gende Ber{\"u}cksichtigung geschlechtsspezifischer Mechanismen, fehlende l{\"a}ngsschnittliche Belege). Daher widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit der Bedeutung aussehensbezogenen sozialen Drucks in der Entstehung von K{\"o}rperunzufriedenheit im Jugendalter in drei aufeinander aufbauenden Untersuchungsschritten. Ausgehend von der Entwicklung eines umfassenden und zuverl{\"a}ssigen Erhebungsinstruments zielt die Arbeit darauf ab, unterschiedliche Aspekte sozialen Drucks gegen{\"u}berzustellen und hinsichtlich ihrer Verbreitung und Risikowirkung zu vergleichen. Die Umsetzung des Forschungsvorhabens erfolgte in unterschiedlichen Sch{\"u}lerstichproben der Klassen 7 bis 9 unterschiedlicher Gymnasien und Gesamtschulen (Hauptstichprobe N = 1112, im Mittel = 13.4 ± 0.8 Jahre). Dabei wurden sowohl quer- als auch l{\"a}ngsschnittliche Analysen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden zur Erprobung des Fragebogenverfahrens klinische Stichproben mit Ess- und Gewichtsst{\"o}rungen herangezogen. Zur detaillierten Erfassung unterschiedlicher Formen aussehensbezogenen sozialen Drucks erfolgte im ersten Schritt die Entwicklung des Fragebogen zum aussehensbezogen sozialen Druck (FASD), welcher acht unterschiedliche Formen aussehensbezogene sozialen Drucks ausgehend von Eltern und Gleichaltrigen reliabel und valide erfasst. Dabei erwies sich das Verfahren gleichermaßen f{\"u}r Jungen und M{\"a}dchen, wie f{\"u}r Jugendliche mit unterschiedlichem Gewichtsstatus geeignet. Die psychometrische G{\"u}te des Verfahrens konnte sowohl f{\"u}r populationsbasierte als auch f{\"u}r klinische Stichproben mit Ess- und Gewichtsst{\"o}rung belegt werden, wodurch eine breite Einsatzm{\"o}glichkeit in Forschung und Praxis denkbar ist. Im zweiten Schritt erfolgte die Untersuchung der Verbreitung aussehensbezogenen sozialen Drucks unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Geschlechts-, Alters- und Gewichtsgruppenunterschieden. Dabei erwiesen sich M{\"a}dchen als st{\"a}rker von aussehensbezogenem Druck durch Gleichaltrige betroffen als Jungen. Dar{\"u}berhinaus legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass {\"U}bergewicht ungeachtet des Geschlechts mit verst{\"a}rkten aussehensbezogenen Abwertungen und Ausgrenzungserfahrungen verbunden ist. Zudem deuten die Alterseffekte der Studie darauf hin, dass der {\"U}bergang von fr{\"u}her zu mittlerer Adoleszenz aber auch Schulwechsel besonderes kritische Zeitpunkte f{\"u}r die Etablierung aussehensbezogener Einfl{\"u}sse darstellen. Abschließend widmete sich die Arbeit der l{\"a}ngsschnittlichen Risikowirkung unterschiedlicher Aspekte aussehensbezogenen sozialen Drucks in der Entstehung von K{\"o}rperunzufriedenheit. Aussehensbezogene Einfl{\"u}sse von Freunden verst{\"a}rkten l{\"a}ngsschnittlich K{\"o}rpersorgen sowohl bei M{\"a}dchen als auch bei Jungen. Zudem ergab sich das Erleben von Ausgrenzung durch Gleichaltrige als entscheidender Risikofaktor f{\"u}r gewichtsbezogene K{\"o}rpersorgen unter Jungen. Als bedeutsamster elterlicher Einfluss erwiesen sich Aufforderungen auf die Figur zu achten. Diese Aufforderungen verst{\"a}rkten gleichermaßen f{\"u}r M{\"a}dchen und Jungen gewichtsbezogene K{\"o}rpersorgen. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmete sich dem Ziel, die Rolle aussehensbezogener sozialer Einfl{\"u}sse weiter aufzukl{\"a}ren. Das dazu vorgelegte umfassende Instrument erm{\"o}glichte eine differenzierte Betrachtung der Verbreitung und Wirkung unterschiedlicher Formen sozialen Drucks. Hierdurch weisen die Ergebnisse nicht nur auf wichtige geschlechtsspezifische Mechanismen hin, sondern leisten ebenso einen Beitrag zum vertieften Verst{\"a}ndnis der Risikowirkung sozialen Drucks. Diese Erkenntnisse liefern somit einerseits konkrete Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r Pr{\"a}vention und Intervention und erm{\"o}glichen andererseits auch eine weitere Konkretisierung bereits etablierter soziokultureller Wirkmodelle.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ohl2013, author = {Ohl, Sven}, title = {Small eye movements during fixation : the case of postsaccadic fixation and preparatory influences}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69862}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Describing human eye movement behavior as an alternating sequence of saccades and fixations turns out to be an oversimplification because the eyes continue to move during fixation. Small-amplitude saccades (e.g., microsaccades) are typically observed 1-2 times per second during fixation. Research on microsaccades came in two waves. Early studies on microsaccades were dominated by the question whether microsaccades affect visual perception, and by studies on the role of microsaccades in the process of fixation control. The lack of evidence for a unique role of microsaccades led to a very critical view on the importance of microsaccades. Over the last years, microsaccades moved into focus again, revealing many interactions with perception, oculomotor control and cognition, as well as intriguing new insights into the neurophysiological implementation of microsaccades. In contrast to early studies on microsaccades, recent findings on microsaccades were accompanied by the development of models of microsaccade generation. While the exact generating mechanisms vary between the models, they still share the assumption that microsaccades are generated in a topographically organized saccade motor map that includes a representation for small-amplitude saccades in the center of the map (with its neurophysiological implementation in the rostral pole of the superior colliculus). In the present thesis I criticize that models of microsaccade generation are exclusively based on results obtained during prolonged presaccadic fixation. I argue that microsaccades should also be studied in a more natural situation, namely the fixation following large saccadic eye movements. Studying postsaccadic fixation offers a new window to falsify models that aim to account for the generation of small eye movements. I demonstrate that error signals (visual and extra-retinal), as well as non-error signals like target eccentricity influence the characteristics of small-amplitude eye movements. These findings require a modification of a model introduced by Rolfs, Kliegl and Engbert (2008) in order to account for the generation of small-amplitude saccades during postsaccadic fixation. Moreover, I present a promising type of survival analysis that allowed me to examine time-dependent influences on postsaccadic eye movements. In addition, I examined the interplay of postsaccadic eye movements and postsaccadic location judgments, highlighting the need to include postsaccadic eye movements as covariate in the analyses of location judgments in the presented paradigm. In a second goal, I tested model predictions concerning preparatory influences on microsaccade generation during presaccadic fixation. The observation, that the preparatory set significantly influenced microsaccade rate, supports the critical model assumption that increased fixation-related activity results in a larger number of microsaccades. In the present thesis I present important influences on the generation of small-amplitude saccades during fixation. These eye movements constitute a rich oculomotor behavior which still poses many research questions. Certainly, small-amplitude saccades represent an interesting source of information and will continue to influence future studies on perception and cognition.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hohenstein2013, author = {Hohenstein, Sven}, title = {Eye movements and processing of semantic information in the parafovea during reading}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70363}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2013}, abstract = {When we read a text, we obtain information at different levels of representation from abstract symbols. A reader's ultimate aim is the extraction of the meaning of the words and the text. The reserach of eye movements in reading covers a broad range of psychological systems, ranging from low-level perceptual and motor processes to high-level cognition. Reading of skilled readers proceeds highly automatic, but is a complex phenomenon of interacting subprocesses at the same time. The study of eye movements during reading offers the possibility to investigate cognition via behavioral measures during the excercise of an everyday task. The process of reading is not limited to the directly fixated (or foveal) word but also extends to surrounding (or parafoveal) words, particularly the word to the right of the gaze position. This process may be unconscious, but parafoveal information is necessary for efficient reading. There is an ongoing debate on whether processing of the upcoming word encompasses word meaning (or semantics) or only superficial features. To increase the knowledge about how the meaning of one word helps processing another word, seven experiments were conducted. In these studies, words were exachanged during reading. The degree of relatedness between the word to the right of the currently fixated one and the word subsequently fixated was experimentally manipulated. Furthermore, the time course of the parafoveal extraction of meaning was investigated with two different approaches, an experimental one and a statistical one. As a major finding, fixation times were consistently lower if a semantically related word was presented compared to the presence of an unrelated word. Introducing an experimental technique that allows controlling the duration for which words are available, the time course of processing and integrating meaning was evaluated. Results indicated both facilitation and inhibition due to relatedness between the meanings of words. In a more natural reading situation, the effectiveness of the processing of parafoveal words was sometimes time-dependent and substantially increased with shorter distances between the gaze position and the word. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of eye-movement control. In summary, the results are more compatible with models of distributed word processing. The discussions moreover extend to language differences and technical issues of reading research.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Oehme2013, author = {Oehme, Astrid}, title = {{\"A}sthetisches Verst{\"a}ndnis und {\"a}sthetische Wertsch{\"a}tzung von Automobildesign : eine Frage der Expertise}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-210-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62013}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xxx, 357}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Automobildesigner haben als Gestaltungsexperten die Aufgabe, die Identit{\"a}t und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu {\"u}bersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini \& Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). F{\"u}r diesen {\"U}bersetzungsprozess ist es zielf{\"u}hrend, {\"a}sthetische Kundenbed{\"u}rfnisse zu kennen, denn die Qualit{\"a}t einer Designl{\"o}sung h{\"a}ngt auch davon ab, inwieweit der Designer Kundenbe-d{\"u}rfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst hat (Ulrich, 2006). Eine Grundlage hierf{\"u}r entsteht durch eine erfolgreiche Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens (Lee, Popovich, Blackler \& Lee, 2009). Zwischen Designern und Kunden findet jedoch h{\"a}ufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel, 2006). Zudem belegen Befunde der Kunst- und Produkt{\"a}sthetikforschung, dass der Erwerb von gestalterischem Wissen und damit die Entwicklung {\"a}sthetischer Expertise mit Ver{\"a}nderungen der kognitiven Verarbeitung {\"a}sthetischer Objekte einhergeht, die sich in Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Verhalten manifestieren. Damit ist auch zu erwarten, dass die Pr{\"a}ferenzurteile von Designern und Kunden bei der {\"a}sthetischen Bewertung von Design nicht immer konvergieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die systematische Untersuchung dieser expertisebedingten Wahrnehmungs- und Bewertungsunterschiede zwischen designge-schulten und ungeschulten Personen bei der Betrachtung von Automobildesign. Damit sollten Perzeption, Verarbeitung und Bewertung von Automobildesign durch design-ungeschulte Personen transparenter gemacht und mit der Verarbeitung designgeschul-ter Personen verglichen werden, um einen Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Wissensbasis und damit einer erfolgreichen Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion zu leisten. Die theoretische Einbettung der Arbeit basierte auf dem Modell {\"a}sthetischer Erfahrung und {\"a}stheti-schen Urteilens von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004), welches konkrete Annahmen zu Verarbeitungsunterschieden von {\"a}sthetischen Objekten zwischen Experten und Laien bietet, die bisher allerdings noch nicht umfassend gepr{\"u}ft wurden. Den ersten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung von Unter-schieden zwischen Designern und designungeschulten Rezipienten bei der Beschrei-bung und Bewertung auf dem Markt vorhandenen Fahrzeugdesigns. Dabei sollte auch gepr{\"u}ft werden, ob eine lexikalische Verbindung zwischen Beschreibungsattributen von Fahrzeugrezipienten und den postulierten Markenwerten von Automobilmarken hergestellt werden kann. Diesem ersten Untersuchungsanliegen wurde in zwei Studien nachgegangen: Studie I diente der Erhebung von Beschreibungsattributen mittels Triadenvergleich in Anlehnung an Kelly (1955). Es wurde gepr{\"u}ft, ob designgeschulte Teilnehmer produkti-ver verbalisieren, dabei anteilig mehr symbolbezogene als formbezogene Attribute generieren und innerhalb ihrer Gruppe h{\"a}ufiger gleiche Attribute nutzen als designun-geschulte Teilnehmer. Hierf{\"u}r beschrieben 20 designgeschulte Probanden und 20 designungeschulte Probanden mit selbst gew{\"a}hlten Adjektiven die Unterschiede zwischen vier pr{\"a}sentierten Fahrzeugen. Die Gruppen nutzten dabei entgegen der Annahmen sehr {\"a}hnliche Attribute und unterschieden sich somit auch nicht in ihrer Verwendung symbolbezogener und formbezogener Attribute. Die generierten Attribute wurden mittels Prototypenansatz (Amelang \& Zielinski, 2002) den ermittelten und nachfolgend kategorisierten Markenwerten von 10 Automobilherstellern zugeordnet, so dass sechs Skalen zur Erfassung der {\"a}sthetischen Wirkung von Fahrzeugen entstanden. In Studie II wurde ein diese sechs Skalen umfassender Fragebogen an einer Stichprobe von 83 Designern und Designstudierenden sowie 98 Probanden ohne Designausbildung in einer Onlinebefragung hinsichtlich Skalenkonsistenz gepr{\"u}ft. Außerdem wurden erste Annahmen aus dem Modell von Leder et al. (2004) abgeleitet und durch einen Vergleich der beiden Teilnehmergruppen hinsichtlich der Bewertung der vier pr{\"a}sentierten Fahrzeugmodelle f{\"u}r die Skalen mit guter interner Konsistenz (Attraktivit{\"a}t, Dynamik, Fortschritt, Qualit{\"a}t), sowie eines {\"a}sthetischen Gesamturteils, der ben{\"o}tigten Bewertungszeit und der Automobilaffinit{\"a}t {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Hierbei vergaben Designstudierende und insbesondere ausgebildete Designer radikalere Bewertungen als Designlaien, ben{\"o}tigten mehr Zeit bei der Bewertung und waren automobilaffiner als die ungeschulten Befragungsteilnehmer. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete eine konzeptionelle Zusammen-f{\"u}hrung der Annahmen des Modells von Leder et al. (2004) und der Postulate zur Wirkung von Objekteigenschaften auf {\"a}sthetische Urteile (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b). Konkret sollte gepr{\"u}ft werden, welchen Einfluss marktrelevante Objekteigenschaften, wie z.B. das Ausmaß an Innovativit{\"a}t, auf die durch Expertise moderierte Bewertung von Design haben. In den Studien III und IV wurden hierf{\"u}r systematisch bez{\"u}glich Innovativit{\"a}t und Balance gestufte Linienmodelle von Fahrzeu-gen pr{\"a}sentiert. In Studie III wurden die Modelle in einer Onlinebefragung durch 18 Designstudierende und 20 Studenten der Fahrzeugtechnik hinsichtlich Attraktivit{\"a}t, Innovativit{\"a}t und Balance bewertet. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sehr neuartiges Design von den designungeschulten Probanden als weniger attraktiv bewertet wird als von Betrachtern eines Designstudienganges. In Studie IV wurden neben den {\"A}sthetikbewertungen zus{\"a}tzlich das Blickverhal-ten und der affektiver Zustand der Versuchsteilnehmer in einem Messwiederholungs-design mit einer zwischengelagerten Phase elaborierter Designbewertung, in welcher der in Studie II gepr{\"u}fte Fragebogen eingesetzt wurde, erhoben. An der Laborstudie nahmen je 11 Designer, Ingenieure, und Geisteswissenschaftler teil. Wiederum wurde innovatives Design von den designungeschulten Gruppen als weniger attraktiv bewertet. Dieser Unterschied reduzierte sich jedoch nach wiederholter Bewertung der Modelle. Die Manifestation expertisebedingten Blickverhaltens konnte nicht beobach-tet werden, wie auch die durch eine angenommene bessere Bew{\"a}ltigung einherge-hende positivere Stimmung oder h{\"o}here Zufriedenheit in der Expertengruppe. Gemeinsam mit den Befunden aus den Studien II und III wurde deutlich, dass Designausbildung und, noch ausgepr{\"a}gter, Designexpertise neben einer h{\"o}heren Attraktivit{\"a}tsbewertung innovativen Designs auch zu einer differenzierteren Beurtei-lung von Innovativit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrt. Dies wurde mit der Erweiterung des mentalen Schemas f{\"u}r Fahrzeuge durch die Besch{\"a}ftigung mit vielf{\"a}ltigen Modellvarianten bereits w{\"a}hrend des Studiums interpretiert. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine stilbezogene, elaboriertere Verarbeitung von Fahrzeugdesign durch designgeschulte Betrachter beobachtet sowie eine mit Expertise einhergehende Autonomit{\"a}t {\"a}sthetischer Urteile als Ausdruck einer hohen {\"a}sthetischen Entwicklungsstufe (Parsons, 1987). Mit diesen bei unterschiedlichen Stichproben beobachteten, stabilen expertisebedingten Bewer-tungsunterschieden wurde eine begr{\"u}ndete Basis f{\"u}r die geforderte Sensibilisierung f{\"u}r {\"a}sthetische Kundenbed{\"u}rfnisse im Gestaltungsprozess geschaffen. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Fragebogen kann hierbei f{\"u}r eine elaborierte Messung von Fahrzeugdesignpr{\"a}ferenzen, zum Vergleich der {\"a}sthetischen Wirkung mit den intendierten Markenwerten sowie f{\"u}r die Diskussion von Nutzereindr{\"u}cken eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten tragen somit zur Erweiterung und Pr{\"a}zisierung des theoretischen Verst{\"a}ndnisses von {\"A}sthetikbewertungen bei und lassen sich gleichzeitig in die Praxis der Designausbildung und des Designprozesses {\"u}bertragen.}, language = {de} } @article{KadukElsnerReid2013, author = {Kaduk, Katharina and Elsner, Birgit and Reid, Vincent M.