@article{SchwarzEiselt2009,
  author    = {Schwarz, Wolfgang and Eiselt, Anne-Kathrin},
  title     = {The perception of temporal order along the mental number line},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/A0013703},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {R. Sekuler, P. Tynan, and E. Levinson (1973) found that when 2 characters are presented side-by-side with a short onset asynchrony, subjectively, they often appear in a "first-left, then-right" order. The authors of this article conducted 6 experiments in which observers judged the temporal order (TOJs) in which 2 digits were presented. They found a consistent TOJ benefit (larger d') when the numerically smaller digit was presented first, even though this semantic information was irrelevant to the task and unrelated to the correct response. They concluded that digits located to the left of the mental number line are transmitted faster to a central comparison stage, which represents an "internal counterpart" to the Sekuler et al. (1973) finding regarding external locations. A corresponding benefit is found for letters pairs (e.g., A-Z) and also for mixed digit-letter pairs (e.g., I-Z).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserIhleetal.2009,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Lay, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung psychischer und famili{\"a}rer Faktoren f{\"u}r die Delinquenzentwicklung bis ins Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0026-9301},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Es werden Befunde aus einer prospektiven Laengsschnittstudie praesentiert, in der 321 Probanden im Alter von 8, 13, 18 und 25 Jahren untersucht werden konnten; ihre Dunkelfelddelinquenz wurde mit 18 und 25 Jahren erfasst. Wir suchten nach Assoziationen zur Delinquenzentwicklung und erwarteten Unterschiede zwischen auf das Jugendalter beschraenkter gegenueber ins fruehe Erwachsenenalter fortgesetzter sowie spaet, d.h. nach dem Alter von 18 Jahren, beginnender Delinquenz. Wir fanden gemeinsame Risikofaktoren und fuer die drei Verlaufstypen spezifische Risikokonstellationen, die eher im Jugendalter als in der Kindheit identifiziert wurden. Widrige familiaere Bedingungen, Entwicklungsverzoegerungen und psychische Stoerungen scheinen mit Delinquenz als eher persistentem Verhalten assoziiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Rolfs2009,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin},
  title     = {Microsaccades : small steps on a long way},
  issn      = {0042-6989},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.010},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Contrary to common wisdom, fixations are a dynamically rich behavior, composed of continual, miniature eye movements, of which microsaccades are the most salient component. Over the last few years, interest in these small movements has risen dramatically, driven by both neurophysiological and psychophysical results and by advances in techniques, analysis, and modeling of eye movements. The field has a long history but a significant portion of the earlier work has gone missing in the current literature, in part, as a result of the collapse of the field in the 1980s that followed a series of discouraging results. The present review compiles 60 years of work demonstrating the unique contribution of microsaccades to visual and oculomotor function. Specifically, the review covers the contribution of microsaccades to (1) the control of fixation position, (2) the reduction of perceptual fading and the continuity of perception, (3) the generation of synchronized visual transients, (4) visual acuity, (5) scanning of small spatial regions, (6) shifts of spatial attention, (7) resolving perceptual ambiguities in the face of multistable perception, as well as several other functions. The accumulated evidence demonstrates that microsaccades serve both perceptual and oculomotor goals and although in some cases their contribution is neither necessary nor unique, microsaccades are a malleable tool conveniently employed by the visual system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RomanoThielKurthsetal.2009,
  author    = {Romano, Maria Carmen and Thiel, Marco and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Mergenthaler, Konstantin and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Hypothesis test for synchronization : twin surrogates revisited},
  issn      = {1054-1500},
  doi       = {10.1063/1.3072784},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The method of twin surrogates has been introduced to test for phase synchronization of complex systems in the case of passive experiments. In this paper we derive new analytical expressions for the number of twins depending on the size of the neighborhood, as well as on the length of the trajectory. This allows us to determine the optimal parameters for the generation of twin surrogates. Furthermore, we determine the quality of the twin surrogates with respect to several linear and nonlinear statistics depending on the parameters of the method. In the second part of the paper we perform a hypothesis test for phase synchronization in the case of experimental data from fixational eye movements. These miniature eye movements have been shown to play a central role in neural information processing underlying the perception of static visual scenes. The high number of data sets (21 subjects and 30 trials per person) allows us to compare the generated twin surrogates with the "natural" surrogates that correspond to the different trials. We show that the generated twin surrogates reproduce very well all linear and nonlinear characteristics of the underlying experimental system. The synchronization analysis of fixational eye movements by means of twin surrogates reveals that the synchronization between the left and right eye is significant, indicating that either the centers in the brain stem generating fixational eye movements are closely linked, or, alternatively that there is only one center controlling both eyes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PitzerEsserSchmidtetal.2009,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls : a longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years},
