@article{PitzerJennenSteinmetzEsseretal.2011,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Differential susceptibility to environmental influences the role of early temperament and parenting in the development of externalizing problems},
  series = {Comprehensive psychiatry : official journal of the American Psychopathological Association},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Comprehensive psychiatry : official journal of the American Psychopathological Association},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {0010-440X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.017},
  pages     = {650 -- 658},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Objective: A difficult or undercontrolled temperament, as well as harsh parental discipline or a lack of warmth, has long been regarded as risk factors for the development of externalizing problems. In addition, it has been suggested that children with difficult temperament are especially susceptible to rearing influences. We investigated the impact of early temperament and parenting and their interactions on externalizing behavior at school age. Methods: Participants were 148 boys and 160 girls from a prospective longitudinal study on a high-risk sample. At ages 3 months and 2 years, temperament was assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. Maternal parenting was assessed by videotaped behavioral observation and a parent questionnaire. Externalizing problems at age 8 years were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, we found that externalizing problems were predicted by psychosocial adversity and poor self-control, whereas no main effect for restrictive parenting or maternal empathy was found. Fearful-inhibited boys were positively affected by empathic and sensitive parenting, whereas girls who were low in self-control and/or fearful developed less externalizing problems with restrictive parenting. Conclusion: Our results partly support the differential susceptibility hypothesis. In addition, they point toward gender-specific pathways in the development of externalizing problems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt2001,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology : the moderating role of early maternal responsivity},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZohselHohmSchmidtetal.2017,
  author    = {Zohsel, Katrin and Hohm, Erika and Schmidt, Martin H. and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Die langfristigen Auswirkungen von Fr{\"u}hgeburtlichkeit auf kognitive Entwicklung und Schulerfolg},
  series = {Kindheit und Entwicklung},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Kindheit und Entwicklung},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0942-5403},
  doi       = {10.1026/0942-5403/a000235},
  pages     = {221 -- 229},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In einer prospektiven L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen fr{\"u}her Responsivit{\"a}t der Mutter und kognitiver Entwicklung ihrer fr{\"u}h- bzw. reifgeborenen Kinder untersucht. Im Alter von drei Monaten wurde daf{\"u}r die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion mittels Verhaltensbeobachtung erfasst. Bei n=351 der teilnehmenden Kinder (101 fr{\"u}hgeboren) wurde die allgemeine Intelligenz (IQ) im Alter von 11 Jahren und bei n=313 (85 fr{\"u}hgeboren) zus{\"a}tzlich der h{\"o}chste erreichte Schulabschluss bis 25 Jahren erhoben. Fr{\"u}hgeborene wiesen mit 11 Jahren einen signifikant niedrigeren IQ als Reifgeborene auf, nachdem f{\"u}r m{\"o}gliche konfundierende Faktoren kontrolliert worden war. Nur bei Fr{\"u}h-, nicht aber bei Reifgeborenen zeigte sich ein signifikanter positiver Zusammenhang zwischen m{\"u}tterlicher Responsivit{\"a}t und IQ. F{\"u}r die Wahrscheinlichkeit einen h{\"o}heren Schulabschluss (mind. Fachabitur) zu erreichen, fand sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt von Fr{\"u}hgeburtlichkeit noch von m{\"u}tterlicher Responsivit{\"a}t.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StoehrLaucht2000,
  author    = {St{\"o}hr, R.-M. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Die Geburt eines Geschwisters : Chancen und Risiken f{\"u}r das erstgeborene Kind},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StoehrLauchtEsseretal.2000,
  author    = {St{\"o}hr, R.-M. and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Die Geburt eines Geschwisters : Chancen und Risiken f{\"u}r das erstgeborene Kind},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserLaucht1997,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Die Entwicklung nach biologischen und psychsozialen Risiken in der fr{\"u}hen Kindheit},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidt1997,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Developmental outcome of infants born with biological and psychosocial risks},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IhleEsserLauchtetal.2004,
  author    = {Ihle, Wolfgang and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, M. H.},
  title     = {Depressive St{\"o}rungen und aggressiv-dissoziale St{\"o}rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter : Pr{\"a}valenz, Verlauf und Risikofaktoren},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidHohmBlomeyeretal.2007,
  author    = {Schmid, Brigitte and Hohm, Erika and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterizes a group at risk},
  issn      = {0735-0414},