}, title = {Discrimination of animate and inanimate motion in 9-month-old infants - An ERP study}, series = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience}, volume = {6}, journal = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience}, number = {5}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1878-9293}, doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2013.05.003}, pages = {14 -- 22}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Simple geometric shapes moving in a self-propelled manner, and violating Newtonian laws of motion by acting against gravitational forces tend to induce a judgement that an object is animate. Objects that change their motion only due to external causes are more likely judged as inanimate. How the developing brain is employed in the perception of animacy in early ontogeny is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to use ERP techniques to determine if the negative central component (Nc), a waveform related to attention allocation, was differentially affected when an infant observed animate or inanimate motion. Short animated movies comprising a marble moving along a marble run either in an animate or an inanimate manner were presented to 15 infants who were 9 months of age. The ERPs were time-locked to a still frame representing animate or inanimate motion that was displayed following each movie. We found that 9-month-olds are able to discriminate between animate and inanimate motion based on motion cues alone and most likely allocate more attentional resources to the inanimate motion. The present data contribute to our understanding of the animate-inanimate distinction and the Nc as a correlate of infant cognitive processing.}, language = {en} } @article{LangeEngbert2013, author = {Lange, Elke B. and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Differentiating between verbal and spatial encoding using eye-movement recordings}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {9}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2013.772214}, pages = {1840 -- 1857}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Visual information processing is guided by an active mechanism generating saccadic eye movements to salient stimuli. Here we investigate the specific contribution of saccades to memory encoding of verbal and spatial properties in a serial recall task. In the first experiment, participants moved their eyes freely without specific instruction. We demonstrate the existence of qualitative differences in eye-movement strategies during verbal and spatial memory encoding. While verbal memory encoding was characterized by shifting the gaze to the to-be-encoded stimuli, saccadic activity was suppressed during spatial encoding. In the second experiment, participants were required to suppress saccades by fixating centrally during encoding or to make precise saccades onto the memory items. Active suppression of saccades had no effect on memory performance, but tracking the upcoming stimuli decreased memory performance dramatically in both tasks, indicating a resource bottleneck between display-controlled saccadic control and memory encoding. We conclude that optimized encoding strategies for verbal and spatial features are underlying memory performance in serial recall, but such strategies work on an involuntary level only and do not support memory encoding when they are explicitly required by the task.}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockCajarEngbert2013, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Cajar, Anke and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Control of fixation duration during scene viewing by interaction of foveal and peripheral processing}, series = {Journal of vision}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of vision}, number = {12}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/13.12.11}, pages = {20}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Processing in our visual system is functionally segregated, with the fovea specialized in processing fine detail (high spatial frequencies) for object identification, and the periphery in processing coarse information (low frequencies) for spatial orienting and saccade target selection. Here we investigate the consequences of this functional segregation for the control of fixation durations during scene viewing. Using gaze-contingent displays, we applied high-pass or low-pass filters to either the central or the peripheral visual field and compared eye-movement patterns with an unfiltered control condition. In contrast with predictions from functional segregation, fixation durations were unaffected when the critical information for vision was strongly attenuated (foveal low-pass and peripheral high-pass filtering); fixation durations increased, however, when useful information was left mostly intact by the filter (foveal high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering). These patterns of results are difficult to explain under the assumption that fixation durations are controlled by foveal processing difficulty. As an alternative explanation, we developed the hypothesis that the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing controls fixation duration. To investigate the viability of this explanation, we implemented a computational model with two compartments, approximating spatial aspects of processing by foveal and peripheral activations that change according to a small set of dynamical rules. The model reproduced distributions of fixation durations from all experimental conditions by variation of few parameters that were affected by specific filtering conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{ElsnerPfeiferParkeretal.2013, author = {Elsner, Birgit and Pfeifer, Caroline and Parker, Charlene and Hauf, Petra}, title = {Infants' perception of actions and situational constraints - an eye-tracking study}, series = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, volume = {116}, journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0022-0965}, doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.014}, pages = {428 -- 442}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Rational action understanding requires that infants evaluate the efficiency of a movement in achieving a goal with respect to situational constraints. In contrast, recent accounts have highlighted the impact of perceptual characteristics of the demonstrated movement or constraints to explain infants' behavior in so-called rational imitation tasks. The current study employed eye tracking to investigate how 13- to 15-month-old infants distribute their visual attention to different aspects of an action demonstration. In three tasks (touchlight, house, and obstacle), infants watched videos in which a model performed an unusual action while she was or was not restricted by situational constraints. Infants' overall looking to the demonstration as well as looking to four segments of the video (initial segment, constraint demonstration, action performance, and final segment) and to specific areas (constraint area of interest [AOI] and action AOI) was analyzed. Overall, infants looked longer at the demonstration in the constraint condition compared with the no-constraint condition. The condition differences occurred in the two video segments where the constraint or action was displayed and were especially profound for the constraint AOI. These findings indicate that infants processed the situational constraints. However, the pattern of condition differences varied slightly in the three tasks. In sum, the data imply that infants process perceptual characteristics of the movement or constraints and that low-level perceptual processes interact with higher level cognitive processes in infants' action perception.}, language = {en} } @article{HelfertWarschburger2013, author = {Helfert, Susanne and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {The face of appearance-related social pressure: gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence}, doi = {10.1186/1753-2000-7-16}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{WolffBrand2013, author = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Subjective stressors in school and their relation to neuroenhancement: a behavioral perspective on students everyday life "doping"}, doi = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-23}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{WolffBaumgartenBrand2013, author = {Wolff, Wanja and Baumgarten, Franz and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Reduced self-control leads to disregard of an unfamiliar behavioral option: an experimental approach to the study of neuroenhancement}, doi = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-41}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{ShakiFischer2013, author = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.}, title = {Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison}, series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, volume = {142}, journal = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0001-6918}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004}, pages = {308 -- 313}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.}, language = {en} } @article{RolfsDambacherCavanagh2013, author = {Rolfs, Martin and Dambacher, Michael and Cavanagh, Patrick}, title = {Visual adaptation of the perception of causality}, series = {Current biology}, volume = {23}, journal = {Current biology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cell Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0960-9822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.12.017}, pages = {250 -- 254}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We easily recover the causal properties of visual events, enabling us to understand and predict changes in the physical world. We see a tennis racket hitting a ball and sense that it caused the ball to fly over the net; we may also have an eerie but equally compelling experience of causality if the streetlights turn on just as we slam our car's door. Both perceptual [1] and cognitive [2] processes have been proposed to explain these spontaneous inferences, but without decisive evidence one way or the other, the question remains wide open [3-8]. Here, we address this long-standing debate using visual adaptation-a powerful tool to uncover neural populations that specialize in the analysis of specific visual features [9-12]. After prolonged viewing of causal collision events called "launches" [1], subsequently viewed events were judged more often as noncausal. These negative aftereffects of exposure to collisions are spatially localized in retinotopic coordinates, the reference frame shared by the retina and visual cortex. They are not explained by adaptation to other stimulus features and reveal visual routines in retinotopic cortex that detect and adapt to cause and effect in simple collision stimuli.