@misc{Schiefele1991,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Interest, learning, and motivation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33536},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Recent research related to the concept of interest is reviewed. It is argued that current constructs of motivation fail to include crucial aspects of the meaning of interest emphasized by classical American and German educational theorists. In contrast with many contemporary concepts (e.g., intrinsic learning orientation), interest is defined as a content-specific motivational characteristic composed of intrinsic feeling-related and value-related valences. Results from a number of studies are presented that indicate the importance of interest for the depth of text comprehension, the use of learning strategies, and the quality of the emotional experience while learning. The implications of these results and possible directions for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Social psychological issues in the study of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33903},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The chapter presents a social psychological approach to the study of rape and sexual assault. Two issues are at the core of this approach: identifying the critical variables that affect attributions of responsibility to victims of rape. and exploring people's subjective definitions of rape, which may differ markedly from legal definitions. Following a review of the American evidence, a series of studies conductcd in two European countries is presented to address these issues.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BubeckLaschewskyLupoetal.1991,
  author    = {Bubeck, Christoph and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Lupo, Donald and Neher, Dieter and Ottenbreit, Petra and Paulus, Wolfgang and Prass, Werner and Ringsdorf, Helmut and Wegner, Gerhard},
  title     = {Amphiphilic dyes for nonlinear optics: Dependence of second harmonic generation on functional group substitution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17201},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40347},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge Schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old-adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to 11 s per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50\% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high- rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Reich1990,
  author    = {Reich, Sebastian},
  title     = {On a geometrical interpretation of differential-algebraic equations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46683},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The subject of this paper is the relation of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) to vector fields on manifolds. For that reason, we introduce the notion of a regular DAE as a DAE to which a vector field uniquely corresponds. Furthermore, a technique is described which yields a family of manifolds for a given DAE. This socalled family of constraint manifolds allows in turn the formulation of sufficient conditions for the regularity of a DAE. and the definition of the index of a regular DAE. We also state a method for the reduction of higher-index DAEs to lowsr-index ones that can be solved without introducing additional constants of integration. Finally, the notion of realizability of a given vector field by a regular DAE is introduced, and it is shown that any vector field can be realized by a regular DAE. Throughout this paper the problem of path-tracing is discussed as an illustration of the mathematical phenomena.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1990,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {The influence of topic interest, prior knowledge, and cognitive capabilities on text comprehension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33472},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The present study investigated the influence of topic interest on the comprehension of texts. The primary goals of the study were as follows: (1) to formulate a new definition of the concept "topic interest", (2) to control for cognitive capabilities (intelligence, short-term memory) and prior knowledge, and(3) to assess different levels of comprehension. A total of 53 male students, majoring in computer science, took part in the study. Subjects were presented with a text on "Psychology of Emotion". Prior to reading the text, they were asked to indicate their level of interest in the topic. After reading the text, subjects were given a test of comprehension involving open-ended questions. The questions were designed to represent different levels of comprehension. The results show that the effect of topic interest on text comprehension is especially pronounced when a deeper level of understanding is required. Surprisingly, prior knowledge had no effect on the level of comprehension. Verbal intelligence, on the other hand, showed a clear effect on comprehension, especially in answering questions of simple knowledge. The effects of interest and verbal intelligence could be shown to be independent of one another.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1990,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Situation cognition and coherence in personality : an individual-centered approach},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33554},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krah{\´e} reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1990,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40336},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The focus of this study was on developmental reserve capacity in old age as revealed by testing-thelimits. We examined (a) the time course of training-related magnification of age differences in serial word recall and (b) predictability of training gains by pretest individual differences in cognitive abilities. In 20 sessions, young (n = 18) and old (n = 19) adults were taught to recall lists of 30 words using the Method of Loci. Age differences were magnified early in practice at long presentation times (20 s and 15 s per word) and later at 5 s per word. Regression of posttraining scores on various pretraining abilities revealed significant effects of digit symbol substitution. Also, consistent with the assumption of age-related decline in developmental reserve capacity, the unique variance in serial word recall associated with age group became more salient as the training unfolded.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PeterFoerster1989,
  author    = {Peter, Martin G. and F{\"o}rster, Hans},
  title     = {On the structure of Eumelanins : identification of constitutional patterns by solid-state NMR spectroscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17027},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Aus dem Inhalt: Melanins are complex polyphenolic polymers. They are usually formed in nature by enzyme-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of o-diphenols. The deep black eumelanins, derived from Dopa 1 or dopamine 3, are distinguished from the yellow to brown phaeomelanins obtained from Dopa in the presence of cysteine. Characteristic of eumelanins are the indole units, which are formed from catecholamines by intramolecular addition of the amino groups to the oxidatively generated o-quinones. [...]},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Selting1989,
