@phdthesis{Chen2012, author = {Chen, Xiaoming}, title = {Two-dimensional constrained anisotropic inversion of magnetotelluric data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63163}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Tectonic and geological processes on Earth often result in structural anisotropy of the subsurface, which can be imaged by various geophysical methods. In order to achieve appropriate and realistic Earth models for interpretation, inversion algorithms have to allow for an anisotropic subsurface. Within the framework of this thesis, I analyzed a magnetotelluric (MT) data set taken from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa. This data set exhibited strong indications for crustal anisotropy, e.g. MT phases out of the expected quadrant, which are beyond of fitting and interpreting with standard isotropic inversion algorithms. To overcome this obstacle, I have developed a two-dimensional inversion method for reconstructing anisotropic electrical conductivity distributions. The MT inverse problem represents in general a non-linear and ill-posed minimization problem with many degrees of freedom: In isotropic case, we have to assign an electrical conductivity value to each cell of a large grid to assimilate the Earth's subsurface, e.g. a grid with 100 x 50 cells results in 5000 unknown model parameters in an isotropic case; in contrast, we have the sixfold in an anisotropic scenario where the single value of electrical conductivity becomes a symmetric, real-valued tensor while the number of the data remains unchanged. In order to successfully invert for anisotropic conductivities and to overcome the non-uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem it is necessary to use appropriate constraints on the class of allowed models. This becomes even more important as MT data is not equally sensitive to all anisotropic parameters. In this thesis, I have developed an algorithm through which the solution of the anisotropic inversion problem is calculated by minimization of a global penalty functional consisting of three entries: the data misfit, the model roughness constraint and the anisotropy constraint. For comparison, in an isotropic approach only the first two entries are minimized. The newly defined anisotropy term is measured by the sum of the square difference of the principal conductivity values of the model. The basic idea of this constraint is straightforward. If an isotropic model is already adequate to explain the data, there is no need to introduce electrical anisotropy at all. In order to ensure successful inversion, appropriate trade-off parameters, also known as regularization parameters, have to be chosen for the different model constraints. Synthetic tests show that using fixed trade-off parameters usually causes the inversion to end up by either a smooth model with large RMS error or a rough model with small RMS error. Using of a relaxation approach on the regularization parameters after each successful inversion iteration will result in smoother inversion model and a better convergence. This approach seems to be a sophisticated way for the selection of trade-off parameters. In general, the proposed inversion method is adequate for resolving the principal conductivities defined in horizontal plane. Once none of the principal directions of the anisotropic structure is coincided with the predefined strike direction, only the corresponding effective conductivities, which is the projection of the principal conductivities onto the model coordinate axes direction, can be resolved and the information about the rotation angles is lost. In the end the MT data from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa has been analyzed. The MT data exhibits an area (> 10 km) where MT phases over 90 degrees occur. This part of data cannot be modeled by standard isotropic modeling procedures and hence can not be properly interpreted. The proposed inversion method, however, could not reproduce the anomalous large phases as desired because of losing the information about rotation angles. MT phases outside the first quadrant are usually obtained by different anisotropic anomalies with oblique anisotropy strike. In order to achieve this challenge, the algorithm needs further developments. However, forward modeling studies with the MT data have shown that surface highly conductive heterogeneity in combination with a mid-crustal electrically anisotropic zone are required to fit the data. According to known geological and tectonic information the mid-crustal zone is interpreted as a deep aquifer related to the fractured Table Mountain Group rocks in the Cape Fold Belt.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhuKolloscheLuetal.2012, author = {Zhu, Jian and Kollosche, Matthias and Lu, Tongqing and Kofod, Guggi and Suo, Zhigang}, title = {Two types of transitions to wrinkles in dielectric elastomers}, series = {Soft matter}, volume = {8}, journal = {Soft matter}, number = {34}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1744-683X}, doi = {10.1039/c2sm26034d}, pages = {8840 -- 8846}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A membrane of a dielectric elastomer coated with compliant electrodes may form wrinkles as the applied voltage is ramped up. We present a combination of experiment and theory to investigate the transition to wrinkles using a clamped membrane subject to a constant force and a voltage ramp. Two types of transitions are identified. In type-I transition, the voltage-stretch curve is N-shaped, and flat and wrinkled regions coexist in separate areas of the membrane. The type-I transition progresses by nucleation of small wrinkled regions, followed by the growth of the wrinkled regions at the expense of the flat regions, until the entire membrane is wrinkled. By contrast, in type-II transition, the voltage-stretch curve is monotonic, and the entire flat membrane becomes wrinkled with no nucleation barrier. The two types of transitions are analogous to the first and the second order phase transitions. While the type-I transition is accompanied by a jump in the vertical displacement, type-II transition is accompanied by a continuous change in the vertical displacement. Such transitions may enable applications in muscle-like actuation and energy harvesting, where large deformation and large energy of conversion are desired.