  issn      = {0940-1334},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In a high-risk community sample, we examined the role of regulative temperament and emotionality as well as the extent of gender specificity in the development of externalizing problems. 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were followed from birth into adolescence. In infancy and childhood, NYLS- derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, externalizing problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. As revealed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression, low regulative abilities predicted adolescent behavioral and attentional problems over and above obstetric and psychosocial risks. Gender specificity was found in the strength of the association rather than in the kind with a stronger long-term prediction from infant and toddler temperament in girls. Compared to regulative abilities, temperament factors describing aspects of mood and fear/withdrawal versus approach tendencies played a minor role in the development of externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific risk factors and possible differential developmental trajectories to subtypes of disruptive behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidBlomeyerBeckeretal.2009,
  author    = {Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Treutlein, Jens and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Rietschel, Marcella and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-olds},
  issn      = {1355-6215},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00171.x},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Recent evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the age at onset could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with alcohol and nicotine consumption. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two DAT1 polymorphisms and different initiation ages with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption levels and dependence. Two hundred and ninety-one young adults (135 males, 156 females) participating in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were genotyped for the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and rs27072 polymorphisms of DAT1. Age at initiation was assessed at age 15 and 19 years. Information about current alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained at age 19 years using self-report measures and structured interviews. Results suggest that age at onset of intensive consumption moderated the association of the DAT1 gene with early adult substance use and dependence, revealing a DAT1 effect only among individuals homozygous for the 10r allele of the 40-bp VNTR who had started daily smoking or being intoxicated early in life. Equally, carriers of the T allele of the rs27072 polymorphism reporting an early age at first intoxication showed higher current alcohol consumption at age 19 years. In contrast, no interaction between rs27072 and the age at first cigarette with regard to later smoking was observed. These findings provide evidence that the DAT1 gene interacts with an early heavy or regular drug exposure of the maturing adolescent brain to predict substance (ab)use in young adulthood. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BessonIhle2009,
  author    = {Besson, Stefanie and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Depressive St{\"o}rungen},
  isbn      = {978-3-8017-2257-9},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchultheissYankovaDirlikovetal.2009,
  author    = {Schultheiss, Oliver C. and Yankova, Diana and Dirlikov, Benjamin and Schad, Daniel},
  title     = {Are implicit and explicit motive measures statistically independent? : A fair and balanced test using the picture story exercise and a cue- and response-matched questionnaire measure},
  issn      = {0022-3891},
  doi       = {10.1080/00223890802484456},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Previous studies that have examined the relationship between implicit and explicit motive measures have consistently found little variance overlap between both types of measures regardless of thematic content domain (i.e., power, achievement, affiliation). However, this independence may be artifactual because the primary means of measuring implicit motivescontent-coding stories people write about picture cuesare incommensurable with the primary means of measuring explicit motives: having individuals fill out self-report scales. To provide a better test of the presumed independence between both types of measures, we measured implicit motives with a Picture Story Exercise (PSE; McClelland, Koestner, Weinberger, 1989) and explicit motives with a cue- and response-matched questionnaire version of the PSE (PSE-Q) and a traditional measure of explicit motives, the Personality Research Form (PRF; Jackson, 1984) in 190 research participants. Correlations between the PSE and the PSE-Q were small and mostly nonsignificant, whereas the PSE- Q showed significant variance overlap with the PRF within and across thematic domains. We conclude that the independence postulate holds even when more commensurable measures of implicit and explicit motives are used.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WyschkonKohnBallaschketal.2009,
  author    = {Wyschkon, Anne and Kohn, Juliane and Ballaschk, Katja and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Sind Rechenst{\"o}rungen genau so h{\"a}ufig wie Lese-Rechtschreibst{\"o}rungen?},
  issn      = {1422-4917},
  doi       = {10.1024/1422-4917.37.6.499},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Is a specific disorder of arithmetic skills as common as reading/spelling disorder?Background: Referring to the prevalence rates of learning disorders in the research literature, the numbers of mathematics disorder and reading/ spelling disorder are often reported to be identical. However, the correlation between intelligence level and reading/ spelling skills is much weaker than between intelligence and arithmetic skills. If the same definition criterion is applied to both disorders, a lower prevalence rate for mathematics disorder should be expected. Objective: Are there differences in the prevalence estimates for learning disorders depending on the definition criterion? Method: A large representative sample of German students (N = 1970) was used to review the hypothesis. Results: Depending on the definition criterion, we could show a prevalence range of mathematics disorder between 0.1\% and 8.1\% in the same sample. Using the same definition criterion for both learning disorders, there are two to three times as many students with reading/spelling disorder than those with mathematics disorder. Discussion: Whenever children with reading/spelling disorder are compared to children with mathematics disorder, the same definition criterion has to be applied.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StraubHaenschBallaschketal.2009,