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{AsendorpfConnerDeFruytetal.2013, author = {Asendorpf, Jens B. and Conner, Mark and De Fruyt, Filip and De Houwer, Jan and Denissen, Jaap J. A. and Fiedler, Klaus and Fiedler, Susann and Funder, David C. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Nosek, Brian A. and Perugini, Marco and Roberts, Brent W. and Schmitt, Manfred and Van Aken, Marcel A. G. and Weber, Hannelore and Wicherts, Jelte M.}, title = {Replication is more than hitting the lottery twice}, series = {European journal of personality}, volume = {27}, journal = {European journal of personality}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0890-2070}, pages = {138 -- 144}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The main goal of our target article was to provide concrete recommendations for improving the replicability of research findings. Most of the comments focus on this point. In addition, a few comments were concerned with the distinction between replicability and generalizability and the role of theory in replication. We address all comments within the conceptual structure of the target article and hope to convince readers that replication in psychological science amounts to much more than hitting the lottery twice.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{MurrayFischerTatler2013, author = {Murray, Wayne S. and Fischer, Martin H. and Tatler, Benjamin W.}, title = {Serial and parallel processes in eye movement control - current controversies and future directions}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.759979}, pages = {417 -- 428}, year = {2013}, abstract = {In this editorial for the Special Issue on Serial and Parallel Processing in Reading we explore the background to the current debate concerning whether the word recognition processes in reading are strictly serialsequential or take place in an overlapping parallel fashion. We consider the history of the controversy and some of the underlying assumptions, together with an analysis of the types of evidence and arguments that have been adduced to both sides of the debate, concluding that both accounts necessarily presuppose some weakening of, or elasticity in, the eyemind assumption. We then consider future directions, both for reading research and for scene viewing, and wrap up the editorial with a brief overview of the following articles and their conclusions.}, language = {en} } @article{WotschackKliegl2013, author = {Wotschack, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Reading strategy modulates parafoveal-on-foveal effects in sentence reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2011.625094}, pages = {548 -- 562}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Task demands and individual differences have been linked reliably to word skipping during reading. Such differences in fixation probability may imply a selection effect for multivariate analyses of eye-movement corpora if selection effects correlate with word properties of skipped words. For example, with fewer fixations on short and highly frequent words the power to detect parafoveal-on-foveal effects is reduced. We demonstrate that increasing the fixation probability on function words with a manipulation of the expected difficulty and frequency of questions reduces an age difference in skipping probability (i.e., old adults become comparable to young adults) and helps to uncover significant parafoveal-on-foveal effects in this group of old adults. We discuss implications for the comparison of results of eye-movement research based on multivariate analysis of corpus data with those from display-contingent manipulations of target words.}, language = {en} } @article{MariniSriramSchnabeletal.2013, author = {Marini, Maddalena and Sriram, Natarajan and Schnabel, Konrad and Maliszewski, Norbert and Devos, Thierry and Ekehammar, Bo and Wiers, Reinout and Cai HuaJian, and Somogyi, Monika and Shiomura, Kimihiro and Schnall, Simone and Neto, Felix and Bar-Anan, Yoav and Vianello, Michelangelo and Ayala, Alfonso and Dorantes, Gabriel and Park, Jaihyun and Kesebir, Selin and Pereira, Antonio and Tulbure, Bogdan and Ortner, Tuulia and Stepanikova, Irena and Greenwald, Anthony G. and Nosekl, Brian A.}, title = {Overweight people have low levels of implicit weight bias, but overweight nations have high levels of implicit weight bias}, series = {PLoS one}, volume = {8}, journal = {PLoS one}, number = {12}, publisher = {PLoS}, address = {San Fransisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083543}, pages = {9}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels.}, language = {en} } @article{KrauseBekkeringLindemann2013, author = {Krause, Florian and Bekkering, Harold and Lindemann, Oliver}, title = {A feeling for numbers shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00007}, pages = {8}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Evidence for an approximate analog system of numbers has been provided by the finding that the comparison of two numerals takes longer and is more error-prone if the semantic distance between the numbers becomes smaller (so-called numerical distance effect). Recent embodied theories suggest that analog number representations are based on previous sensory experiences and constitute therefore a common magnitude metric shared by multiple domains. Here we demonstrate the existence of a cross-modal semantic distance effect between symbolic and tactile numerosities. Participants received tactile stimulations of different amounts of fingers while reading Arabic digits and indicated verbally whether the amount of stimulated fingers was different from the simultaneously presented digit or not. The larger the semantic distance was between the two numerosities, the faster and more accurate participants made their judgments. This cross-modal numerosity distance effect suggests a direct connection between tactile sensations and the concept of numerical magnitude. A second experiment replicated the interaction between symbolic and tactile numerosities and showed that this effect is not modulated by the participants' finger counting habits. Taken together, our data provide novel evidence for a shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities as an instance of an embodied representation of numbers.}, language = {en} } @article{BarthelmeTrukenbrodEngbertetal.2013, author = {Barthelme, Simon and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne and Engbert, Ralf and Wichmann, Felix A.}, title = {Modeling fixation locations using spatial point processes}, series = {Journal of vision}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of vision}, number = {12}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/13.12.1}, pages = {34}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Whenever eye movements are measured, a central part of the analysis has to do with where subjects fixate and why they fixated where they fixated. To a first approximation, a set of fixations can be viewed as a set of points in space; this implies that fixations are spatial data and that the analysis of fixation locations can be beneficially thought of as a spatial statistics problem. We argue that thinking of fixation locations as arising from point processes is a very fruitful framework for eye-movement data, helping turn qualitative questions into quantitative ones. We provide a tutorial introduction to some of the main ideas of the field of spatial statistics, focusing especially on spatial Poisson processes. We show how point processes help relate image properties to fixation locations. In particular we show how point processes naturally express the idea that image features' predictability for fixations may vary from one image to another. We review other methods of analysis used in the literature, show how they relate to point process theory, and argue that thinking in terms of point processes substantially extends the range of analyses that can be performed and clarify their interpretation.}, language = {en} } @article{GrossWarschburger2013, author = {Gross, Martina and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {Chronic abdominal pain psychosocial strain and treatment-associated changes in coping}, series = {Verhaltenstherapie}, volume = {23}, journal = {Verhaltenstherapie}, number = {2}, publisher = {Karger}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1016-6262}, doi = {10.1159/000351215}, pages = {80 -- 89}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background: Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in childhood is a commonly occurring condition and shows a high stability. Psychosocial dysfunctioning of children, such as increased stress experience, is a burden for children and parents and complicates clinical management. Additional comorbid disorders may develop. To minimize the onset of such disorders, treatment at an early stage and taking psychosocial aspects into consideration is strongly recommended. Through this approach, the cognitive-behavioral, child-centered group program 'Stop the pain with Happy-Pingu' was developed, applied, and subsequently evaluated. What is the psychosocial situation of the affected children? Can the cognitive-behavioral group program be applied to improve psychosocial limitations? Method: The cognitive-behavioral group program comprises 6 weekly sessions for children and 1 single meeting for parents. In a randomized controlled study, the program was evaluated with 29 children aged between 6 and 12 years. The evaluation was based on a comparison between the intervention group (IG) and the waiting list control group (WLC), measured at 3 measurement points: T1 (pre), T2 (post), and T3 (3-month follow-up). Results: Emotional problems in particular can emerge in children with CAP. The program was well received, with a high level of participation through to completion. The results demonstrate that children participating in the IG experience significant stress reduction and improved psychosocial functioning compared to children participating in the WLC. The effect sizes range from medium to high. Conclusions: Drawing upon the above findings, multimodal cognitive-behavioral techniques appear to be suitable to successfully treat children with CAP. However, further controlled studies are required to identify the specific elements of the training that are most effective in reducing pain.