@article{HartmannSchrapersUteschetal.2016, author = {Hartmann, Tobias and Schrapers, Peer and Utesch, Tillmann and Nimtz, Manfred and Rippers, Yvonne and Dau, Holger and Mroginski, Maria Andrea and Haumann, Michael and Leimk{\"u}hler, Silke}, title = {The Molybdenum Active Site of Formate Dehydrogenase Is Capable of Catalyzing C-H Bond Cleavage and Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions}, series = {Biochemistry}, volume = {55}, journal = {Biochemistry}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0006-2960}, doi = {10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00002}, pages = {2381 -- 2389}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) are capable of performing the reversible oxidation of formate and are enzymes of great interest for fuel cell applications and for the production of reduced carbon compounds as energy sources from CO2. Metal containing FDHs in general contain a highly conserved active site, comprising a molybdenum (or tungsten) center coordinated by two molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide molecules, a sulfido and a (seleno-)cysteine ligand, in addition to a histidine and arginine residue in the second coordination sphere. So far, the role of these amino acids in catalysis has not been studied in detail, because of the lack of suitable expression systems and the lability or oxygen sensitivity of the enzymes. Here, the roles of these active site residues is revealed using the Mo-containing FDH from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Our results show that the cysteine ligand at the Mo ion is displaced by the formate substrate during the reaction, the arginine has a direct role in substrate binding and stabilization, and the histidine elevates the pK(a) of the active site cysteine. We further found that in addition to reversible formate oxidation, the enzyme is further capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite. We propose a mechanistic scheme that combines both functionalities and provides important insights into the distinct mechanisms of C-H bond cleavage and oxygen atom transfer catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Sauter2016, author = {Sauter, J{\"o}rg}, title = {The molecular origin of plant cell wall swelling}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {iii, 127 S.}, year = {2016}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften von hydratisierten Hemicellulose Polysacchariden mittels Computersimulation untersucht. Die hohe Quellfähigkeit von Materialien die aus diesen Molek{\"u}len bestehen, erlaubt die Erzeugung von zielgerichteter Bewegung in Planzenmaterialien, ausschließlich gesteuert durch Wasseraufnahme. Um den molekularen Ursprung dieses Quellvermögens zu untersuchen wird, im Vergleich mit Experimenten, ein atomistisches Modell f{\"u}r Hemicellulose Polysaccharide entwickelt und getestet. Unter Verwendung dieses Modells werden Simulationen von kleinen Polysacchariden benutzt um die Wechselwirkungen mit Wasser, den Einfluss von Wasser auf die Konformationsfreiheit der Molek{\"u}le, und die Quellfähigkeit, quantifiziert durch den osmotischen Druck, zu verstehen. Es wird gezeigt, dass verzweigte und lineare Polysaccharide unterschiedliche Hydratisierungseingenschaften im Vergleich zu lineare Polysacchariden aufweisen. Um das Quellverhalten auf Längen- und Zeitskalen untersuchen zu können die {\"u}ber die Begrenzungen atomistischer Simulationen hinausgehen, wurde eine Prozedur entwickelt um {\"u}bertragbare vergröberte Modelle herzuleiten. Die Übertragbarkeit der vegröberten Modelle wird gezeigt, sowohl {\"u}ber unterschiedliche Polysaccharidkonzentrationen als auch {\"u}ber unterschiedliche Polymerlängen. Daher erlaubt die Prozedur die Konstruktion von großen vergröberter Systemen ausgehend von kleinen atomistischen Referenzsystemen. Abschließend wird das vergröberte Modell verwendet um zu zeigen, dass lineare und verzweigte Polysaccharide ein unterschiedliches Quellverhalten aufweisen, wenn sie mit einem Wasserbad gekoppelt werden.}, language = {en} } @article{ReegJungCastroetal.2016, author = {Reeg, Sandra and Jung, Tobias and Castro, Jos{\´e} Pedro and Davies, Kelvin J. A. and Henze, Andrea and Grune, Tilman}, title = {The molecular chaperone Hsp70 promotes the proteolytic removal of oxidatively damaged proteins by the proteasome}, series = {Free radical biology and medicine : the official journal of the Oxygen Society, a constituent member of the International Society for Free Radical Research}, volume = {99}, journal = {Free radical biology and medicine : the official journal of the Oxygen Society, a constituent member of the International Society for Free Radical Research}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {0891-5849}, doi = {10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.002}, pages = {153 -- 166}, year = {2016}, abstract = {One hallmark of aging is the accumulation of protein aggregates, promoted by the unfolding of oxidized proteins. Unraveling the mechanism by which oxidized proteins are degraded may provide a basis to delay the early onset of features, such as protein aggregate formation, that contribute to the aging phenotype. In order to prevent aggregation of oxidized proteins, cells recur to the 20S proteasome, an efficient turnover proteolysis complex. It has