  doi       = {10.1093/alcalc/agm024},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Aims: To investigate whether concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterizes a subgroup that differs from users of one substance only regarding several risk factors for later substance use problems. Methods: Participants were from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 384 children at risk for later psychopathology, with the majority being born with obstetric complications and psychosocial adversities. Assessments of adolescent drug consumption and related intrapersonal characteristics were obtained at age 15. Results: Compared to consumers of alcohol only, 15-year-olds drinking and smoking during the same time period (past 4 weeks) had significantly higher levels of consumption and more excessive use of alcohol, started drinking at an earlier age, had higher scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and more cannabis use. This group could be distinguished from users of alcohol only by higher novelty seeking and more positive alcohol effect expectancies. Compared to consumers of tobacco only, concurrent users reported higher nicotine dependence and more cannabis use. No significant differences were observed regarding frequency and age at initiation of tobacco use, tobacco-related sensitivity, self- efficacy and instrumentality as well as novelty seeking. Conclusions: Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence is associated with characteristics that are well known as risk factors for later alcohol use problems and dependence and that should be targeted by prevention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuchmannLauchtSchmidetal.2010,
  author    = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Laucht, Manfred and Schmid, Brigitte and Wiedemann, Klaus and Mann, Karl F. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.},
  title     = {Cigarette craving increases after a psychosocial stress test and is related to cortisol stress response but not to dependence scores in daily smokers},
  issn      = {0269-8811},
  doi       = {10.1177/0269881108095716},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Stress is known to induce cigarette craving in smokers, but the underlying mechanisms are widely unknown. We investigated how dependence severity, smoking habits and stress-induced cortisol secretion are associated with increased cigarette craving after a standardised laboratory stressor. Hundred and six healthy participants (50 men, age 18-19 years) underwent a standardised public speaking stress task. In all, 35 smoked daily (DS), 13 smoked occasionally (OS), and 58 never smoked (NS). Smoking was unrestricted until 2 h before stress onset. Plasma cortisol was measured before and up to 95 min after the stressor. All current smokers rated intensity of cigarette craving immediately before and immediately after the stressor using the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (BQSU). Cortisol levels significantly increased in response to stress in all groups. The magnitude of this stress response was significantly lower in DS compared with OS and NS but did not differ between OS and NS. Baseline BQSU scores were significantly higher in DS than OS. BQSU scores increased significantly during the stress period and were positively correlated to the cortisol response in the DS but were unrelated to their nicotine dependence scores. In OS, no change in cigarette craving could be observed. In daily smokers, cigarette craving is increased after compared with before stress exposure and is related to the magnitude of cortisol stress response rather than to severity of nicotine dependence. This result supports, but does not prove, the concept that hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stimulation is one of the mechanisms how stress can elicit cigarette craving.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PitzerEsserSchmidtetal.2017,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Hohm, Erika and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Child regulative temperament as a mediator of parenting in the development of depressive symptoms},
  series = {Journal of neural transmission},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of neural transmission},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wien},
  issn      = {0300-9564},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00702-017-1682-2},
  pages     = {631 -- 641},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Child temperament as well as parenting behaviors have been linked to adolescent depression. Beyond their main effects, the interplay between these factors is of interest. For example, in an interactive model, a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants to parenting has been suggested. However, so far, the differential susceptibility hypothesis has mostly been studied with a focus on externalizing disorders. On the other hand, parenting may shape the child's temperament and vice versa in a transactional process. In a prospective, longitudinal at-risk sample (163 boys, 176 girls), we assessed emotional (easy-difficult) and regulative (self-control) temperament at ages 4.5, and 8 years, respectively, as well as parenting quality at age 4.5 years using the HOME inventory. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the prediction of depressive symptoms at age 11, measured by the Child Depression Inventory, including interaction terms between the temperament variable and parenting. We additionally tested whether parenting was mediated by child temperament. As previously reported, both self-control and parenting were longitudinally associated with preadolescent depressive symptoms. There were no interactive effects between temperament and parenting. However, the effects of parenting were partly mediated by self-control. Our data do not support a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants in the development of preadolescent depression. However, our results are in line with the assumption that parenting may shape young children's temperament, with positive parenting in the early childhood fostering the development of regulative temperament.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PitzerSchmidtEsseretal.2001,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Child development after maternal tocolysis with beta-sympathomimetic drugs},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {The psycho-social development of both preterm and term children (n=347) whose mothers reported tocolytic treatment was assessed at the ages of 2, 4.5, 8 years. Term children exposed to tocolysis showed a higher rate of psychiatric disorders as well as poorer cognitive and motor performance than controls. In the preterm children no adverse impact of tocolysis could be found. The results are discussed concerning possible ways in which tocolytic treatment may influence child development. Restrictions because of the preliminary character of this study and the need of further prospective studies to clarify the developmental impact of tocolysis are also considered.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LauchtBlomeyerBuchmannetal.2012,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Treutlein, Jens and Shmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Rietschel, Marcella and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Banaschewski, Tobias},