}, language = {de} } @article{DumontNeumannNagyetal.2013, author = {Dumont, Hanna and Neumann, Marko and Nagy, Gabriel and Becker, Michael and Rose, Norman and Trautwein, Ulrich}, title = {Class composition Effects in non-academic lower secondary school tracks in the state of Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg}, series = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis}, volume = {60}, journal = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis}, number = {3}, publisher = {Reinhardt}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, issn = {0342-183X}, doi = {10.2378/peu2013.art16d}, pages = {198 -- 213}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The study investigates the effects of classroom composition (average ability, achievement, and socio-economic background, proportion of immigrant students) on the development in mathematics achievement, and reading literacy from grade 5 to 6. The study draws on a sample of N=1892 students in vocational track schools (Hauptschule) and intermediate track schools (Realschule) in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. After controlling for school type, and between-school differences in student intake characteristics, none of the compositional characteristics showed a statistically significant effect on achievement development. School track was associated with the development of reading literacy even after controlling for individual differences; however, this relationship lost its statistical significance after the composition of the student body was additionally taken into account.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{OhlBrandtKliegl2013, author = {Ohl, Sven and Brandt, S. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Immediate preparatory influences on microsaccades before saccade onset to endogenously vs. exogenously defined targets}, series = {Perception}, volume = {42}, booktitle = {Perception}, number = {4}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {0301-0066}, pages = {37 -- 38}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{AsendorpfConnerDeFruytetal.2013, author = {Asendorpf, Jens B. and Conner, Mark and De Fruyt, Filip and De Houwer, Jan and Denissen, Jaap J. A. and Fiedler, Klaus and Fiedler, Susann and Funder, David C. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Nosek, Brian A. and Perugini, Marco and Roberts, Brent W. and Schmitt, Manfred and vanAken, Marcel A. G. and Weber, Hannelore and Wicherts, Jelte M.}, title = {Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology}, series = {European journal of personality}, volume = {27}, journal = {European journal of personality}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0890-2070}, doi = {10.1002/per.1919}, pages = {108 -- 119}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can facilitate implementation of these recommendations. The challenges for improving replicability in psychological science are systemic. Improvement can occur only if changes are made at many levels of practice, evaluation, and reward.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhouKlieglYan2013, author = {Zhou, Wei and Kliegl, Reinhold and Yan, Ming}, title = {A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese}, series = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, volume = {36}, journal = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0141-0423}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x}, pages = {S51 -- S63}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words.}, language = {en} } @article{MeckelmannPfeiferRauh2013, author = {Meckelmann, Viola and Pfeifer, Caroline and Rauh, Hellgard}, title = {Family relationships in childhood, pubertal timing, and subsequent reproductive strategies among adolescents}, series = {South African journal of psychology}, volume = {43}, journal = {South African journal of psychology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {0081-2463}, doi = {10.1177/0081246312474408}, pages = {22 -- 33}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The evolutionary theory of socialization of Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper was investigated on the empirical basis of a longitudinal sample of 26 adolescent girls and boys who were born in Berlin during German reunification, as well as their mothers. Consistent with the theory, pubertal timing of the girls (but not of the boys) was predicted by the quality of parental relations in childhood, and pubertal timing of the girls (but not of the boys) was a significant predictor of the age at first intercourse. The results suggest that there are different developmental pathways for girls and boys with respect to the predictions of the evolutionary theory of socialization of Belsky et al. The findings also support the hypothesis that early onset of reproduction and frequent reproduction may be two different aspects of a quantitative reproductive strategy.}, language = {en} } @article{FischerRielloGiordanoetal.2013, author = {Fischer, Martin H. and Riello, Marianna and Giordano, Bruno L. and Rusconi, Elena}, title = {Singing numbers ... in cognitive space - a dual-task study of the link between pitch, space, and numbers}, series = {Topics in cognitive science}, volume = {5}, journal = {Topics in cognitive science}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1756-8757}, doi = {10.1111/tops.12017}, pages = {354 -- 366}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We assessed the automaticity of spatial-numerical and spatial-musical associations by testing their intentionality and load sensitivity in a dual-task paradigm. In separate sessions, 16 healthy adults performed magnitude and pitch comparisons on sung numbers with variable pitch. Stimuli and response alternatives were identical, but the relevant stimulus attribute (pitch or number) differed between tasks. Concomitant tasks required retention of either color or location information. Results show that spatial associations of both magnitude and pitch are load sensitive and that the spatial association for pitch is more powerful than that for magnitude. These findings argue against the automaticity of spatial mappings in either stimulus dimension.}, language = {en} } @article{HilbertBuergerHartmannetal.2013, author = {Hilbert, Anja and Buerger, Arne and Hartmann, Andrea S. and Spenner, Kristina and Czaja, Julia and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination adapted for children}, series = {European eating disorders review : the professional journal of the Eating Disorders Associatio}, volume = {21}, journal = {European eating disorders review : the professional journal of the Eating Disorders Associatio}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1072-4133}, doi = {10.1002/erv.2221}, pages = {330 -- 339}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The Eating Disorder Examination adapted for children (ChEDE) is the child version of the semi-structured gold standard eating disorder interview for adults. This study was a comprehensive test statistic evaluation of the German ChEDE in a large sample of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, loss of control eating, overweight and obesity, as well as non-eating-disordered and chronically ill control probands (n=352). Excellent inter-rater reliability, adequate internal consistency and satisfactory stability of ChEDE indicators were demonstrated. ChEDE indicators discriminated between diverse forms of eating and weight disturbances and normative eating and were significantly correlated with conceptually related measures. Factorial validity was not convincing; a brief eight-item scale showed the best fit. Item statistics were mostly acceptable. Overall, the ChEDE's German translation reliably and validly assesses psychopathology across the eating and weight disorder spectrum and facilitates international comparison of eating disorder research.}, language = {en} } @article{YanPanLaubrocketal.2013, author = {Yan, Ming and Pan, Jinger and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua}, title = {Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming a comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children}, series = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, volume = {115}, journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0022-0965}, doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007}, pages = {579 -- 589}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less parafoveal information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of parafoveal information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BrandSchweizer2013, author = {Brand, Ralf and Schweizer, Geoffrey}, title = {Going to the gym or to the movies? - Automatic cognitive associations predict decisions between behavioral alternatives beyond deliberate evaluations}, series = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology}, volume = {35}, booktitle = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Human Kinetics Publ.