@incollection{Mackert2020,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Schließung, soziale},
  series = {Max Weber-Handbuch},
  booktitle = {Max Weber-Handbuch},
  editor    = {M{\"u}ller, Hans-Peter and Sigmund, Steffen},
  edition   = {2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage},
  publisher = {J.B. Metzler},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-476-05141-7},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-476-05142-4_39},
  pages     = {156 -- 158},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft f{\"u}hrt Weber das Konzept »offener« und »geschlossener« sozialer Beziehungen (s. Kap. II.4) als \S 10 der Soziologischen Grundbegriffe systematisch nach der Unterscheidung von »Vergemeinschaftung « und »Vergesellschaftung« (WuG, 21 \S 9) ein. W{\"a}hrend das soziale Handeln (s. Kap. II.16) bei der ersten dieser beiden Formen sozialer Beziehungen auf affektuell oder traditional begr{\"u}ndeter Zusammengeh{\"o}rigkeit von Individuen beruht, gr{\"u}ndet es bei der zweiten auf der wert- oder zweckrationalen Orientierung ihres Handelns. Trotz dieser wichtigen, anhand seiner Handlungstypen getroffenen Unterscheidung, macht Weber dann allerdings zugleich deutlich, dass im Hinblick auf Prozesse sozialer Schließung kein Unterschied darin besteht, ob es sich um subjektiv gef{\"u}hlte oder rational motivierte Zusammengeh{\"o}rigkeiten dreht. Vielmehr gilt jegliche soziale Beziehung nach außen hin als »offen«, »wenn und insoweit die Teilnahme an dem an ihrem Sinngehalt orientierten gegenseitigen Handeln, welches sie konstituiert, nach ihren geltenden Ordnungen niemand verwehrt wird, der dazu tats{\"a}chlich in der Lage und geneigt ist« (ebd., 23).},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2023,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Soziale Schließung},
  series = {Politische Soziologie : Handbuch f{\"u}r Wissenschaft und Studium},
  journal   = {Politische Soziologie : Handbuch f{\"u}r Wissenschaft und Studium},
  publisher = {Nomos},
  address   = {Baden-Baden},
  isbn      = {978-3-8487-4836-5},
  year      = {2023},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2021,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Social life as collective struggle},
  series = {sozialpolitik.ch},
  journal   = {sozialpolitik.ch},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t},
  address   = {Freiburg},
  issn      = {2297-8224},
  doi       = {10.18753/2297-8224-174},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In recent years, all over the globe we have seen intensifying economic exploitation, political disenfranchisement, social marginalization and cultural repression in all kinds of political regimes, from liberal democratic to authoritarian and dictatorial. Although the strategies vary with regard to regime and context, in all of them we observe that while a growing number of social groups are speaking out and rising against them, a presumably much higher number of groups do not. In this article, I argue that all these processes can be conceived as aspects of ongoing closure struggles in social life. However, in order to understand why some social groups are able to fight against closure strategies while others are not, closure theory in its current state of elaboration is not of any help. While it operates with the term solidarization, it does not offer any explanation of how such acting in solidarity may become possible in closure struggles. The article is a mainly theoretical contribution of how to solve this problem.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MackertHartmann2015,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Hartmann, Eddie},
  title     = {Violence},
  series = {Oxford Bibliographies sociology},
  journal   = {Oxford Bibliographies sociology},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  doi       = {10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0137},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WolfMackert2020,
  author    = {Wolf, Hannah and Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis Vol. 2. Urban Neo-liberalisation},
  journal   = {Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis Vol. 2. Urban Neo-liberalisation},
  editor    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Turner, Bryan S. and Wolf, Hannah},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-0-42926-228-9},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as 'actually existing neo-liberalism' are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural 'regulatory landscapes'. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger 'to do down the weaker'. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism's war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtWellenburgMackert2018,
  author    = {Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian and Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {EU-Citizenship},
  series = {Europasoziologie : Handbuch f{\"u}r Wissenschaft und Studium},
  journal   = {Europasoziologie : Handbuch f{\"u}r Wissenschaft und Studium},
  publisher = {Nomos},
  address   = {Baden-Baden},
  isbn      = {978-3-8487-2456-7},
  pages     = {120 -- 129},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2014,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {The secret society and the social dynamics of terrorist behavior},
  series = {Revue de Synth{\`e}se},
  volume    = {135},
  journal   = {Revue de Synth{\`e}se},
  publisher = {Brill},
  address   = {Leiden},
  issn      = {1955-2343},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11873-014-0261-z},
  pages     = {331 -- 359},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The article argues that individualist accounts cannot adequately explain the social dynamics of terrorist behavior as they turn analyses of terrorism into analyses of terrorists. A relational approach that concentrates on the social relations between terrorist organizations and their members would be able to do this, however. Therefore, the article presents a formal analysis that makes the "secret society" of terrorists the lynchpin of an explanation of how terrorist organizations shape the behavioral conditions of volunteers and suicide terrorists in a manner that triggers a type of behavior we might call terrorism.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2004,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Reorganiszation and Stabilization},