  title     = {Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtBlomeyerBuchmannetal.2012,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Treutlein, Jens and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Rietschel, Marcella and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Banaschewski, Tobias},
  title     = {Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis},
  series = {The journal of child psychology and psychiatry},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {The journal of child psychology and psychiatry},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0021-9630},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02408.x},
  pages     = {351 -- 359},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: Recently, first evidence has been reported for a geneparenting interaction (G x E) with regard to adolescent alcohol use. The present investigation set out to extend this research using the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility factor. Moreover, the current study examined whether a potential G x E would be consistent with one of two models of geneenvironment interplay (genetic vulnerability vs. differential susceptibility). Methods: Data were collected as part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. Two hundred and eighty-five participants (130 males, 155 females) were genotyped for the COMT Val(158) Met polymorphism and were administered an alcohol interview, providing measures of current frequency and amount of drinking at ages 15 and 19 years. Information on three dimensions of perceived parenting behavior was obtained from the 15-year-olds. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the Met allele showed higher drinking activity at age 19 years when their parents had engaged in less supervision or were less involved, while their drinking activity was reduced under conditions of favorable parenting. No such relationship was found in individuals carrying the Val allele. Conclusions: The present findings correspond with the pattern of results predicted by the differential susceptibility hypothesis, suggesting that environmental variation would have a greater impact in individuals carrying a genetic susceptibility such that, in this group, exposure to negative environmental conditions would result in more adverse outcomes and the experience of favorable conditions would lead to more positive outcomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtEsserHoeschetal.2000,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Hoesch, I. and Gerold, M. and Hoesch, I. and Ihle, Wolfgang and Steigleider, Petra and Stock, B. and Stoehr, R.-M. and Weindrich, D. and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Behavioral Sequelae of Perinatal Insults and Early Family Adversity at 8 Years of Age},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HohmZohselSchmidtetal.2017,
  author    = {Hohm, Erika and Zohsel, Katrin and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Beeintr{\"a}chtigter Start ins Leben},
  series = {Kindheit und Entwicklung},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Kindheit und Entwicklung},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0942-5403},
  doi       = {10.1026/0942-5403/a000234},
  pages     = {210 -- 220},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Postpartale Depressionen sind h{\"a}ufige und schwerwiegende psychische Erkrankungen mit ung{\"u}nstigem Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung. Als Haupttransmissionsweg gilt die fr{\"u}he Mutter-Kind-Interaktion. {\"U}ber die langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Kinder im Erwachsenenalter und die Rolle der Interaktion liegen kaum Ergebnisse vor. Im Rahmen der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie wurden postpartale Depressionen bis zwei Jahre nach der Geburt erfasst. Die kindliche Entwicklung wurde fortlaufend und die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Alter von 3 Monaten standardisiert erhoben. 28 Kinder postpartal depressiver und 107 Kinder gesunder M{\"u}tter konnten mit 25 Jahren untersucht werden. Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen der kognitiven und psychischen Entwicklung bei Kindern postpartal depressiver M{\"u}tter waren bis ins Erwachsenenalter nachweisbar. Responsives bzw. sensitives m{\"u}tterliches Verhalten wirkte der negativen Entwicklung entgegen. Dies betont die Bedeutung einer hohen Qualit{\"a}t der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Risikokindern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{HohmZohselSchmidtetal.2017,