  author    = {Straub, Hans-Beatus and Haensch, Sylvana and Ballaschk, Katja and Esser, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {The Brandenburg questionnaire for quality of life in epilepsy patients : a new, short and valid instrument},
  issn      = {0013-9580},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02156.x},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Schiefele2009,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Motivation},
  isbn      = {978- 3-540-88572 (print)},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Schiefele2009,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Situational and individual interest},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheKnappert2009,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Knappert, Lena},
  title     = {A group-randomized evaluation of a theatre-based sexual abuse prevention programme for primary school children in Germany},
  issn      = {1052-9284},
  doi       = {10.1002/Casp.1009},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The study reports a group-randomized trial of a theatre-based intervention to prevent sexual abuse targeting first and second grade primary school children in Germany. A sample of 148 first and second graders saw a live performance of a play designed to promote skills in dealing with abuse-prone interactions with adults, watched a recording of the play on DVD or were assigned to a no intervention control group. Both the live performance and the DVD groups showed significant increases in the target variables (distinguishing good/bad touch and secrets, getting help, rejecting unwanted touch) from baseline to post-intervention and a follow-up after 2 weeks, while the control group did not show changes. The live performance and DVD groups participated in a further follow-up 30 weeks post-intervention, which showed sustained effects of the intervention. The findings indicate that with appropriately culture-sensitive measures, Sexual abuse prevention programmes can have Sustainable effects with young primary school children.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoellerKrahe2009,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents : a longitudinal analysis},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/Ab.20290},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The relationship between exposure to violent electronic games and aggressive cognitions and behavior was examined in a longitudinal study. A total of 295 German adolescents completed the measures of violent video game usage, endorsement of aggressive norms, hostile attribution bias, and physical as well as indirect/relational aggression cross- sectionally, and a subsample of N = 143 was measured again 30 months later. Cross-sectional results at T1 showed a direct relationship between violent game usage and aggressive norms, and an indirect link to hostile attribution bias through aggressive norms. In combination, exposure to game violence, normative beliefs, and hostile attribution bias predicted physical and indirect/relational aggression. Longitudinal analyses using path analysis showed that violence exposure at T1 predicted physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression 30 months later, whereas aggression at T1 was unrelated to later video game use. Exposure to violent games at T1 influenced physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression at T2 via an increase of aggressive norms and hostile attribution bias. The findings are discussed in relation to social-cognitive explanations of long-term effects of media violence on aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2009,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Sexuelle Aggression und Opfererfahrung unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen : Pr{\"a}valenz und Pr{\"a}diktoren},
  issn      = {0033-3042},
  doi       = {10.1026/0033-3042.60.3.173},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {There is growing evidence from the international literature that nonconsensual sexual interactions are widespread among adolescents and young adults. Following a brief review of this literature, two studies are reported that examined the prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression and sexual victimization among young people in Germany. In addition to the traditional focus on male perpetrators and female victims, evidence is presented on women's sexual aggression towards men and men's sexual victimization by women. Variables increasing the risk of sexual aggression and vulnerability for victimization include both biographical factors (e. g., childhood abuse) and situational variables (e. g., ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Special consideration is given to the representation of risk factors in the "sexual scripts" for consensual sexual interactions that serve as guidelines for sexual behavior. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the findings for prevention efforts.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MoellerKrahe2009,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Mediengewaltkonsum und Aggression im Jugendalter : ein Forschungs{\"u}berblick},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BuchmannSchmidBlomeyeretal.2009,
  author    = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Treutlein, Jens and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Rietschel, Marcella and Schumann, Gunter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Impact of age at first drink on vulnerability to alcohol-related problems : testing the marker hypothesis in a prospective study of young adults},