  series = {Journal of classical sociology},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Journal of classical sociology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1468-795X},
  pages     = {311 -- 336},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The consequences of economic globalization have created a new interest in'EmileDurkheim's conception of an institutional and moral reorganization of modernsociety that he developed in Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. Contrary toexisting attempts to explain these political processes towards democratization, thisarticle argues for a causal analysis of social change and concentrates on the socialmechanisms that trigger the reorganization process of modern society. Two thesesare entertained. The first thesis argues that the programme of an institutional andmoral reorganization of modern society can be reanalysed as a causal process ofdemocratization. This process takes two steps. While social mechanisms of reorgan-izationbring about the institutional and moral reorganization of modern society,social mechanisms of stabilizationguarantee the functioning of the emergingdemocratic system. Further, the second thesis argues that this kind of explanationcan be applied to Durkheim's vision of a European confederation. The analysisreveals that his idea of a 'post-national' constellation refers to crucial problems ofthe recent debate regarding a democratic deficit in the European Union, and itshows that Durkheim's contribution to both political sociology and historical-comparative research has been misconceived and prematurely repudiated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Mackert2012,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Social Closure},
  series = {Oxford Bibliographies},
  journal   = {Oxford Bibliographies},
  publisher = {Oxford University},
  address   = {Oxford},
  doi       = {10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0084},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {"Social closure" is one of the most basic terms and concepts in sociology. Basically, closure refers to processes of drawing boundaries, constructing identities, and building communities in order to monopolize scarce resources for one's own group, thereby excluding others from using them. Society is not a homogenous entity but is instead internally structured and subdivided by processes of social closure. Some social formations, such as groups, organizations, or institutions, may be open to everybody, provided they are capable of participation, while access to most others is limited due to certain criteria that either allow people to become members or exclude them from membership. Therefore, social closure is a ubiquitous, everyday phenomenon that can be observed in almost every sphere and place in the social world. Members of societies experience closure from the very beginning of their social life. To be excluded from certain groups starts at school, where presumably homogenous classes begin to subdivide into distinct peer groups or sports teams. Here, exclusion may be rather arbitrary, but the experience of having a door slammed in one's face proceeds in cases, where inclusion depends on formal rules or preconditions. Access to private schools follows explicit rules and depends on financial capacities; access to university depends on a certificate or diploma, eventually from certain schools only; membership in a highly prestigious club depends on economic and social capital and the respective social networks; and finally, in the case of migration, people will have to be eligible for citizenship and pass the thorny path of naturalization. However, it is not just the enormous plurality of forms that makes social closure crucial for sociology. Rather, the process of closure of social relations—of groups, organizations, institutions, and even national societies—is the fundamental process of both "communal" (Vergemeinschaftung) and "associative" relationships (Vergesellschaftung), and neither would be possible without social closure. In this broad and fundamental sense, social closure is not restricted to processes in national societies. It even allows for understanding crucial processes of the way the social world is organized at the regional or global level.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Mackert2013,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Gewalt in Ordnungskonflikten als Problem der erkl{\"a}renden Soziologie},
  series = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {0863-1808},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11609-013-0210-y},
  pages     = {91 -- 113},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Gewaltt{\"a}tige soziale und politische Auseinandersetzungen, wie sie sich j{\"u}ngst in den Staaten Nordafrikas und des Nahen Ostens, in den franz{\"o}sischen Banlieues oder in London ereignet haben, deuten darauf hin, dass die sozialen Ordnungen, in denen sie entstehen, nicht l{\"a}nger ungeteilt als legitim erachtet werden. Vielmehr werden sie von alternativen Ordnungsvorstellungen infrage gestellt und herausgefordert. Auf die Erkl{\"a}rung derartiger Ordnungskonflikte ist die Soziologie nicht gut vorbereitet. Der Aufsatz skizziert deshalb zun{\"a}chst Probleme und offene Fragen einer Soziologie der Gewalt - von der klassischen Soziologie {\"u}ber begrifflich-konzeptionelle und theoretisch-methodologische Probleme bis hin zu problematischen modernisierungs- und zivilisationstheoretischen Annahmen {\"u}ber eine k{\"u}nftige Rolle von Gewalt in sozialen Prozessen. Eine Erkl{\"a}rung der genannten Ph{\"a}nomene, so die These, wird nur dann m{\"o}glich, wenn eine Soziologie der Gewalt den konstitutiven Zusammenhang von Ph{\"a}nomenen physischer Gewalt und Formen sozialer Ordnung in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Eine erkl{\"a}rende Soziologie, die „Warum"- und „Wie"-Fragen nicht auseinanderreißt, muss sich dazu auf die sozialen Mechanismen der Gewaltentstehung in Prozessen der Produktion und Reproduktion sozialer Ordnung konzentrieren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2011,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Im Auftrag des Staates},