  author    = {Hohm, Erika and Zohsel, Katrin and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Beeintr{\"a}chtigter Start ins Leben},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {692},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43340},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433406},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Postpartale Depressionen sind h{\"a}ufige und schwerwiegende psychische Erkrankungen mit ung{\"u}nstigem Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung. Als Haupttransmissionsweg gilt die fr{\"u}he Mutter-Kind-Interaktion. {\"U}ber die langfristigen Auswirkungen auf die Kinder im Erwachsenenalter und die Rolle der Interaktion liegen kaum Ergebnisse vor. Im Rahmen der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie wurden postpartale Depressionen bis zwei Jahre nach der Geburt erfasst. Die kindliche Entwicklung wurde fortlaufend und die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Alter von 3 Monaten standardisiert erhoben. 28 Kinder postpartal depressiver und 107 Kinder gesunder M{\"u}tter konnten mit 25 Jahren untersucht werden. Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen der kognitiven und psychischen Entwicklung bei Kindern postpartal depressiver M{\"u}tter waren bis ins Erwachsenenalter nachweisbar. Responsives bzw. sensitives m{\"u}tterliches Verhalten wirkte der negativen Entwicklung entgegen. Dies betont die Bedeutung einer hohen Qualit{\"a}t der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Risikokindern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SteigleiderLauchtEsseretal.2002,
  author    = {Steigleider, Petra and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Beeintr{\"a}chtigte kognitive und motorische Leistungen bei 8-j{\"a}hrigen Kindern mit sehr niedrigem Geburtsgewicht},
  issn      = {0084-5345},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserDinterJoergSchmidtetal.1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Schmidt, Martin H. and Herrle, Johannes and Yantorno-Villalba, P. and Rose, Frauke and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Bedeutung der Blickvermeidung im S{\"a}uglingsalter f{\"u}r den Entwicklungsstand des Kindes mit zwei und viereinhalb Jahren},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BuchmannHellwegRietscheletal.2013,
  author    = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Hellweg, Rainer and Rietschel, Marcella and Treutlein, Jens and Witt, Stephanie H. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred and Deuschle, Michael},
  title     = {BDNF Val 66 Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype moderate the impact of early psychosocial adversity on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms - a prospective study},
  series = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0924-977X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.09.003},
  pages     = {902 -- 909},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Recent studies have emphasized an important role for neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in regulating the plasticity of neural circuits involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the interplay of the BDNF Val(66)Met and the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms in moderating the impact of early-life adversity on BDNF plasma concentration and depressive symptoms. Participants were taken from an epidemiological cohort study following the long-term outcome of early risk factors from birth into young adulthood. In 259 individuals (119 males, 140 females), genotyped for the BDNF Val(66)Met and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms, plasma BDNF was assessed at the age of 19 years. In addition, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Early adversity was determined according to a family adversity index assessed at 3 months of age. Results indicated that individuals homozygous for both the BDNF Val and the 5-HTTLPR L allele showed significantly reduced BDNF levels following exposure to high adversity. In contrast, BDNF levels appeared to be unaffected by early psychosocial adversity in carriers of the BDNF Met or the 5-HTTLPR S allele. While the former group appeared to be most susceptible to depressive symptoms, the impact of early adversity was less pronounced in the latter group. This is the first preliminary evidence indicating that early-life adverse experiences may have lasting sequelae for plasma BDNF levels in humans, highlighting that the susceptibility to this effect is moderated by BDNF Val(66)Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PolowczykTrautmannVillalbaDinterJoergetal.2000,
  author    = {Polowczyk, M. and Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia and Dinter-J{\"o}rg, Monika and Gerold, M. and Laucht, Manfred and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Auff{\"a}llige Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Vorschulalter bei Kindern mit hyperkinetischen und Sozialverhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WeindrichJennenSteinmetzLauchtetal.1998,
  author    = {Weindrich, D. and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {At risk for language disorders? : correlates and course of language disorders in preschool children born at risk},
  issn      = {0803-5253},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlomeyerBuchmannLascorzetal.2013,
  author    = {Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Lascorz, Jesus and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Desrivieres, Sylvane and Schmidt, Martin H. and Banaschewski, Tobias and Schumann, Gunter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0059136},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Clock genes govern circadian rhythms and shape the effect of alcohol use on the physiological system. Exposure to severe negative life events is related to both heavy drinking and disturbed circadian rhythmicity. The aim of this study was 1) to extend previous findings suggesting an association of a haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphism of PER2 gene with drinking patterns, and 2) to examine a possible role for an interaction of this gene with life stress in hazardous drinking. Methods: Data were collected as part of an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors followed since birth. At age 19 years, 268 young adults (126 males, 142 females) were genotyped for PER2 rs56013859 and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Life stress was assessed as the number of severe