previously been shown that upon oxidative stress the 26S proteasome, another form, dissociates into the 20S form. A critical player implicated in its dissociation is the Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70), which promotes an increase in free 20S proteasome and, therefore, an increased capability to degrade oxidized proteins. The aim of this study was to test whether or not Hsp70 is involved in cooperating with the 20S proteasome for a selective degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins. Our results demonstrate that Hsp70 expression is induced in HT22 cells as a result of mild oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, Hsp70 prevents the accumulation of oxidized proteins and directly promotes their degradation by the 20S proteasome. In contrast the expression of the Heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) was not changed in recovery after oxidative stress and Hsc70 has no influence on the removal of oxidatively damaged proteins. We were able to demonstrate in HT22 cells, in brain homogenates from 129/SV mice and in vitro, that there is an increased interaction of Hsp70 with oxidized proteins, but also with the 20S proteasome, indicating a role of Hsp70 in mediating the interaction of oxidized proteins with the 20S proteasome. Thus, our data clearly implicate an involvement of Hsp70 oxidatively damaged protein degradation by the 20S proteasome. c) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).}, language = {en} } @article{ZoellerHolschneider2016, author = {Z{\"o}ller, Gert and Holschneider, Matthias}, title = {The Maximum Possible and the Maximum Expected Earthquake Magnitude for Production-Induced Earthquakes at the Gas Field in Groningen, The Netherlands}, series = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America}, volume = {106}, journal = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America}, publisher = {Seismological Society of America}, address = {Albany}, issn = {0037-1106}, doi = {10.1785/0120160220}, pages = {2917 -- 2921}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The Groningen gas field serves as a natural laboratory for production-induced earthquakes, because no earthquakes were observed before the beginning of gas production. Increasing gas production rates resulted in growing earthquake activity and eventually in the occurrence of the 2012M(w) 3.6 Huizinge earthquake. At least since this event, a detailed seismic hazard and risk assessment including estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude is considered to be necessary to decide on the future gas production. In this short note, we first apply state-of-the-art methods of mathematical statistics to derive confidence intervals for the maximum possible earthquake magnitude m(max). Second, we calculate the maximum expected magnitude M-T in the time between 2016 and 2024 for three assumed gas-production scenarios. Using broadly accepted physical assumptions and 90\% confidence level, we suggest a value of m(max) 4.4, whereas M-T varies between 3.9 and 4.3, depending on the production scenario.}, language = {en} } @article{HechtFreisevonWebskyetal.2016, author = {Hecht, Eva and Freise, Christian and von Websky, Karoline and Nasser, Hamoud and Kretzschmar, Nadja and Stawowy, Philipp and Hocher, Berthold and Querfeld, Uwe}, title = {The matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 initiate uraemic vascular calcifications}, series = {Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation}, volume = {31}, journal = {Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0931-0509}, doi = {10.1093/ndt/gfv321}, pages = {789 -- 797}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9 are physiological regulators of vascular remodelling. Their dysregulation could contribute to vascular calcification. We examined the role of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 in uraemic vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro. The impact of pharmacological MMP inhibition on the development of media calcifications was explored in an aggressive animal model of uraemic calcification. In addition, the selective effects of addition and inhibition, respectively, of MMP-2 and MMP-9 on calcium-/phosphate-induced calcifications were studied in a murine cell line of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). High-dose calcitriol treatment of uraemic rats given a high phosphate diet induced massive calcifications, apoptosis and increased gene expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and of osteogenic transcription factors and proteins in aortic VSMC. The MMP inhibitor doxycycline prevented the VSMC transdifferentiation to osteoblastic cells, suppressed transcription of mediators of matrix remodelling and almost completely blocked aortic calcifications while further increasing apoptosis. Similarly, specific inhibitors of either MMP-2 or -9, or of both gelatinases (Ro28-2653) and a selective knockdown of MMP-2/-9 mRNA expression blocked calcification of murine VSMC induced by calcification medium (CM). In contrast to MMP inhibition, recombinant MMP-2 or MMP-9 enhanced CM-induced calcifications and the secretion of gelatinases. These data indicate that both gelatinases provide essential signals for phenotypic VSMC conversion, matrix remodelling and the initiation of vascular calcification. Their inhibition seems a promising strategy in the prevention of vascular calcifications.