@misc{AngeleSlatteryYangetal.2008,
  author    = {Angele, Bernhard and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith},
  title     = {Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57128},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl2008,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Publication Statistics Show Collaboration, Not Competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57198},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DimigenValsecchiSommeretal.2009,
  author    = {Dimigen, Olaf and Valsecchi, Matteo and Sommer, Werner and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Human Microsaccade-Related Visual Brain Responses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56923},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Microsaccades are very small, involuntary flicks in eye position that occur on average once or twice per second during attempted visual fixation. Microsaccades give rise to EMG eye muscle spikes that can distort the spectrum of the scalp EEG and mimic increases in gamma band power. Here we demonstrate that microsaccades are also accompanied by genuine and sizeable cortical activity, manifested in the EEG. In three experiments, high-resolution eye movements were corecorded with the EEG: during sustained fixation of checkerboard and face stimuli and in a standard visual oddball task that required the counting of target stimuli. Results show that microsaccades as small as 0.15° generate a field potential over occipital cortex and midcentral scalp sites 100 -140 ms after movement onset, which resembles the visual lambda response evoked by larger voluntary saccades. This challenges the standard assumption of human brain imaging studies that saccade-related brain activity is precluded by fixation, even when fully complied with. Instead, additional cortical potentials from microsaccades were present in 86\% of the oddball task trials and of similar amplitude as the visual response to stimulus onset. Furthermore, microsaccade probability varied systematically according to the proportion of target stimuli in the oddball task, causing modulations of late stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components. Microsaccades present an unrecognized source of visual brain signal that is of interest for vision research and may have influenced the data of many ERP and neuroimaging studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMassonRichter2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Masson, Michael E. J. and Richter, Eike M.},
  title     = {A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57073},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {We examined individual differences in masked repetition priming by re-analyzing item-level response-time (RT) data from three experiments. Using a linear mixed model (LMM) with subjects and items specified as crossed random factors, the originally reported priming and word-frequency effects were recovered. In the same LMM, we estimated parameters describing the distributions of these effects across subjects. Subjects' frequency and priming effects correlated positively with each other and negatively with mean RT. These correlation estimates, however, emerged only with a reciprocal transformation of RT (i.e., -1/RT), justified on the basis of distributional analyses. Different correlations, some with opposite sign, were obtained (1) for untransformed or logarithmic RTs or (2) when correlations were computed using within-subject analyses. We discuss the relevance of the new results for accounts of masked priming, implications of applying RT transformations, and the use of LMMs as a tool for the joint analysis of experimental effects and associated individual differences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ValsecchiDimigenKliegletal.2009,
  author    = {Valsecchi, Matteo and Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner and Turatto, Massimo},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Inhibition and P300 Enhancement in a Visual Oddball Task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57170},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of a rare target in a visual oddball paradigm induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. In the field of electrophysiology, the amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERP) has been shown to be sensitive to the stimulus category (target vs. non target) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye-movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other very weakly, and thus constitute two independent measures of the brain's response to rare targets in the visual oddball paradigm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglRolfsLaubrocketal.2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Modulation of Response Times in Spatial Attention Tasks},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57098},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Covert shifts of attention are usually reflected in RT differences between responses to valid and invalid cues in the Posner spatial attention task. Such inferences about covert shifts of attention do not control for microsaccades in the cue target interval. We analyzed the effects of microsaccade orientation on RTs in four conditions, crossing peripheral visual and auditory cues with peripheral visual and auditory discrimination targets. Reaction time was generally faster on trials without microsaccades in the cue-target interval. If microsaccades occurred, the target-location congruency of the last microsaccade in the cuetarget interval interacted in a complex way with cue validity. For valid visual cues, irrespective of whether the discrimination target was visual or auditory, target-congruent microsaccades delayed RT. For invalid cues, target-incongruent microsaccades facilitated RTs for visual target discrimination, but delayed RT for auditory target discrimination. No reliable effects on RT were associated with auditory cues or with the first microsaccade in the cue-target interval. We discuss theoretical implications on the relation about spatial attention and oculomotor processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HohensteinLaubrockKliegl2010,
  author    = {Hohenstein, Sven and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: a parafoveal past-priming study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57203},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pre-target word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms) effects were not significant but numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MingKlieglShuetal.2010,
  author    = {Ming, Yan and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua and Pan, Jinger and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectivenessof Word N+2 in Chinese Reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57103},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N+2)and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N+2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N+1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N+2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N+1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N+1 and PB for word N+2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N+1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56859},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBates2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas},
  title     = {International Collaboration in Psychology is on the Rise},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57045},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BostonHaleVasishthetal.2011,
  author    = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John T. and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterKliegl2012,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62346},
  pages     = {27 -- 44},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: Introduction Developments in creating corpora dlexDB, subtitles, and tabloid newspapers Rating corpus emotionality Current study Method Materials Corpora Results Type-token ratio Validity: Effects of task difficulty Emotionality of a corpus Validity: Effects of emotionality Discussion Outlook References},
  language  = {en}
}