negative life events during the past four years reported in a questionnaire and validated by interview. Results: Individuals with the minor G allele of rs56013859 were found to be less engaged in alcohol use, drinking at only 72\% of the days compared to homozygotes for the major A allele. Moreover, among regular drinkers, a gene x environment interaction emerged (p = .020). While no effects of genotype appeared under conditions of low stress, carriers of the G allele exhibited less hazardous drinking than those homozygous for the A allele when exposed to high stress. Conclusions: These findings may suggest a role of the circadian rhythm gene PER2 in both the drinking patterns of young adults and in moderating the impact of severe life stress on hazardous drinking in experienced alcohol users. However, in light of the likely burden of multiple tests, the nature of the measures used and the nominal evidence of interaction, replication is needed before drawing firm conclusions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HohmannHohmTreutleinetal.2015,
  author    = {Hohmann, Sarah and Hohm, Erika and Treutlein, Jens and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Brandeis, Daniel and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Association of norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) genotype with ADHD-related phenotypes: Findings of a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence},
  series = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry},
  volume    = {226},
  journal   = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry},
  number    = {2-3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0165-1781},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.029},
  pages     = {425 -- 433},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Variation in the gene encoding for the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) has repeatedly been linked with ADHD, although there is some inconsistency regarding the association with specific genes. The variants for which most consistent association has been found are the NET variants rs3785157 and rs28386840. Here, we tested for their association with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD-related phenotypes during development in a longitudinal German community sample. Children were followed from age 4 to age 15, using diagnostic interviews to assess ADHD. Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered to the primary caregivers. The continuous performance task (CPT) was performed at age 15. Controlling for possible confounders, we found that homozygous carriers of the major A allele of the functional promoter variant rs28386840 displayed a higher rate of ADHD lifetime diagnosis. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the minor T allele of rs3785157 were more likely to develop ADHD and showed higher scores on the CBCL externalizing behavior scales. Additionally, we found that individuals heterozygous for rs3785157 made fewer omission errors in the CPT than homozygotes. This is the first longitudinal study to report associations between specific NET variants and ADHD-related phenotypes during the course of development. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtHohmEsseretal.2007,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Hohm, E. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Becker, Katja},
  title     = {Association between ADHD and smoking in adolescence : shared genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors},
  issn      = {0300-9564},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00702-007-0703-y},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of ADHD and smoking in adolescents could be attributed to common genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors. Data are from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring tobacco consumption and deviant peer affiliations. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using standardized interviews. DNA was genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism. Adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD displayed significantly higher smoking activity than non-ADHD controls. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. These findings suggest that the association of ADHD with smoking relies on risk factors shared by the two behaviors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{LauchtBlomeyerElFaddaghetal.2011,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Blomeyer, Dorothea and El-Faddagh, Mahha and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin and Banaschewski, Tobias and Becker, Katja},
  title     = {Are regulatory problems in infancy precursors of ADHD in childhood? a moderating role for the dopamine D4 receptor gene},
  series = {Infant mental health journal},
  volume    = {32},
  booktitle = {Infant mental health journal},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0163-9641},
  pages     = {212 -- 212},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NikitopoulosZohselBlomeyeretal.2014,
  author    = {Nikitopoulos, Joerg and Zohsel, Katrin and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Becker, Katja and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Brandeis, Daniel and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Are infants differentially sensitive to parenting? Early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and externalizing behavior during adolescence},
  series = {Journal of psychiatric research},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Journal of psychiatric research},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0022-3956},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.012},
  pages     = {53 -- 59},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WittBuchmannBlomeyeretal.2011,
