@article{ShakiFischerGoebel2012,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H. and Goebel, Silke M.},
  title     = {Direction counts A comparative study of spatially directional counting biases in cultures with different reading directions},
  series = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  volume    = {112},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0022-0965},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jecp.2011.12.005},
  pages     = {275 -- 281},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Western adults associate small numbers with left space and large numbers with right space. Where does this pervasive spatial-numerical association come from? In this study, we first recorded directional counting preferences in adults with different reading experiences (left to right, right to left, mixed, and illiterate) and observed a clear relationship between reading and counting directions. We then recorded directional counting preferences in pre-schoolers and elementary school children from three of these reading cultures (left to right, right to left, and mixed). Culture-specific counting biases existed before reading acquisition in children as young as 3 years and were subsequently modified by early reading experience. Together, our results suggest that both directional counting and scanning activities contribute to number-space associations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2018,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Deconstructing spatial-numerical associations},
  series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  volume    = {175},
  journal   = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0010-0277},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.022},
  pages     = {109 -- 113},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been studied extensively in the past two decades, always requiring either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing. This means that the typical finding of an association of small numbers with left or bottom space and of larger numbers with right or top space could be due to these requirements and not the conceptual representation of numbers. The present study compares explicit and implicit magnitude processing in an implicit spatial-directional task and identifies SNAs as artefacts of either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing; they do not reveal spatial conceptual links. This finding requires revision of current accounts of the relationship between numbers and space.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2013,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison},
  series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  volume    = {142},
  journal   = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0001-6918},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004},
  pages     = {308 -- 313},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerShaki2014,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2014.927515},
  pages     = {1461 -- 1483},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found for single digits and pairs of numbers, first in the "original" speeded parity task and then extending the scope to encompass different tasks, a range of measures, and various populations. Then we review theoretical accounts before surveying the emerging evidence for similar spatial associations during mental arithmetic. We conclude that the mental number line hypothesis and an embodied approach are useful frameworks for further studies.},
  language  = {en}
}