}, address = {Champaign}, issn = {0895-2779}, pages = {S78 -- S79}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{RodriguezVillagraGoetheOberaueretal.2013, author = {Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio and G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control}, series = {Developmental psychology}, volume = {49}, journal = {Developmental psychology}, number = {9}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0012-1649}, doi = {10.1037/a0030883}, pages = {1683 -- 1696}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC.}, language = {en} } @article{GrossWarschburger2013, author = {Gross, Martina and Warschburger, Petra}, title = {Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for children with chronic abdominal pain - a randomized controlled study}, series = {International journal of behavioral medicine : the official journal of the International Society of Behavioral Medicine}, volume = {20}, journal = {International journal of behavioral medicine : the official journal of the International Society of Behavioral Medicine}, number = {3}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1070-5503}, doi = {10.1007/s12529-012-9228-3}, pages = {434 -- 443}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in childhood is widely prevalent and has adverse effects on mental health and quality of life. Earlier research emphasized the positive effects of psychological intervention on pain symptoms. This study describes the results of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for children with CAP. The newly developed cognitive-behavioral group program, "Stop the pain with Happy-Pingu," includes six sessions for the children and one meeting for the parents. Purpose We hypothesized that the training would significantly reduce pain symptoms (frequency, duration, intensity, and pain-related impairment) and increase health-related quality of life compared to wait-list controls, with improvement seen both at the end of treatment and at a 3-month follow-up. Method In all, 29 children were randomized into two groups: 15 in the intervention group (IG) and 14 as the wait-list controls (WLC). An intent-to-treat analysis was performed using two-factorial multivariate analyses of variance with repeated measures. Results Children in the IG experienced both a reduction in pain (primary outcome) and an improvement in health-related quality of life (secondary outcome) as compared to the WLC. The effect sizes ranged from medium to high. Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral methods seem to be appropriate for treating children with CAP.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FreudenbergMauersbergerSpringeretal.2013, author = {Freudenberg, Maxi and Mauersberger, Heidi and Springer, Anne and Fotopoulou, Aikaterini and Blaison, Christophe and Hess, Ursula}, title = {A woman's best friend how the presence of dogs reduces Experimentally induced pain}, series = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research}, volume = {50}, booktitle = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0048-5772}, pages = {S103 -- S103}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KaufmannMazzoccoDowkeretal.2013, author = {Kaufmann, Liane and Mazzocco, Michele M. and Dowker, Ann and von Aster, Michael G. and Goebel, Silke M. and Grabner, Roland H. and Henik, Avishai and Jordan, Nancy C. and Karmiloff-Smith, Annette D. and Kucian, Karin and Rubinsten, Orly and Szucs, Denes and Shalev, Ruth and Nuerk, Hans-Christoph}, title = {Dyscalculia from a developmental and differential perspective}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00516}, pages = {5}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{MyachykovEllisCangelosietal.2013, author = {Myachykov, Andriy and Ellis, Rob and Cangelosi, Angelo and Fischer, Martin H.}, title = {Visual and linguistic cues to graspable objects}, series = {Experimental brain research}, volume = {229}, journal = {Experimental brain research}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {0014-4819}, doi = {10.1007/s00221-013-3616-z}, pages = {545 -- 559}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Two experiments investigated (1) how activation of manual affordances is triggered by visual and linguistic cues to manipulable objects and (2) whether graspable object parts play a special role in this process. Participants pressed a key to categorize manipulable target objects copresented with manipulable distractor objects on a computer screen. Three factors were varied in Experiment 1: (1) the target's and (2) the distractor's handles' orientation congruency with the lateral manual response and (3) the Visual Focus on one of the objects. In Experiment 2, a linguistic cue factor was added to these three factors-participants heard the name of one of the two objects prior to the target display onset. Analysis of participants' motor and oculomotor behaviour confirmed that perceptual and linguistic cues potentiated activation of grasp affordances. Both target- and distractor-related affordance effects were modulated by the presence of visual and linguistic cues. However, a differential visual attention mechanism subserved activation of compatibility effects associated with target and distractor objects. We also registered an independent implicit attention attraction effect from objects' handles, suggesting that graspable parts automatically attract attention during object viewing. This effect was further amplified by visual but not linguistic cues, thus providing initial evidence for a recent hypothesis about differential roles of visual and linguistic information in potentiating stable and variable affordances (Borghi in Language and action in cognitive neuroscience. Psychology Press, London, 2012).}, language = {en} } @article{MuschallaHeldmannFay2013, author = {Muschalla, Beate and Heldmann, Madleen and Fay, Doris}, title = {The significance of job-anxiety in a working population}, series = {Occupational medicine}, volume = {63}, journal = {Occupational medicine}, number = {6}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0962-7480}, doi = {10.1093/occmed/kqt072}, pages = {415 -- 421}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background Job-anxiety, as distinguished from trait-anxiety, is associated with long-term sickness absence. The prevalence of job-anxiety within a working population is not known. Identifying individuals who would benefit from intervention might be useful. Aims To investigate job-anxiety in employees not undergoing treatment for mental health illness, firstly by assessing the level of job-anxiety and work-related avoidance tendencies in a working sample, and secondly by testing whether job-anxiety is distinguishable from trait-anxiety. Methods Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample obtained through personal contact distribution. Employees from different professional settings completed an anonymous questionnaire and provided information on their employment status. The State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) was used to measure trait-anxiety and the Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) was used to assess job (state) anxiety. Results There was a 69\% response rate (240 responses); 188 responses were available for analysis of whom 62\% were women. There were no employees with high trait-anxiety. Ten employees (5\%) reported increased job-anxiety and of these nine employees reported high 'tendencies of avoidance and workplace absence'. Avoidance was most often accompanied by the comorbid job-anxieties 'job-related social anxiety', 'fear of changes at work' and 'fears of existence', 'anticipatory' and 'conditioned' job-anxiety and 'panic symptoms'. Conclusions In this sample, self-reported job-anxiety appeared as a specific type of anxiety as opposed to trait-anxiety. In the workplace job-anxiety can present as job-avoidance and sickness absence and should be distinguished from trait-anxiety. In practice, employers and occupational health practitioners should be aware of those employees prone to sickness absence.}, language = {en} } @article{PfeiferElsner2013, author = {Pfeifer, Caroline and Elsner, Birgit}, title = {Preschoolers' encoding of rational actions - the role of task features and verbal information}, series = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, volume = {116}, journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0022-0965}, doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2012.12.005}, pages = {532 -- 544}, year = {2013}, abstract = {In the current study, we first investigated whether preschoolers imitate selectively across three imitation tasks. Second, we examined whether preschoolers' selective imitation is influenced by differences in the modeled actions and/or by the situational context. Finally, we investigated how verbal cues given by the model affect preschoolers' imitation. Participants (3- to 5-year-olds) watched an adult performing an unusual action in three imitation tasks (touch light, house, and obstacle). In two conditions, the model either was or was not restricted by situational constraints. In addition, the model verbalized either the goal that was to be achieved, the movement, or none of the action components. Preschoolers always acted on the objects without constraints. Results revealed differences in preschoolers' selective imitation across the tasks. In the house task, they showed the selective imitation pattern that has been interpreted as rational, imitating the unusual action more often in the no-constraint condition than in the constraint condition. In contrast, in the touch light task, preschoolers imitated the unusual head touch irrespective of the model's constraints or of the verbal cues that had been presented. Finally, in the obstacle task, children mostly emulated the observed goal irrespective of the presence of the constraint, but they increased their imitation of the unusual action when the movement had been emphasized. Overall, our data suggest that preschoolers adjust their imitative behavior to context-specific information about objects, actions, and their interpretations of the model's intention to teach something.