  author    = {Witt, Stephanie H. and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Nieratschker, Vanessa and Treutlein, Jens and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Bidlingmaier, Martin and Wiedemann, Klaus and Rietschel, Marcella and Laucht, Manfred and Wuest, Stefan and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.},
  title     = {An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses},
  series = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0306-4530},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.015},
  pages     = {1010 -- 1020},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Interindividual variability in the regulation of the human stress system accounts for a part of the individual's liability to stress-related diseases. These differences are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Early childhood adversity is a well-studied environmental factor affecting an individual's stress response which has been shown to be modulated by gene environment interaction (GxE). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in stress regulation and genetic variation in NPY may influence stress responses. In this study, we analyzed the association of a common variant in the NPY gene promoter, rs16147, with cortisol and ACTH responses to acute psychosocial stress in young adults from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (MARS), an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early adversity from birth into adulthood. We found evidence of a GxE interaction between rs16147 and early adversity significantly affecting HPA axis responses to acute psychosocial stress. These findings suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms linking early adverse experience and later neuroendocrine stress regulation are modulated by a gene variant whose functional relevance is documented by increasing convergent evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinrichBuchmannZohseletal.2015,
  author    = {Heinrich, Angela and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Zohsel, Katrin and Dukal, Helene and Frank, Josef and Treutlein, Jens and Nieratschker, Vanessa and Witt, Stephanie H. and Brandeis, Daniel and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred and Rietschel, Marcella},
  title     = {Alterations of Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Methylation in Externalizing Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence},
  series = {Behavior genetics : an international journal devoted to research in the inheritance of behavior in animals and man},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Behavior genetics : an international journal devoted to research in the inheritance of behavior in animals and man},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0001-8244},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10519-015-9721-y},
  pages     = {529 -- 536},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Epigenetic modulations are a hypothesized link between environmental factors and the development of psychiatric disorders. Research has suggested that patients with depression or bipolar disorder exhibit higher methylation levels in the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1. We aimed to investigate whether NR3C1 methylation changes are similarly associated with externalizing disorders such as aggressive behavior and conduct disorder. NR3C1 exon 1F methylation was analyzed in young adults with a lifetime diagnosis of an externalizing disorder (N = 68) or a depressive disorder (N = 27) and healthy controls (N = 124) from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk. The externalizing disorders group had significantly lower NR3C1 methylation levels than the lifetime depressive disorder group (p = 0.009) and healthy controls (p = 0.001) This report of lower methylation levels in NR3C1 in externalizing disorders may indicate a mechanism through which the differential development of externalizing disorders as opposed to depressive disorders might occur.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlomeyerBuchmannSchmidetal.2011,
  author    = {Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Age at first drink moderates the impact of current stressful life events on drinking behavior in young adults},
  series = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0145-6008},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01447.x},
  pages     = {1142 -- 1148},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Recent evidence from animal experiments and studies in humans suggests that early age at first drink (AFD) may lead to higher stress-induced drinking. The present study aimed to extend these findings by examining whether AFD interacted with stressful life events (SLE) and/or with daily hassles regarding the impact on drinking patterns among young adults. Method: In 306 participants of an epidemiological cohort study, AFD was assessed together with SLE during the past 3 years, daily hassles in the last month, and drinking behavior at age 22. As outcome variables, 2 variables were derived, reflecting different aspects of alcohol use: the amount of alcohol consumed in the last month and the drinking frequency, indicated by the number of drinking days in the last month. Results: Linear regression models revealed an interaction effect between the continuous measures of AFD and SLE on the amount of alcohol consumed. The earlier young adults had their first alcoholic drink and the higher the levels of SLE they were exposed to, the disproportionately more alcohol they consumed. Drinking frequency was not affected by an interaction of these variables, while daily hassles and their interaction with AFD were unrelated to drinking behavior. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early age at drinking onset as a risk factor for later heavy drinking under high load of SLE. Prevention programs should aim to raise age at first contact with alcohol. Additionally, support in stressful life situations and the acquisition of effective coping strategies might prevent heavy drinking in those with earlier drinking onset.},
  language  = {en}
}