  series = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {0863-1808},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11609-011-0165-9},
  pages     = {431 -- 459},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Folter ist ein Akt extremer kollektiver Gewalt, der im Auftrag eines Staates im Geheimen ausge{\"u}bt wird. Die Frage, was Menschen dazu bringt, anderen Menschen diese extreme Gewalt anzutun, verengt den Blick f{\"u}r ein Verst{\"a}ndnis der Folter allzu schnell auf individualistische Erkl{\"a}rungsversuche. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht im Gegensatz dazu von der Gruppe der Folterer aus und r{\"u}ckt die sozialen Beziehungen dieser Form der Vergesellschaftung und die von ihnen ausgehenden sozialen Dynamiken und Effekte in den Mittelpunkt. In einem ersten Schritt werden Georg Simmels formale Bestimmungen der geheimen Gesellschaft rekonstruiert und auf die geheime Gesellschaft der Folterer angewandt und spezifiziert; auf dieser Grundlage werden im zweiten Schritt Handlungsbedingungen der Mitglieder der geheimen Gesellschaft der Folterer herausgearbeitet; der dritte Schritt bestimmt die eigendynamischen Prozesse des Ph{\"a}nomens der Folter, die aus der Eskalation politischer Konflikte, der Gruppe der Folterer und der Situation der Folter erwachsen. Die These lautet, dass sich aus der Perspektive einer relationalen Soziologie ein theoretischer Zugriff auf das Problem der Folter ergibt, der weiterf{\"u}hrende Erkl{\"a}rungen des Ph{\"a}nomens erm{\"o}glicht.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2010,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Opportunit{\"a}tsstrukturen und Lebenschancen},
  series = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {1862-2593},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-010-0135-7},
  pages     = {401 -- 420},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Der Beitrag diskutiert Genese, Bedeutungsgehalt und theoretischen Kontext des Merton'schen Konzepts der Opportunit{\"a}tsstruktur und des von ihm bei Weber entliehenen Konzepts der Lebenschancen. Die These lautet, dass beide Konzepte konflikttheoretisch interpretiert werden m{\"u}ssen, damit sie ihr volles analytisches und erkl{\"a}rendes Potenzial zur Analyse zentraler sozialer Konflikte entfalten k{\"o}nnen. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass beide Konzepte in ihrem Bedeutungsgehalt konvergieren, ein konflikttheoretisch inspiriertes Verst{\"a}ndnis aber unterschiedliche theoretische Strategien erfordert. W{\"a}hrend die Opportunit{\"a}tsstrukturen jenseits des Merton'schen Verst{\"a}ndnisses reinterpretiert werden m{\"u}ssen, um verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, dass das Handeln sozialer Akteure die Optionen anderer beschr{\"a}nken kann, ist f{\"u}r die Lebenschancen ein Zur{\"u}ck zu Max Webers urspr{\"u}nglicher Idee angezeigt, um der Bedeutung sozialer Schließung als sozialen Mechanismus einer Auseinandersetzung um knappe G{\"u}ter nachgehen zu k{\"o}nnen},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2015,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {The secret society of torturers},
  series = {Internationale journal of conflict and violence},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Internationale journal of conflict and violence},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1864-1385},
  doi       = {10.4119/ijcv-3071},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015130},
  pages     = {106 -- 120},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The Secret Society of Torturers107How do normal people become able to torture others? In order to explain this puzzling social phenomenon, we have to take secrecy - the characteristic trait of modern torture - as the lynchpin of the analysis. Following Georg Simmel's formal analysis of the "secret society", the contribution reconstructs structural and cultural aspects of the secret society of torturers that generate social processes that allow its members to behave extremely violently, forcing individuals to turn into torturers. The contribution argues that the form of social behaviour that we call torture is socially shaped. It goes beyond social psychology to de-velop an explanation from the perspective of relational sociology},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Mackert2014,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Schließung, soziale},
  series = {Max Weber-Handbuch : Leben - Werk - Wirkung},
  journal   = {Max Weber-Handbuch : Leben - Werk - Wirkung},
  publisher = {WBG},
  address   = {Darmstadt},
  isbn      = {978-3-534-26348-6},
  pages     = {122 -- 124},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2010,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Auf den Schultern von Robert Merton?},
  series = {die analytische Soziologie in der Diskussion},
  journal   = {die analytische Soziologie in der Diskussion},
  publisher = {VS, Verl. f{\"u}r Sozialwiss.},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  isbn      = {978-3-531-16914-9},
  pages     = {91 -- 115},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2010,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Lebenschancen und die Dynamik sozialer Ungleichheit},
  series = {Soziale Ungleichheiten},
  journal   = {Soziale Ungleichheiten},
  publisher = {Seismo},
  address   = {Z{\"u}rich},
  isbn      = {978-3-03-777067-2},
  pages     = {11 -- 33},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{MackertSteinbicker2013,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Steinbicker, Jochen},
  title     = {Zur Aktualit{\"a}t von Robert K. Merton},
  series = {Aktuelle und klassische Sozial- und KulturwissenschaftlerInnen},
  journal   = {Aktuelle und klassische Sozial- und KulturwissenschaftlerInnen},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  isbn      = {978-3-531-19040-2},
  issn      = {2625-9389},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-531-19040-2},