}, language = {en} } @article{MarcHoviusMeunier2016, author = {Marc, Odin and Hovius, Niels and Meunier, P.}, title = {The mass balance of earthquakes and earthquake sequences}, series = {Geophysical research letters}, volume = {43}, journal = {Geophysical research letters}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0094-8276}, doi = {10.1002/2016GL068333}, pages = {3708 -- 3716}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Large, compressional earthquakes cause surface uplift aswell as widespread mass wasting. Knowledge of their trade-off is fragmentary. Combining a seismologically consistent model of earthquake-triggered landsliding and an analytical solution of coseismic surface displacement, we assess how the mass balance of single earthquakes and earthquake sequences depends on fault size and other geophysical parameters. We find that intermediate size earthquakes (M-w 6-7.3) may cause more erosion than uplift, controlled primarily by seismic source depth and landscape steepness, and less so by fault dip and rake. Such earthquakes can limit topographic growth, but our model indicates that both smaller and larger earthquakes (M-w < 6, M-w > 7.3) systematically cause mountain building. Earthquake sequences with a Gutenberg-Richter distribution have a greater tendency to lead to predominant erosion, than repeating earthquakes of the same magnitude, unless a fault can produce earthquakes with M-w > 8 or more.}, language = {en} } @article{CescaGrigoliHeimannetal.2016, author = {Cesca, Simone and Grigoli, Francesco and Heimann, Sebastian and Dahm, Torsten and Kriegerowski, Marius and Sobiesiak, M. and Tassara, C. and Olcay, M.}, title = {The M-w 8.1 2014 Iquique, Chile, seismic sequence: a tale of foreshocks and aftershocks}, series = {Geophysical journal international}, volume = {204}, journal = {Geophysical journal international}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0956-540X}, doi = {10.1093/gji/ggv544}, pages = {1766 -- 1780}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The 2014 April 1, M-w 8.1 Iquique (Chile) earthquake struck in the Northern Chile seismic gap. With a rupture length of less than 200 km, it left unbroken large segments of the former gap. Early studies were able to model the main rupture features but results are ambiguous with respect to the role of aseismic slip and left open questions on the remaining hazard at the Northern Chile gap. A striking observation of the 2014 earthquake has been its extensive preparation phase, with more than 1300 events with magnitude above M-L 3, occurring during the 15 months preceding the main shock. Increasing seismicity rates and observed peak magnitudes accompanied the last three weeks before the main shock. Thanks to the large data sets of regional recordings, we assess the precursor activity, compare foreshocks and aftershocks and model rupture preparation and rupture effects. To tackle inversion challenges for moderate events with an asymmetric network geometry, we use full waveforms techniques to locate events, map the seismicity rate and derive source parameters, obtaining moment tensors for more than 300 events (magnitudes M-w 4.0-8.1) in the period 2013 January 1-2014 April 30. This unique data set of fore- and aftershocks is investigated to distinguish rupture process models and models of strain and stress rotation during an earthquake. Results indicate that the spatial distributions of foreshocks delineated the shallower part of the rupture areas of the main shock and its largest aftershock, well matching the spatial extension of the aftershocks cloud. Most moment tensors correspond to almost pure double couple thrust mechanisms, consistent with the slab orientation. Whereas no significant differences are observed among thrust mechanisms in different areas, nor among thrust foreshocks and aftershocks, the early aftershock sequence is characterized by the presence of normal fault mechanisms, striking parallel to the trench but dipping westward. These events likely occurred in the shallow wedge structure close to the slab interface and are consequence of the increased extensional stress in this region after the largest events. The overall stress inversion result suggests a minor stress rotation after the main shock, but a significant release of the deviatoric stress. The temporal change in the distribution of focal mechanisms can also be explained in terms of the spatial heterogeneity of the stress field: under such interpretation, the potential of a large megathrust earthquake breaking a larger segment offshore Northern Chile remains high.