  author    = {Selting, Margret},
  title     = {Speech style in conversation as an interactive achievement},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-43189},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Content: 1. Introduction 2. The notion of speech style: from a dependent variable to contextualization cue 3. Speech styles in conversation from a German Sozialamt 3.1 Extracts from conversation 3.2 Speech style constituting cues 3.3 Choice and alternation of speech styles in conversation 4. Summary and conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PueschelOppermannMuscholetal.1989,
  author    = {P{\"u}schel, Gerhard Paul and Oppermann, Martin and Muschol, Waldemar and G{\"o}tze, Otto and Jungermann, Kurt},
  title     = {Increase of glucose and lactate output and decrease of flow by human anaphylatoxin C3a but not C5a in perfused rat liver},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16733},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The complement fragments C3a and C5a were purified from zymosan-activated human serum by column chromatographic procedures after the bulk of the proteins had been removed by acidic polyethylene glycol precipitation. In the isolated in situ perfused rat liver C3a increased glucose and lactate output and reduced flow. Its effects were enhanced in the presence of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor DL-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthio-propanoic acid (MERGETPA) and abolished by preincubation of the anaphylatoxin with carboxypeptidase B or with Fab fragments of an anti-C3a monoclonal antibody. The C3a effects were partially inhibited by the thromboxane antagonist BM13505. C5a had no effect. It is concluded that locally but not systemically produced C3a may play an important role in the regulation of local metabolism and hemodynamics during inflammatory processes in the liver.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ErdelenLaschewskyRingsdorfetal.1989,
  author    = {Erdelen, C. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, H. and Schneider, J. and Schuster, A.},
  title     = {Thermal behaviour of polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17378},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon polymers with hydrophilic spacer, lipid-polyelectrolyte complexes and mesogenic polymers have been prepared. The thermal behaviour of the multilayers was studied by small angle X-ray scattering, IR and UV—visible spectroscopy. Good thermal stabilities were found for the various classes of polymers. In addition, for both complexed multilayers and mesogenic polymer films, reorientation processes were observed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Laschewsky1989,
  author    = {Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}},
  title     = {Monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of discotic liquid crystals?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17396},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Contents: 1. Discotic Liquid Crystals 2. Monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayers 3. Theoretical Considerations on the Molecular Packing of Discotic LCs in Monolayers and Multilayers 4. Spreading Experiments with Discotic LCs 5. LB-Multilayers of Discotic LCs 6. Polymeric Discotic LCs 7. Summary},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BiddleRickertLandoetal.1989,
  author    = {Biddle, M. B. and Rickert, S. E. and Lando, J. B. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e}},
  title     = {The use of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique to obtain ultra-thin polar films},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17185},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of oriented films possessing dipole moments are increasingly being used in pressure, acoustic, thermal and optical devices. The performance of these devices in many applications may be enhanced by thin-film technology.The developing Langmuir-Blodgett thin-film deposition technique offers the opportunity to obtain highly oriented and uniform organic-based films in the 10-5000 nm thickness range. Special techniques must be used, however, to assemble these molecules in such a way as to result in polar multilayer films. Several possible deposition techniques are investigated, with one resulting in a polar and pyroelectric film about 50 nm thick.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Faking personality profiles on a standard personality inventory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34486},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {A study is reported which investigates the fakeability of personality profiles as measured by a standard personality inventory, the Freiburger Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsinventar (FPI). Unlike previous studies investigating laypersons' ability to fake a global good or bad impression, the present study examined individuals' ability to fake a specific personality profile. Four groups of subjects were instructed to fake their FPI scores so as to present themselves as high vs low scorers on the "social orientation" dimension or high vs low scorers on the "achievement orientation" dimension. The results clearly demonstrate that subjects are successful in manipulating their scores on the critical dimensions according to instruction. Moreover, they also fake related scales in a way that corroborates the intended image of a person with a high (or low) achievement (or social) orientation. The overall pattern of results reveals that subjects were able to distort their responses in a way that reflects their intuitive understanding of the dimensional structure of the FPI. The implications of the present findings for the use of personality inventories as valid diagnostic instruments are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EckesKraheSix1989,
  author    = {Eckes, Thomas and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Six, Bernd},
  title     = {Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {In search of explanations : a rejoinder to Borkenau},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33859},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1989,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-limits and the study of adult age differences in cognitive plasticity of a mnemonic skill},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40311},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Investigated the range and limits of cognitive reserve capacity as a general approach to the understanding of age differences in cognitive functioning. Testing-the-limits is proposed as a research strategy, Data are reported from 2 training studies involving old (65 to 83 years old) and young adults (19 to 29 years old). The training, designed to engineer an expertise in serial word recall, involved instruction and practice in the Method of Loci. Substantial plasticity was evident in pretest to posttest comparisons. Participants raised their serial word recall several times above that of pretest baseline. Age-differential limits in reserve capacity were evident in amount of training gain but not in responses to conditions of increased test difficulty (speeded stimulus presentation). Group differences were magnified by the training to such a degree that age distributions barely overlapped at posttests. Testing-the-limits offers promise in terms of understanding the extent and nature of cognitive plasticity.},
  language  = {en}
}