  pages     = {132},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) gilt heute l{\"a}ngst als Klassiker der Soziologie. Er kann als der bedeutendste Soziologe der zweiten H{\"a}lfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und als Wegbereiter einer modernen Soziologie bezeichnet werden, die das konstitutive Verh{\"a}ltnis von soziologischer Theorie und empirischer Forschung ins Zentrum des Interesses ger{\"u}ckt hat. Aufgrund seiner Beitr{\"a}ge zur Sozialtheorie, zur Begriffsbildung in der Soziologie und seiner vielf{\"a}ltigen inhaltlichen und empirischen Arbeiten spielt Merton bis heute eine bedeutende Rolle in der Soziologie als wissenschaftlicher Disziplin.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2021,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {The condition of democracy. - Volume 3 : Postcolonial and settler colonial contexts},
  journal   = {The condition of democracy. - Volume 3 : Postcolonial and settler colonial contexts},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-0-367-74538-7},
  pages     = {1 -- 13},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WolfMackert2020,
  author    = {Wolf, Hannah and Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis},
  journal   = {Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-0-429-26228-9},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as 'actually existing neo-liberalism' are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural 'regulatory landscapes'. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger 'to do down the weaker'. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism's war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Mackert2018,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {We the people},
  series = {Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory},
  booktitle = {Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-09136-8},
  pages     = {91 -- 108},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The chapter argues that populism as a modern phenomenon is closely linked with the great democratic revolutions that, for the first time in history, addressed 'the people' as the sovereign, thereby constituting the modern citizen. Yet, 'the people' can and do draw boundaries between 'us' and 'them'. In an analytical perspective the article suggests a distinction between three forms of populism, 'organic populism', 'liberal economic populism', and 'liberal cultural populism', that operate differently. Applying closure theory to these different forms allows understanding of the different processes of populist politics that today promote exclusion by applying differentiated strategies of social closure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Mackert2018,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory},
  booktitle = {Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory},
  editor    = {Fitzi, Gregor and Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Turner, Bryan S.},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-09136-8},
  pages     = {1 -- 13},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The rise of populism has promoted a broad, vivid and flourishing debate in the social sciences that seems to have arisen even in the face of the ties between right-wing populism and the extreme right. The social sciences are struggling with how properly to conceptualise and theorise populism as a social and political phenomenon. Incongruity or asynchrony of events in factual history and their being conceptualised is obviously critical with regard to the problems that arise with defining and conceptualising populism. The plurality of usages, applications and meanings of populism thus only shows how, in a vivid debate, scholars can observe a contest for coming to terms with a concept that remains in flux and that needs to be continually revised given rapidly changing social conditions. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{MackertTurner2017,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Turner, Bryan S.},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 3 Struggle, Resistance and Violence},
  booktitle = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 3 Struggle, Resistance and Violence},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-67288-8 (print)},
  doi       = {10.4324/9781315562278},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The history of citizenship is one of social struggle against pre-modern authorities, nobles and aristocracies, of class struggles and the demands of social movements, and no less of cultural, ethnic, indigenous protests against the long history of colonialism. Paths to citizenship in Europe have taken very different directions, as Charles Tilly has shown with regard to England, the Netherlands, Russia or Prussia. Max Weber's dictum of defining the state by the accomplishment of the monopolisation of the legitimate means of violence is of utmost significance for the history of citizenship. There can be no doubt that the experience of World War II prepared the ground for the twentieth-century idea of citizenship. Consequently the Western concept of citizenship has been promoted as a role model in the march towards modernity as peaceful, democratic and universalistic. Finally, this chapter presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{MackertTurner2017,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Turner, Bryan S.},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 2 Boundaries of Inclusion and Exclusion},
  booktitle = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 2 Boundaries of Inclusion and Exclusion},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-67289-5 (print)},