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ruppert2016, author = {Ruppert, Jan}, title = {The Low-Mass Young Stellar Content in the Extended Environment of the Galactic Starburst Region NGC3603}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {148}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{WestphalBeckerVocketal.2016, author = {Westphal, Andrea and Becker, Michael and Vock, Miriam and Maaz, Kai and Neumann, Marko and McElvany, Nele}, title = {The link between teacher-assigned grades and classroom socioeconomic composition: The role of classroom behavior, motivation, and teacher characteristics}, series = {Contemporary educational psychology}, volume = {46}, journal = {Contemporary educational psychology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0361-476X}, doi = {10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.06.004}, pages = {218 -- 227}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Teacher judgments in terms of grades, proficiency assessments, and recommending placement in ability groups can have important consequences for a child's future educational path. Whether or not students' sociodemographic background characteristics are systematically related to teacher judgments has been a controversial topic of discussion. Using data from the TIMSS-Transition Study (N = 3285 fourth graders) administered across 13 German federal states in the 2006-2007 school year and survey data from parents and teachers, we investigated whether or not the average classroom socioeconomic status is reflected in teacher judgments and also examined possible underlying processes. We also probed the role of teachers' own socioeconomic backgrounds (at the age of 16) in their later susceptibility to differentially judge students from different socioeconomic backgrounds and in differentially composed classrooms. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for differences in achievement (as indicated by standardized tests), teachers' judgments were associated with the classrooms' socioeconomic composition, and this finding could not be attributed to the average levels of motivation or behavior in the classroom. Teachers were similarly likely to exhibit such differential judgments regardless of their own socioeconomic background. These findings are discussed in the context of their implications for educational policy.}, language = {en} } @article{BaumannKritikos2016, author = {Baumann, Julian and Kritikos, Alexander}, title = {The link between R\&D, innovation and productivity: Are micro firms different?}, series = {Research Policy}, volume = {45}, journal = {Research Policy}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0048-7333}, doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.008}, pages = {1263 -- 1274}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We analyze the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity in MSMEs with a special focus on micro firms with fewer than 10 employees; usually constituting the majority of firms in industrialized economies. Using the German KfW SME-panel, we examine to what extent micro firms are different from other firms in terms of innovativeness. We find that while firms engage in innovative activities with smaller probability, the smaller they are, for those firms that do make such investment, R\&D intensity is larger the smaller firms are. For all MSMEs, the predicted R\&D intensity is positively correlated with the probability of reporting innovation, with a larger effect size for product than for process innovations. Moreover, micro firms benefit in a comparable way from innovation processes as larger firms, as they are similarly able to increase their labor productivity. Overall, the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity in micro firms does not largely differ from their larger counterparts. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kloss2016, author = {Kloß, Lena}, title = {The link between genetic diversity and species diversity}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {109}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{Wyrwa2016, author = {Wyrwa, Ulrich}, title = {The Language of Anti-Semitism in the Catholic Newspapers II Veneto Cattolico/La Difesa in Late Nineteenth-Century Venice}, series = {Church history and religious culture}, volume = {96}, journal = {Church history and religious culture}, publisher = {Brill}, address = {Leiden}, issn = {1871-241X}, doi = {10.1163/18712428-09603002}, pages = {346 -- 369}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The dispute between social versus religious interpretations of anti-Semitism pervaded the whole history of scholarly research. Whereas socio-historical interpretations had underlined the social aspects, current studies on anti-Semitism focus on religious motifs. The thesis that anti-Semitism was a result of a religious conflict, however, is far more alleged than substantially proved by the sources. So it seems necessary to go back to the sources. Therefore this paper analyzes the language of the Venetian Catholic newspaper Il Veneto Cattolico/La Difesa from the foundation of the newspaper in 1867 up to the First World War. Just a few years before the term anti-Semitism was coined, Catholic journalists of Venice had created the new semantic of secular anti-Semitism. They turned back to religious issues when they tried to systematize their anti-Jewish sentiments. Thus one can observe in the coverage of the Venetian Catholic journals the invention of an anti-Semitic tradition.