}, language = {en} } @article{VianelloSchnabelSrirametal.2013, author = {Vianello, Michelangelo and Schnabel, Konrad and Sriram, N. and Nosek, Brian}, title = {Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits}, series = {Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences}, volume = {55}, journal = {Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences}, number = {8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0191-8869}, doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.008}, pages = {994 -- 999}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This article investigates gender differences in implicit and explicit measures of the Big Five traits of personality. In a high-powered study (N = 14,348), we replicated previous research showing that women report higher levels of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Neuroticism. For implicit measures, gender differences were much smaller for all, and opposite in sign for Extraversion. Somewhat higher levels of implicit Neuroticism and Agreeableness were observed in women, and somewhat higher levels of implicit Extraversion and Openness were observed in men. There was no gender difference in implicit Conscientiousness. A possible explanation is that explicit self-concepts partly reflect social norms and self-expectations about gender roles, while implicit self-concepts may mostly reflect self-related experiences.}, language = {en} } @article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2013, author = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children}, series = {Developmental science.}, volume = {16}, journal = {Developmental science.}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1467-7687}, doi = {10.1111/desc.12075}, pages = {967 -- 979}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.}, language = {en} } @article{BlomeyerFriemelBuchmannetal.2013, author = {Blomeyer, Dorothea and Friemel, Chris M. and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred and Schneider, Miriam}, title = {Impact of pubertal stage at first drink on adult drinking behavior}, series = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism}, volume = {37}, journal = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0145-6008}, doi = {10.1111/acer.12154}, pages = {1804 -- 1811}, year = {2013}, abstract = {BackgroundEarly alcohol use is one of the strongest predictors of later alcohol use disorders, with early use usually taking place during puberty. Many researchers have suggested drinking during puberty as a potential biological basis of the age at first drink (AFD) effect. However, the influence of the pubertal phase at alcohol use initiation on subsequent drinking in later life has not been examined so far. MethodsPubertal stage at first drink (PSFD) was determined in N=283 young adults (131 males, 152 females) from an epidemiological cohort study. At ages 19, 22, and 23years, drinking behavior (number of drinking days, amount of alcohol consumed, hazardous drinking) was assessed using interview and questionnaire methods. Additionally, an animal study examined the effects of pubertal or adult ethanol (EtOH) exposure on voluntary EtOH consumption in later life in 20 male Wistar rats. ResultsPSFD predicted drinking behavior in humans in early adulthood, indicating that individuals who had their first drink during puberty displayed elevated drinking levels compared to those with postpubertal drinking onset. These findings were corroborated by the animal study, in which rats that received free access to alcohol during the pubertal period were found to consume more alcohol as adults, compared to the control animals that first came into contact with alcohol during adulthood. ConclusionsThe results point to a significant role of stage of pubertal development at first contact with alcohol for the development of later drinking habits. Possible biological mechanisms and implications for prevention are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherSlatteryYangetal.2013, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith}, title = {Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {39}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0031647}, pages = {1468 -- 1484}, year = {2013}, abstract = {It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{FestmanAdamPrattetal.2013, author = {Festman, Yariv and Adam, Jos J. and Pratt, Jay and Fischer, Martin H.}, title = {Both hand position and movement direction modulate visual attention}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00657}, pages = {6}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The current study explored effects of continuous hand motion on the allocation of visual attention. A concurrent paradigm was used to combine visually concealed continuous hand movements with an attentionally demanding letter discrimination task. The letter probe appeared contingent upon the moving right hand passing through one of six positions. Discrimination responses were then collected via a keyboard press with the static left hand. Both the right hand's position and its movement direction systematically contributed to participants' visual sensitivity. Discrimination performance increased substantially when the right hand was distant from, but moving toward the visual probe location (replicating the far-hand effect, Festrnan et al., 2013). However, this effect disappeared when the probe appeared close to the static left hand, supporting the view that static and dynamic features of both hands combine in modulating pragmatic maps of attention.}, language = {en} } @article{BuchmannBlomeyerJennenSteinmetzetal.2013, author = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred}, title = {Early smoking onset may promise initial pleasurable sensations and later addiction}, series = {Addiction biology}, volume = {18}, journal = {Addiction biology}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1369-1600}, doi = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00377.x}, pages = {947 -- 954}, year = {2013}, abstract = {There is converging evidence suggesting a particular susceptibility to the addictive properties of nicotine among adolescents. The aim of the current study was to prospectively ascertain the relationship between age at first cigarette and initial smoking experiences, and to examine the combined effects of these characteristics of adolescent smoking behavior on adult smoking. It was hypothesized that the association between earlier age at first cigarette and later development of nicotine dependence may, at least in part, be attributable to differences in experiencing pleasurable early smoking sensations. Data were drawn from the participants of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. Structured interviews at age 15, 19 and 22 years were conducted to assess the age at first cigarette, early smoking experiences and current smoking behavior in 213 young adults. In addition, the participants completed the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Adolescents who smoked their first cigarette at an earlier age reported more pleasurable sensations from the cigarette, and they were more likely to be regular smokers at age 22. The age at first cigarette also predicted the number of cigarettes smoked and dependence at age 22. Thus, both the age of first cigarette and the pleasure experienced from the cigarette independently predicted aspects of smoking at age 22.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KucianPlanggerO'Gormanetal.2013, author = {Kucian, Karin and Plangger, Fabienne and O'Gorman, Ruth and von Aster, Michael G.}, title = {Operational momentum effect in children with and without developmental dyscalculia}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {45}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00847}, pages = {3}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidBuchmannTrautmannVillalbaetal.2013, author = {Schmid, Brigitte and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred}, title = {Maternal stimulation in infancy predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in young men}, series = {Journal of neural transmission}, volume = {120}, journal = {Journal of neural transmission}, number = {8}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wien}, issn = {0300-9564}, doi = {10.1007/s00702-013-0970-8}, pages = {1247 -- 1257}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Evidence from animal research has demonstrated the effect of early maternal care on the offspring's endocrine and behavioral stress response in adulthood. The present prospective study investigates, in humans, the long-term impact of maternal responsiveness and stimulation during early mother-child interaction on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response to a psychosocial laboratory stressor in adulthood. The data are from an epidemiological cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors assessed at birth. At age 3 months, mothers and infants were videotaped during a 10-min standardized nursing and playing situation and evaluated by trained raters for maternal stimulation and infant and maternal responsiveness. At age 19 years, 270 participants (146 females, 124 males) completed the Trier Social Stress Test. The results indicated that less maternal stimulation during early interaction at age 3 months predicted diminished plasma ACTH and cortisol increase in response to acute psychosocial stress in male, but not female offspring. In contrast, maternal responsiveness was found to be unrelated to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity. In accordance with the findings from animal research, the present study provides prospective evidence in humans of a long-term association between early maternal interaction behavior and the offspring's hormonal stress response in young adulthood, suggesting that poor maternal stimulation in early infancy may result in reduced HPA axis reactivity to an acute psychosocial stressor in males.