@article{RadbruchPischonOstrowskietal.2017,
  author    = {Radbruch, Moritz and Pischon, Hannah and Ostrowski, Anja and Volz, Pierre and Brodwolf, Robert and Neumann, Falko and Unbehauen, Michael and Kleuser, Burkhard and Haag, Rainer and Ma, Nan and Alexiev, Ulrike and Mundhenk, Lars and Gruber, Achim D.},
  title     = {Dendritic core-multishell nanocarriers in murine models of healthy and atopic skin},
  series = {Nanoscale Research Letters},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Nanoscale Research Letters},
  number    = {64},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1556-276X},
  doi       = {10.1186/s11671-017-1835-0},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Dendritic hPG-amid-C18-mPEG core-multishell nanocarriers (CMS) represent a novel class of unimolecular micelles that hold great potential as drug transporters, e. g., to facilitate topical therapy in skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis is among the most common inflammatory skin disorders with complex barrier alterations which may affect the efficacy of topical treatment. Here, we tested the penetration behavior and identified target structures of unloaded CMS after topical administration in healthy mice and in mice with oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis. We further examined whole body distribution and possible systemic side effects after simulating high dosage dermal penetration by subcutaneous injection. Following topical administration, CMS accumulated in the stratum corneum without penetration into deeper viable epidermal layers. The same was observed in atopic dermatitis mice, indicating that barrier alterations in atopic dermatitis had no influence on the penetration of CMS. Following subcutaneous injection, CMS were deposited in the regional lymph nodes as well as in liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. However, in vitro toxicity tests, clinical data, and morphometry-assisted histopathological analyses yielded no evidence of any toxic or otherwise adverse local or systemic effects of CMS, nor did they affect the severity or course of atopic dermatitis. Taken together, CMS accumulate in the stratum corneum in both healthy and inflammatory skin and appear to be highly biocompatible in the mouse even under conditions of atopic dermatitis and thus could potentially serve to create a depot for anti-inflammatory drugs in the skin.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BalzusSahleHoenzkeetal.2017,
  author    = {Balzus, Benjamin and Sahle, Fitsum Feleke and H{\"o}nzke, Stefan and Gerecke, Christian and Schumacher, Fabian and Hedtrich, Sarah and Kleuser, Burkhard and Bodmeier, Roland},
  title     = {Formulation and ex vivo evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles for controlled delivery of corticosteroids to the skin and the corneal epithelium},
  series = {European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : EJPB ; official journal of the International Association for Pharmaceutical Technology},
  volume    = {115},
  journal   = {European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : EJPB ; official journal of the International Association for Pharmaceutical Technology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0939-6411},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.02.001},
  pages     = {122 -- 130},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Controlled delivery of corticosteroids using nanoparticles to the skin and corneal epithelium may reduce their side effects and maximize treatment effectiveness. Dexamethasone-loaded ethyl cellulose, Eudragit® RS and ethyl cellulose/Eudragit® RS nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Dexamethasone release from the polymeric nanoparticles was investigated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. Drug penetration was also assessed ex vivo using excised human skin. Nanoparticle toxicity was determined by MTT and H2DCFDA assays. Eudragit® RS nanoparticles were smaller and positively charged but had a lower dexamethasone loading capacity (0.3-0.7\%) than ethyl cellulose nanoparticles (1.4-2.2\%). By blending the two polymers (1:1), small (105 nm), positively charged (+37 mV) nanoparticles with sufficient dexamethasone loading (1.3\%) were obtained. Dexamethasone release and penetration significantly decreased with decreasing drug to polymer ratio and increased when Eudragit® RS was blended with ethyl cellulose. Ex vivo, drug release and penetration from the nanoparticles was slower than a conventional cream. The nanoparticles bear no toxicity potentials except ethyl cellulose nanoparticles had ROS generation potential at high concentration. In conclusion, the nanoparticles showed great potential to control the release and penetration of corticosteroids on the skin and mucus membrane and maximize treatment effectiveness.},
  language  = {en}
}