}, language = {en} } @misc{WotingBlaut2016, author = {Woting, Anni and Blaut, Michael}, title = {The intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease}, series = {Nutrients}, journal = {Nutrients}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407687}, pages = {19}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Gut bacteria exert beneficial and harmful effects in metabolic diseases as deduced from the comparison of germfree and conventional mice and from fecal transplantation studies. Compositional microbial changes in diseased subjects have been linked to adiposity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Promotion of an increased expression of intestinal nutrient transporters or a modified lipid and bile acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiota could result in an increased nutrient absorption by the host. The degradation of dietary fiber and the subsequent fermentation of monosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is one of the most controversially discussed mechanisms of how gut bacteria impact host physiology. Fibers reduce the energy density of the diet, and the resulting SCFA promote intestinal gluconeogenesis, incretin formation and subsequently satiety. However, SCFA also deliver energy to the host and support liponeogenesis. Thus far, there is little knowledge on bacterial species that promote or prevent metabolic disease. Clostridium ramosum and Enterococcus cloacae were demonstrated to promote obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models, whereas bifidobacteria and Akkermansia muciniphila were associated with favorable phenotypes in conventional mice, especially when oligofructose was fed. How diet modulates the gut microbiota towards a beneficial or harmful composition needs further research. Gnotobiotic animals are a valuable tool to elucidate mechanisms underlying diet-host-microbe interactions.}, language = {en} } @article{BergmannVerbruggenHeinzeetal.2016, author = {Bergmann, Joana and Verbruggen, Erik and Heinze, Johannes and Xiang, Dan and Chen, Baodong and Joshi, Jasmin Radha and Rillig, Matthias C.}, title = {The interplay between soil structure, roots, and microbiota as a determinant of plant-soil feedback}, series = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {6}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {2045-7758}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.2456}, pages = {7633 -- 7644}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Plant-soil feedback (PSF) can influence plant community structure via changes in the soil microbiome. However, how these feedbacks depend on the soil environment remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that disintegrating a naturally aggregated soil may influence the outcome of PSF by affecting microbial communities. Furthermore, we expected plants to differentially interact with soil structure and the microbial communities due to varying root morphology. We carried out a feedback experiment with nine plant species (five forbs and four grasses) where the training phase consisted of aggregated versus disintegrated soil. In the feedback phase, a uniform soil was inoculated in a fully factorial design with soil washings from conspecific- versus heterospecific-trained soil that had been either disintegrated or aggregated. This way, the effects of prior soil structure on plant performance in terms of biomass production and allocation were examined. In the training phase, soil structure did not affect plant biomass. But on disintegrated soil, plants with lower specific root length (SRL) allocated more biomass aboveground. PSF in the feedback phase was negative overall. With training on disintegrated soil, conspecific feedback was positively correlated with SRL and significantly differed between grasses and forbs. Plants with higher SRL were likely able to easily explore the disintegrated soil with smaller pores, while plants with lower SRL invested in belowground biomass for soil exploration and seemed to be more susceptible to fungal pathogens. This suggests that plants with low SRL could be more limited by PSF on disintegrated soils of early successional stages. This study is the first to examine the influence of soil structure on PSF. Our results suggest that soil structure determines the outcome of PSF mediated by SRL. We recommend to further explore the effects of soil structure and propose to include root performance when working with PSF.}, language = {en} } @article{HavingaKoolAchilleetal.2016, author = {Havinga, Reinout and Kool, Anneleen and Achille, Frederic and Bavcon, Joze and Berg, Christian and Bonomi, Costantino and Burkart, Michael and De Meyere, Dirk and Havstrom, Mats and Kessler, Paul and Knickmann, Barbara and Koester, Nils and Martinez, Remy and Ostgaard, Havard and Ravnjak, Blanka and Scheen, Anne-Cathrine and Smith, Pamela and Smith, Paul and Socher, Stephanie A. and Vange, Vibekke}, title = {The Index Seminum: Seeds of change for seed exchange}, series = {Taxon}, volume = {65}, journal = {Taxon}, publisher = {International Association for Plant Taxonomy}, address = {Bratislava}, issn = {0040-0262}, doi = {10.12705/652.9}, pages = {333 -- 336}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Botanic gardens have been exchanging seeds through seed catalogues for centuries. In many gardens, these catalogues remain an important source of plant material. Living collections have become more relevant for genetic analysis and derived research, since genomics of non-model organisms heavily rely on living material. The range of species that is made available annually on all seed lists combined, provides an unsurpassed source of instantly