}, language = {en} } @article{BuchmannHellwegRietscheletal.2013, author = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Hellweg, Rainer and Rietschel, Marcella and Treutlein, Jens and Witt, Stephanie H. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred and Deuschle, Michael}, title = {BDNF Val 66 Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype moderate the impact of early psychosocial adversity on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms - a prospective study}, series = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {23}, journal = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, number = {8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0924-977X}, doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.09.003}, pages = {902 -- 909}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Recent studies have emphasized an important role for neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in regulating the plasticity of neural circuits involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the interplay of the BDNF Val(66)Met and the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms in moderating the impact of early-life adversity on BDNF plasma concentration and depressive symptoms. Participants were taken from an epidemiological cohort study following the long-term outcome of early risk factors from birth into young adulthood. In 259 individuals (119 males, 140 females), genotyped for the BDNF Val(66)Met and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms, plasma BDNF was assessed at the age of 19 years. In addition, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Early adversity was determined according to a family adversity index assessed at 3 months of age. Results indicated that individuals homozygous for both the BDNF Val and the 5-HTTLPR L allele showed significantly reduced BDNF levels following exposure to high adversity. In contrast, BDNF levels appeared to be unaffected by early psychosocial adversity in carriers of the BDNF Met or the 5-HTTLPR S allele. While the former group appeared to be most susceptible to depressive symptoms, the impact of early adversity was less pronounced in the latter group. This is the first preliminary evidence indicating that early-life adverse experiences may have lasting sequelae for plasma BDNF levels in humans, highlighting that the susceptibility to this effect is moderated by BDNF Val(66)Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype.}, language = {en} } @article{KaeserBascheraKohnetal.2013, author = {K{\"a}ser, Tanja and Baschera, Gian-Marco and Kohn, Juliane and Kucian, Karin and Richtmann, Verena and Grond, Ursina and Gross, Markus and von Aster, Michael G.}, title = {Design and evaluation of the computer-based training program Calcularis for enhancing numerical cognition}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {4}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {31}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00489}, pages = {13}, year = {2013}, abstract = {This article presents the design and a first pilot evaluation of the computer-based training program Calcularis for children with developmental dyscalculia (DD) or difficulties in learning mathematics. The program has been designed according to insights on the typical and atypical development of mathematical abilities. The learning process is supported through multimodal cues, which encode different properties of numbers. To offer optimal learning conditions, a user model completes the program and allows flexible adaptation to a child's individual learning and knowledge profile. Thirty-two children with difficulties in learning mathematics completed the 6-12-weeks computer training. The children played the game for 20 min per day for 5 days a week. The training effects were evaluated using neuropsychological tests. Generally, children benefited significantly from the training regarding number representation and arithmetic operations. Furthermore, children liked to play with the program and reported that the training improved their mathematical abilities.}, language = {en} } @article{MuschallaKesslerSchwantesetal.2013, author = {Muschalla, Beate and Kessler, U. and Schwantes, U. and Linden, M.}, title = {Rehabilitationsbedarf bei Hausarztpatienten mit psychischen St{\"o}rungen}, series = {Die Rehabilitation : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Praxis und Forschung in der Rehabilitation}, volume = {52}, journal = {Die Rehabilitation : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Praxis und Forschung in der Rehabilitation}, number = {4}, publisher = {Thieme}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0034-3536}, doi = {10.1055/s-0032-1327587}, pages = {252 -- 257}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Rehabilitationsmedizin ist nach \S 2 und \S 26 SGB IX die medizinische Spezialdisziplin zur Vorbeugung, Diagnostik und Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen. Dies betrifft in besonderem Maße psychische Erkrankungen. Die Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen erfordert in der Regel eine komplexe und multimodale Langzeitbetreuung, bei der niedergelassenen {\"A}rzten eine zentrale Rolle zukommt. Allerdings gibt es bislang nur wenig ausgearbeitete Konzepte zu den rehabilitationsmedizinischen Aufgaben niedergelassener {\"A}rzte und den ihnen zur Verf{\"u}gung stehenden diesbez{\"u}glichen Behandlungsoptionen. Methoden: Zur Kl{\"a}rung der Frage, welche Rolle rehamedizinische Aspekte in der Hausarztpraxis haben, wurden im ersten Schritt 40 niedergelassene {\"A}rzte zum gesch{\"a}tzten Anteil chronisch psychisch kranker Patienten in ihrer Praxis befragt. Im zweiten Schritt wurden 1 451 Patienten im Alter von 18 bis 60 Jahren mittels des WHO-5-Screenings zum psychischen Wohlbefinden, dem IMET-Fragebogen zu Teilhabest{\"o}rungen, der Burvillskala zur Multimorbidit{\"a}t und Fragen zum psychischen Erkrankungsstatus und Arbeitsstatus untersucht. Ergebnisse:Im Durchschnitt sch{\"a}tzten die Haus{\"a}rzte den Anteil ihrer Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen auf 41,9\% (SD=18,2; Range 15-90\%).Von den Patienten gaben 46,5\% an, unter psychischen Beschwerden zu leiden. 38,3\% der Patienten sagten, dass die Probleme bereits seit 6 Monaten oder l{\"a}nger bestehen (chronisch), und 26,9\% erkl{\"a}rten, dass sie die Beschwerden in den letzten 6 Monaten durchg{\"a}ngig erlebt haben (persistierend). Insgesamt litten 29,7\% der 18- bis 60-j{\"a}hrigen Hausarztpatienten unter chronischen psychischen Beschwerden mit zus{\"a}tzlich relevanten Teilhabest{\"o}rungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Patienten mit chronischen psychischen Problemen und Teilhabest{\"o}rungen sind in Praxen niedergelassener {\"A}rzte h{\"a}ufig anzutreffen. Niedergelassene {\"A}rzte und insbesondere Haus{\"a}rzte sind demnach zu einem wesentlichen Teil ihrer T{\"a}tigkeit als Rehabilitationsmediziner anzusehen. In ihren H{\"a}nden liegt die Diagnostik, Behandlung, Koordinierung und Langzeitf{\"u}hrung der chronisch Kranken, wie auch die sozialmedizinische Betreuung, von der Feststellung einer Arbeitsunf{\"a}higkeit bis hin zur Einleitung station{\"a}rer Rehamaßnahmen. Die Bedeutung der niedergelassenen {\"A}rzte im Rehaprozess verdient organisatorisch wie wissenschaftlich mehr Aufmerksamkeit.}, language = {de} } @article{LauchtTreutleinBlomeyeretal.2013, author = {Laucht, Manfred and Treutlein, Jens and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Rietschel, Marcella and Banaschewski, Tobias}, title = {Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults findings from a longitudinal study}, series = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {23}, journal = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology}, number = {5}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0924-977X}, doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.002}, pages = {358 -- 367}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Accumulating research suggests a moderating role for the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) in the association between childhood adversity and adult depression. The present study aims to replicate recent findings using different genetic variants and measures of early adversity assessed both prospectively and retrospectively. Data were collected in the context of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. 300 participants (137 males, 163 females) were genotyped for four CRHR1 SNPs (rs7209436, rs110402, rs242924, and rs17689882) and completed the Beck Depression Inventory at ages 19, 22 and 23 years. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and by a standardized parent interview yielding an index of family adversity. Our results indicate that CRHR1 and childhood adversity interacted to predict depressive symptoms in young adults. Specifically, we found that the impact of childhood maltreatment on adult depressive symptoms was significantly higher in individuals (i) with two copies of the CRHR1 TAT haplotype, and (ii) homozygous for the G allele of rs17689882. The interaction was demonstrated for exposure to childhood maltreatment as assessed by retrospective self-report, but not to prospectively ascertain objective family adversity. The present study partially replicates recent findings of a CRHR1 by childhood adversity interaction with regard to adult depression highlighting the subjective characteristics of the environmental pathogen that is operative in this interaction.}, language = {en} }