  doi       = {10.4324/9781315562261},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This introduction presents an overview of the concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book examines the role of Frontex in the European Union as an agency to protect its external borders in the Mediterranean from irregular or 'illegal' migration. It discusses that Europe is an arrangement for European citizens only - and for some privileged non-citizens as in the Swiss case. The book explains the points to the possibility of a transnational membership regime that, however, bears certain antinomies that also point to unresolved problems. It offers an interesting view on the symbolic boundary between the citizen and the consumer, discussing this nexus from the perspective of citizenship studies, consumer culture and surveillance studies. Among the many far-reaching transformations that both societies and citizens have faced in recent years, the European migration crisis has most urgently brought to mind the fact that modern citizenship has always been about boundaries and about processes of inclusion and exclusion},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Mackert2017,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Why we need a new political economy of citizenship: neo-liberalism, the bank crisis and the 'Panama Papers'},
  series = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Political Economy},
  booktitle = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Political Economy},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-67290-1 (print)},
  pages     = {99 -- 117},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{MackertTurner2017,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen and Turner, Bryan S.},
  title     = {Introduction},
  series = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 1 Political Economy},
  booktitle = {The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 1 Political Economy},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge Taylor},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-67290-1 (print)},
  doi       = {10.4324/9781315562285},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In the course of the last four decades, neo-liberalism has established itself as the dominant form of governing both national societies and global affairs. On the foundation of both Keynesian economic policies and the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates among currencies, the world economy recovered. The classical sociological meaning and concept of citizenship as defined by T. H. Marshall and others after World War II rests on an analysis of the relationship between the capitalist economy and political democracy against the background of 'embedded liberalism'. Today, however, the enforcement of neo-liberal principles in order to turn modern democracies into 'market societies' impinges heavily on our idea of citizenship. The critical aspects of a flawed citizenship go directly to the heart of the idea of citizenship itself, as both democratic and social participation and a substantial conception of individual liberty all seem to be under attack from the global politico-economic regime.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Mackert2011,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {In the name of the state the secret society of the torturers},
  series = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {0863-1808},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11609-011-0165-9},
  pages     = {431 -- 459},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Torture is an extreme act of collective violence that is secretly executed in the name of a state. In order to explain the reasons why people torture others, individualist approaches concentrate on individuals' motives or interests. Contrary to that, the article argues that torture should be understood as a social relation. Thus, it takes the social relations of the group of torturers as a starting point. Firstly, following Georg Simmel's analysis of the secret society the paper argues that the group of torturers can adequately be conceptualized as a secret society; secondly, against this background the article reconstructs the conditions which structure torturers' agency; finally, this article offers an outline of the processes and dynamics that allows for explaining the phenomenon of torture. The thesis of the article argues that a relational sociology helps better explain and understand the social phenomenon of torture.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Mackert2013,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Towards a sociological explanation of violence in conflicts of social orders},
  series = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Berliner Journal f{\"u}r Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {0863-1808},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11609-013-0210-y},
  pages     = {91 -- 113},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The article argues that the uprisings during the Arab Spring as well as the riots in either the banlieues of French cities or in London have to be considered as violent conflicts that pose a serious threat to the social orders in which they emerge. These different kinds of social resistance have in common that they communicate more or less developed alternative conceptions of social orders that challenge what has been considered legitimate so far. Until now, sociology has neither successfully explained such kinds of conflicts nor the way they are triggered. Therefore, the article discusses crucial problems of a sociology of violence, i.e. violence as term and concept, theoretical and methodological deficits and, finally, assumptions about the role of violence in conflict-ridden processes of modernization and civilization in general. The article argues that a sociology of violence should concentrate on the nexus of social order and violence in order to explain how and why violent conflicts emerge in specific social contexts. Thus, a sociology of violence should take an effort to reconstruct the crucial social mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of emerging violence in processes of production and reproduction of social order.},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{Mackert2016,
  author    = {Mackert, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Zur Bedeutung und Analyse von Grenzen in der Soziologie},
  series = {Grenzen im Fokus der Wissenschaften},
  booktitle = {Grenzen im Fokus der Wissenschaften},
  publisher = {Trafo},
  address   = {Berlin},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {171 -- 196},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {de}
}