accessible plant material for research collections. Still, the Index Seminum has received criticism in the past few decades. The current exchange model dictates that associated data is manually entered into each database. The amount of time involved and the human errors occurring in this process are difficult to justify when the data was initially produced as a report from another database. The authors propose that an online marketplace for seed exchange should be established, with enhanced search possibilities and downloadable accession data in a standardised format. Such online service should preferably be supervised and coordinated by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). This manuscript is the outcome of a workshop on July 9th, 2015, at the European botanic gardens congress "Eurogard VII" in Paris, where the first two authors invited members of the botanic garden community to discuss how the anachronistic Index Seminum can be transformed into an improved and modern tool for seed exchange.}, language = {en} } @article{JoestHenselKappeletal.2016, author = {J{\"o}st, Moritz and Hensel, Goetz and Kappel, Christian and Druka, Arnis and Sicard, Adrien and Hohmann, Uwe and Beier, Sebastian and Himmelbach, Axel and Waugh, Robbie and Kumlehn, Jochen and Stein, Nils and Lenhard, Michael}, title = {The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Protein BROAD LEAF1 Limits Barley Leaf Width by Restricting Lateral Proliferation}, series = {Current biology}, volume = {26}, journal = {Current biology}, publisher = {Cell Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {0960-9822}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.047}, pages = {903 -- 909}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Variation in the size, shape, and positioning of leaves as the major photosynthetic organs strongly impacts crop yield, and optimizing these aspects is a central aim of cereal breeding [1, 2]. Leaf growth in grasses is driven by cell proliferation and cell expansion in a basal growth zone [3]. Although several factors influencing final leaf size and shape have been identified from rice and maize [4-14], what limits grass leaf growth in the longitudinal or transverse directions during leaf development remains poorly understood. To identify factors involved in this process, we characterized the barley mutant broad leaf1 (blf1). Mutants form wider but slightly shorter leaves due to changes in the numbers of longitudinal cell files and of cells along the leaf length. These differences arise during primordia outgrowth because of more cell divisions in the width direction increasing the number of cell files. Positional cloning, analysis of independent alleles, and transgenic complementation confirm that BLF1 encodes a presumed transcriptional regulator of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family. In contrast to loss-of-function mutants, moderate overexpression of BLF1 decreases leaf width below wild-type levels. A functional BLF1-vYFP fusion protein expressed from the endogenous promoter shows a dynamic expression pattern in the shoot apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Thus, we propose that the BLF1 gene regulates barley leaf size by restricting cell proliferation in the leaf-width direction. Given the agronomic importance of canopy traits in cereals, identifying functionally different BLF1 alleles promises to allow for the generation of optimized cereal ideotypes.}, language = {en} } @article{KistnerBurnsVollmeyeretal.2016, author = {Kistner, Saskia and Burns, Bruce D. and Vollmeyer, Regina and Kortenkamp, Ulrich}, title = {The importance of understanding: Model space moderates goal specificity effects}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {69}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, publisher = {Optical Society of America}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2015.1076865}, pages = {1179 -- 1196}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The three-space theory of problem solving predicts that the quality of a learner's model and the goal specificity of a task interact on knowledge acquisition. In Experiment 1 participants used a computer simulation of a lever system to learn about torques. They either had to test hypotheses (nonspecific goal), or to produce given values for variables (specific goal). In the good- but not in the poor-model condition they saw torque depicted as an area. Results revealed the predicted interaction. A nonspecific goal only resulted in better learning when a good model of torques was provided. In Experiment 2 participants learned to manipulate the inputs of a system to control its outputs. A nonspecific goal to explore the system helped performance when compared to a specific goal to reach certain values when participants were given a good model, but not when given a poor model that suggested the wrong hypothesis space. Our findings support the three-space theory. They emphasize the importance of understanding for problem solving and stress the need to study underlying processes.