  issn      = {0022-3956},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.006},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {There is ample evidence that the early initiation of alcohol use is a risk factor for the development of later alcohol-related problems. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether this association can be explained by indicators of a common underlying susceptibility or whether age at drinking onset may be considered as an independent predictor of later drinking behavior, suggesting a potential causal relationship. Participants were drawn from a prospective cohort study of the long-term outcomes of early risk factors followed up from birth onwards. Structured interviews were administered to 304 participants to assess age at first drink and current drinking behavior. Data on risk factors, including early family adversity, parental alcohol use, childhood psychopathology and stressful life events, were repeatedly collected during childhood using standardized parent interviews. In addition, information on genotype was considered. Results confirmed previous work demonstrating that hazardous alcohol consumption is related to early-adolescent drinking onset. A younger age of first drink was significantly predicted by 5-HTTLPR genotype and the degree of preceding externalizing symptoms, and both factors were related to increased consumption or harmful alcohol use at age 19. However, even after controlling for these potential explanatory factors, earlier age at drinking onset remained a strong predictor of heavy alcohol consumption in young adulthood. The present longitudinal study adds to the current literature indicating that the early onset - adult hazardous drinking association cannot solely be attributed to shared genetic and psychopathologic risk factors as examined in this study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbrechtKopietzLinnetal.2009,
  author    = {Albrecht, Jessica and Kopietz, Rainer and Linn, Jennifer and Sakar, Vehbi and Anzinger, Andrea and Schreder, Tatjana and Pollatos, Olga and Br{\"u}ckmann, Hartmut-Josef and Kobal, Gerd and Wiesmann, Martin},
  title     = {Activation of olfactory and trigeminal cortical areas following stimulation of the nasal mucosa with low concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor : an fMRI study on chemosensory perception},
  issn      = {1065-9471},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Applied to the nasal mucosa in low concentrations, nicotine vapor evokes odorous sensations (mediated by the olfactory system) whereas at higher concentrations nicotine vapor additionally produces burning and stinging sensations in the nose (mediated by the trigeminal system). The objective of this study was to determine whether intranasal stimulation with suprathreshold concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor causes brain activation in olfactory cortical areas or if trigeminal cortical areas are also activated. Individual olfactory detection thresholds for S(-)-nicotine were determined in 19 healthy occasional smokers using a computer-controlled air-dilution olfactometer. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired using a 1.5T MR scanner with applications of nicotine in concentrations at or just above the individual"s olfactory detection threshold. Subjects reliably perceived the stimuli as being odorous. Accordingly, activation of brain areas known to be involved in processing of olfactory stimuli was identified. Although most of the subjects never or only rarely observed a burning or painful sensation in the nose, brain areas associated with the processing of painful stimuli were activated in all subjects. This indicates that the olfactory and trigeminal systems are activated during perception of nicotine and it is not possible to completely separate olfactory from trigeminal effects by lowering the concentration of the applied nicotine. In conclusion, even at low concentrations that do not consistently lead to painful sensations, intranasally applied nicotine activates both the olfactory and the trigeminal system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PollatosTrautMattauschSchandry2009,
  author    = {Pollatos, Olga and Traut-Mattausch, Eva and Schandry, Rainer},
  title     = {Differential effects of anxiety and depression on interoceptive accuracy},
  issn      = {1091-4269},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Feedback from the body is assumed to be altered in depression. Nevertheless, empirical studies investigating this assumed relationship remain sparse. This study aimed to examine interrelations between the ability to perceive heartbeats accurately (interoceptive awareness), depressive symptoms, and anxiety in healthy participants. METHODS: A well-validated heartbeat perception task to measure interoceptive awareness together with two questionnaires indexing anxiety and depression were administered to 119 participants. RESULTS: As main results we observed a negative correlation between heartbeat perception and depression. Only when focussing on high anxiety levels this negative correlation coefficient between depression and interoception remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the possible relationship between depressive symptoms and interoceptive awareness and may have further implications for theoretical models of anxiety disorders and their treatment. Further research is required to examine the potential consequences of altering interoceptive awareness in healthy subjects in relation to depression and anxiety.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleemannKopietzAlbrechtetal.2009,
  author    = {Kleemann, Anna Maria and Kopietz, Rainer and Albrecht, Jessica and Sch{\"o}pf, Veronika and Pollatos, Olga and May, Jana and Linn, Jennifer and Br{\"u}ckmann, Hartmut-Josef and Wiesmann, Martin},
  title     = {Investigation of breathing parameters during odor perception and olfactory imagery},
  issn      = {0379-864X},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Compared with visual and auditory imagery, little is known about olfactory imagery. There is evidence that respiration may be altered by both olfactory perception and olfactory imagery. In order to investigate this relationship, breathing parameters (respiratory minute volume, respiratory amplitude, and breathing rate) in human subjects during olfactory perception and olfactory imagery were investigated. Fifty-six subjects having normal olfactory function were tested. Nasal respiration was measured using a respiratory pressure sensor. Using an experimental block design, we alternately presented odors or asked the subjects to imagine a given smell. Four different pleasant odors were used: banana, rose, coffee, and lemon odor. We detected a significant increase in respiratory minute volume between olfactory perception and the baseline condition as well as between olfactory imagery and baseline condition. Additionally we found significant differences in the respiratory amplitude between imagery and baseline condition and between odor and imagery condition. Differences in the breathing rate between olfactory perception, olfactory imagery, and baseline were not statistically significant. We conclude from our results that olfactory perception and olfactory imagery both have effects on the human respiratory profile and that these effects are based on a common underlying mechanism.},
  language  = {en}
}