@misc{MacWhinneyBatesKliegl1984,
  author    = {MacWhinney, Brian and Bates, Elizabeth and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the "competition model" of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RichterEngbertKliegl2006,
  author    = {Richter, Eike M. and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Current advances in SWIFT},
  issn      = {1389-0417},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Das Janusgesicht des Alters : {\"u}ber Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Ged{\"a}chtnis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Vier Forschungsans{\"a}tze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersged{\"a}chtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverl{\"a}ufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) {\"u}ber interindividuelle Variabilit{\"a}t und historischen Wandel, (3) {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und Reservekapazit{\"a}t und (4) {\"u}ber Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz ersch{\"o}pft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und {\"u}ben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Ver{\"a}nderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird f{\"u}r die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise f{\"u}r Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Altersdemenz, empfohlen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OlsonDavidsonKliegletal.1984,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davies, Susan E.},
  title     = {Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16888},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The development of phonetic codes in memory of 141 pairs of normal and disabled readers from 7.8 to 16.8 years of age was tested with a task adapted from L. S. Mark, D. Shankweiler, I. Y. Liberman, and C. A. Fowler (Memory \& Cognition, 1977, 5, 623-629) that measured false-positive errors in recognition memory for foil words which rhymed with words in the memory list versus foil words that did not rhyme. Our younger subjects replicated Mark et al., showing a larger difference between rhyming and nonrhyming false-positive errors for the normal readers. The older disabled readers' phonetic effect was comparable to that of the younger normal readers, suggesting a developmental lag in their use of phonetic coding in memory. Surprisingly, the normal readers' phonetic effect declined with age in the recognition task, but they maintained a significant advantage across age in the auditory WISC-R digit span recall test, and a test of phonological nonword decoding. The normals' decline with age in rhyming confusion may be due to an increase in the precision of their phonetic codes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TetznerKlieglKraheetal.2017,
  author    = {Tetzner, Julia and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Developmental problems in adolescence},
  series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0193-3973},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003},
  pages     = {40 -- 53},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6\%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKliegl2003,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs},
  issn      = {0278-7393},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2014,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0034997},
  pages     = {653 -- 668},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse \& Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerDemmrichMayretal.2001,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Demmrich, Anke and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research},
  series = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0033-3042},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  pages     = {10 -- 20},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank f{\"u}r die psychologische und linguistische Forschung},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von W{\"o}rtern zur Verf{\"u}gung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wort{\"a}hnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen W{\"o}rterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit {\"u}ber 100 Millionen laufenden W{\"o}rtern. Wir illustrieren die Validit{\"a}t dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidson1983,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41071},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements were compared while tracking a moving fixation point and in reading. Contrary to previous reports, the dyslexic and normal readers did not differ in their number of saccades, percentage of regressions, or stability of fixations in the tracking task. Thus, defective oculomotor control was not associated with or a causal factor in dyslexia, and the dyslexics' abnormal eye movements in reading must be related to differences in higher cognitive processes. However, individual differences in oculmotor efficiency, independent of reading ability, were found within both the dyslexic and normal groups, and these differences were correlated in reading and tracking tasks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margic and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeckJungaKliegletal.2021,
  author    = {Weck, Florian and Junga, Yvonne Marie and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hahn, Daniela and Brucker, Katharina and Witth{\"o}ft, Michael},
  title     = {Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome},
  series = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-006X},
  doi       = {10.1037/ccp0000686},
  pages     = {885 -- 897},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Ein Beitrag zur Binnenstruktur des Freundschaftsverst{\"a}ndnisses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19929},
  year      = {1984},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {EMAN : a modular and iterative eye-movement analysis program},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39909},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {EMAN is an eye-movement analysis program that consists of four modules. The first module rescales eye positions to coordinates of the display. The second and third modules reduce data to a fixation format and identify areas of bad measurement by means of iterative passes over the data. In the fourth module iterative algorithms are employed for the identification of line numbers and for achieving congruence between fixations and display.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DambacherRolfsGoellneretal.2009,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Rolfs, Martin and G{\"o}llner, Kristin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
  title     = {Event-related potentials reveal rapid verification of predicted visual input},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44953},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Human information processing depends critically on continuous predictions about upcoming events, but the temporal convergence of expectancy-based top-down and input-driven bottom-up streams is poorly understood. We show that, during reading, event-related potentials differ between exposure to highly predictable and unpredictable words no later than 90 ms after visual input. This result suggests an extremely rapid comparison of expected and incoming visual information and gives an upper temporal bound for theories of top-down and bottom-up interactions in object recognition.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RisseKliegl2012,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0027735},
  pages     = {1026 -- 1042},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DambacherSlatteryYangetal.2013,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith},
  title     = {Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0031647},
  pages     = {1468 -- 1484},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures.},
  language  = {en}
}