}, language = {en} } @article{PremkeAttermeyerAugustinetal.2016, author = {Premke, Katrin and Attermeyer, Katrin and Augustin, J{\"u}rgen and Cabezas, Alvaro and Casper, Peter and Deumlich, Detlef and Gelbrecht, J{\"o}rg and Gerke, Horst H. and Gessler, Arthur and Grossart, Hans-Peter and Hilt, Sabine and Hupfer, Michael and Kalettka, Thomas and Kayler, Zachary and Lischeid, Gunnar and Sommer, Michael and Zak, Dominik}, title = {The importance of landscape diversity for carbon fluxes at the landscape level: small-scale heterogeneity matters}, series = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Water}, volume = {3}, journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Water}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {2049-1948}, doi = {10.1002/wat2.1147}, pages = {601 -- 617}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Landscapes can be viewed as spatially heterogeneous areas encompassing terrestrial and aquatic domains. To date, most landscape carbon (C) fluxes have been estimated by accounting for terrestrial ecosystems, while aquatic ecosystems have been largely neglected. However, a robust assessment of C fluxes on the landscape scale requires the estimation of fluxes within and between both landscape components. Here, we compiled data from the literature on C fluxes across the air-water interface from various landscape components. We simulated C emissions and uptake for five different scenarios which represent a gradient of increasing spatial heterogeneity within a temperate young moraine landscape: (I) a homogeneous landscape with only cropland and large lakes; (II) separation of the terrestrial domain into cropland and forest; (III) further separation into cropland, forest, and grassland; (IV) additional division of the aquatic area into large lakes and peatlands; and (V) further separation of the aquatic area into large lakes, peatlands, running waters, and small water bodies These simulations suggest that C fluxes at the landscape scale might depend on spatial heterogeneity and landscape diversity, among other factors. When we consider spatial heterogeneity and diversity alone, small inland waters appear to play a pivotal and previously underestimated role in landscape greenhouse gas emissions that may be regarded as C hot spots. Approaches focusing on the landscape scale will also enable improved projections of ecosystems' responses to perturbations, e.g., due to global change and anthropogenic activities, and evaluations of the specific role individual landscape components play in regional C fluxes. WIREs Water 2016, 3:601-617. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1147}, language = {en} } @article{BuschingLutz2016, author = {Busching, Robert and Lutz, Johannes}, title = {The Impact of Visual Stereotypes on Judgments about Rape A Reverse-Correlation Approach}, series = {Swiss Journal of Psychology = Schweizerische Zeitschrift f{\~A}¼r Psychologie = Revue Suisse de Psychologie}, volume = {75}, journal = {Swiss Journal of Psychology = Schweizerische Zeitschrift f{\~A}¼r Psychologie = Revue Suisse de Psychologie}, publisher = {Hogrefe}, address = {Bern}, issn = {1421-0185}, doi = {10.1024/1422-4917/a000178}, pages = {133 -- 140}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Fragestellung: Es soll die Qualit{\"a}t der Berichterstattung {\"u}ber Suizide und Suizidversuche in deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen n{\"a}her untersucht werden und Ver{\"a}nderungen der Suizidzahlen unter Jugendlichen in {\"O}sterreich nach dem Erscheinen von Berichten erfasst werden. Methodik: Suizidberichte aus f{\"u}nf großen deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen wurden mithilfe qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse im Hinblick auf Geschlecht, dargestellte Motive, Suizid(versuchs)methoden, positive und negative Darstellungsweisen, Schuldzuweisungen und Abweichungen von Medienempfehlungen zur Berichterstattung {\"u}ber Suizid analysiert. Die Suizidzahlen 2 Wochen vor und nach dem Erscheinen von Suizidberichten wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: 59 Berichte wurden identifiziert. Die h{\"a}ufigste Berichterstattung zum Thema Suizid fand sich in der Zeitschrift Bravo, wobei es zu einer leichten {\"U}berrepr{\"a}sentation weiblicher Suizide und insgesamt zu einer Unterrepr{\"a}sentation von Suizidversuchen kam. Entsprechend der Epidemiologie suizidalen Verhaltens wurde Sturz in die Tiefe am h{\"a}ufigsten bei M{\"a}dchen und Erh{\"a}ngen bei den Jungen beschrieben. Bei den dargestellten Motiven zeigte sich, dass wichtige Faktoren wie psychiatrische Erkrankungen kaum Erw{\"a}hnung fanden. W{\"a}hrend Suizidentinnen h{\"a}ufig positiv dargestellt wurden, wurden Suizidenten h{\"a}ufiger negativ dargestellt. Implizite Schuldzuweisungen wurden vorwiegend den Eltern zugeschrieben. Es zeigte sich kein Hinweis auf einen Werther-Effekt nach Berichterstattung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die weitgehende Divergenz zwischen der Epidemiologie von Suizidalit{\"a}t Jugendlicher und im deutschsprachigen Raum derzeit vorherrschenden Mediendarstellungen verdeutlicht wichtige Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r Pr{\"a}ventions- und Aufkl{\"a}rungsarbeit in der Bev{\"o}lkerung.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heinze2016, author = {Heinze, Johannes}, title = {The impact of soil microbiota on plant species performance and diversity in semi-natural grasslands}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {157}, year = {2016}, language = {en} }