}, language = {en} } @article{FettkeLeifelsBrustetal.2012, author = {Fettke, J{\"o}rg and Leifels, Lydia and Brust, Henrike and Herbst, Karoline and Steup, Martin}, title = {Two carbon fluxes to reserve starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells are closely interconnected but differently modulated by temperature}, series = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {63}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, number = {8}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0022-0957}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/ers014}, pages = {3011 -- 3029}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Parenchyma cells from tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. convert several externally supplied sugars to starch but the rates vary largely. Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to starch is exceptionally efficient. In this communication, tuber slices were incubated with either of four solutions containing equimolar [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate, [U-C-14]sucrose, [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate plus unlabelled equimolar sucrose or [U-C-14]sucrose plus unlabelled equimolar glucose 1-phosphate. C-14-incorporation into starch was monitored. In slices from freshly harvested tubers each unlabelled compound strongly enhanced C-14 incorporation into starch indicating closely interacting paths of starch biosynthesis. However, enhancement disappeared when the tubers were stored. The two paths (and, consequently, the mutual enhancement effect) differ in temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is functional, reaching maximal activity at approximately 20 degrees C but the flux of the sucrose-dependent route strongly increases above 20 degrees C. Results are confirmed by in vitro experiments using [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate or adenosine-[U-C-14]glucose and by quantitative zymograms of starch synthase or phosphorylase activity. In mutants almost completely lacking the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme(s), the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is largely impeded. Irrespective of the size of the granules, glucose 1-phosphate-dependent incorporation per granule surface area is essentially equal. Furthermore, within the granules no preference of distinct glucosyl acceptor sites was detectable. Thus, the path is integrated into the entire granule biosynthesis. In vitro C-14-incorporation into starch granules mediated by the recombinant plastidial phosphorylase isozyme clearly differed from the in situ results. Taken together, the data clearly demonstrate that two closely but flexibly interacting general paths of starch biosynthesis are functional in potato tuber cells.}, language = {en} } @article{KleinRosenberger2012, author = {Klein, Markus and Rosenberger, Elke}, title = {Tunneling for a class of difference operators}, series = {ANNALES HENRI POINCARE}, volume = {13}, journal = {ANNALES HENRI POINCARE}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-0637}, doi = {10.1007/s00023-011-0152-x}, pages = {1231 -- 1269}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We analyze a general class of difference operators on where is a multi-well potential and is a small parameter. We decouple the wells by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one potential well, and we shall treat the eigenvalue problem for as a small perturbation of these comparison problems. We describe tunneling by a certain interaction matrix, similar to the analysis for the Schrodinger operator [see Helffer and Sjostrand in Commun Partial Differ Equ 9:337-408, 1984], and estimate the remainder, which is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the interaction matrix.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{KleinRosenberger2012, author = {Klein, Markus and Rosenberger, Elke}, title = {Tunneling for a class of difference operators}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56989}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We analyze a general class of difference operators containing a multi-well potential and a small parameter. We decouple the wells by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one potential well, and we treat the eigenvalue problem as a small perturbation of these comparison problems. We describe tunneling by a certain interaction matrix similar to the analysis for the Schr{\"o}dinger operator, and estimate the remainder, which is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the interaction matrix.}, language = {en} } @article{CaliendoFossenKritikos2012, author = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank and Kritikos, Alexander}, title = {Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics?}, series = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics}, volume = {33}, journal = {Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0167-4870}, doi = {10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.005}, pages = {394 -- 409}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Experimental evidence reveals that there is a strong willingness to trust and to act in both positively and negatively reciprocal ways. So far it is rarely analyzed whether these variables of social cognition influence everyday decision making behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and buyers, as well as needing to trust others and reciprocate with their network. We base our analysis on the German Socio-Economic Panel with its recently introduced questions about trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity to examine the extent that these variables influence the entrepreneurial decision processes. More specifically, we analyze whether (i) the willingness to trust other people influences the probability of starting a business; (ii) trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and (iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the probability of being an entrepreneur versus an employee or a manager. Our findings reveal that, in particular, trust impacts entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers.}, language = {en} } @article{FedyuninLehnhardtBoehmeretal.2012, author = {Fedyunin, Ivan and Lehnhardt, Lothar and B{\"o}hmer, Nadine and Kaufmann, Paul and Zhang, Gong and Ignatov, Zoya}, title = {tRNA concentration fine tunes protein solubility}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{FedyuninLehnhardtBoehmeretal.2012, author = {Fedyunin, Ivan and Lehnhardt, Lothar and B{\"o}hmer, Nadine and Kaufmann, Paul and Zhang, Gong and Ignatova, Zoya}, title = {tRNA concentration fine tunes protein solubility}, series = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences}, volume = {586}, journal = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences}, number = {19}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0014-5793}, doi = {10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.012}, pages = {3336 -- 3340}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Clusters of codons pairing to low-abundance tRNAs synchronize the translation with co-translational folding of single domains in multidomain proteins. Although proven with some examples, the impact of the ribosomal speed on the folding and solubility on a global, cell-wide level remains elusive. Here we show that upregulation of three low-abundance tRNAs in Escherichia coil increased the aggregation propensity of several cellular proteins as a result of an accelerated elongation rate. Intriguingly, alterations in the concentration of the natural tRNA pool compromised the solubility of various chaperones consequently rendering the solubility of some chaperone-dependent proteins.}, language = {en} } @article{ChristImmenhauserAmouretal.2012, author = {Christ, Nicolas and Immenhauser, Adrian and Amour, Frederic and Mutti, Maria and Preston, Rosalind and Whitaker, Fiona F. and Peterh{\"a}nsel, Arndt and Egenhoff, Sven O. and Dunn, Paul A. and Agar, Susan M.}, title = {Triassic Latemar cycle tops - Subaerial exposure of platform carbonates under tropical arid climate}, series = {Sedimentary geology : international journal of applied and regional sedimentology}, volume = {265}, journal = {Sedimentary geology : international journal of applied and regional sedimentology}, number = {28}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0037-0738}, doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.02.008}, pages = {1 -- 29}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The Triassic Latemar platform in the Dolomites, Italy, is the site of several ongoing controversies. Perhaps the most interesting debate focuses on apparent cyclic deposition within the Latemar platform, whose nature and duration are still open to debate. Further disagreement concerns the lack of meteoric diagenesis-related isotope shifts at cycle tops that bear circumstantial petrographic evidence for subaerial emergence. Here, an evaluation of the nature of Latemar cycle tops is presented combining evidence from previous work and new field, petrographic and geochemical data. Cycle tops are ranked according to increasing exposure duration and spatial extent: type I surfaces lacking unequivocal evidence of prolonged supratidal conditions; type II dolomite caps formed in warm, evaporitic, intertidal lagoonal waters followed by exposure of perhaps intermediate duration; type III clastic-rich, red calcareous horizons with some showing platform-wide extent, representing prolonged supratidal conditions, and type IV discontinuities in tepee belts, genetically related to type II and III surfaces, but likely representing shorter-lived exposure stages. Petrographic and geochemical criteria indicate that most diagenesis occurred in the shallow marine and burial domain whilst an extensive meteoric overprint of cycle tops is lacking. This is underlined by the scarcity of meteoric diagenetic fabrics such as gravitational cements that, where present, are here interpreted as marine-vadose in origin. The scarcity of carbon and oxygen isotope signatures commonly assigned to subaerial exposure stages is best explained in the context of mid-Triassic climate. The low latitude, tropical but arid setting of the Latemar, situated in the western extension of the Tethys ocean, its isolation from nearby continental areas and overall short-term emergence episodes are in agreement with a limited degree of meteoric alteration of most cycle tops. High amounts of aeolian clastic material beneath some cycle tops, along with high Fe and Mn elemental abundances argue for intermittent subaerial conditions. This study proposes an enhancement of the classical Allan and Matthews (1982) isotope model for subaerial exposure under strongly arid climates. As the subaerial exposure nature of Latemar cycle tops, and therefore eustasy as the cause for cyclicity, have been previously challenged due to the lack of meteoric-induced isotopic signatures, the outcome of this study is of significance for the ongoing Latemar stratigraphic controversy.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MassonKliegl2012, author = {Masson, Michael E. J. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Trial history modulates joint effects of stimulus quality, frequency, and priming in lexical decision}, series = {Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie exp{\´e}rimentale}, volume = {66}, booktitle = {Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie exp{\´e}rimentale}, number = {4}, publisher = {Canadian Psychological Assoc.}, address = {Ottawa}, issn = {1196-1961}, pages = {318 -- 318}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{RychkovAltafimQiuetal.2012, author = {Rychkov, Dmitry and Altafim, Ruy Alberto Pisani and Qiu, Xunlin and Gerhard, Reimund}, title = {Treatment with orthophosphoric acid enhances the thermal stability of the piezoelectricity in low-density polyethylene ferroelectrets}, series = {Journal of applied physics}, volume = {111}, journal = {Journal of applied physics}, number = {12}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0021-8979}, doi = {10.1063/1.4729866}, pages = {5}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Ferroelectrets have been fabricated from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films by means of a template-based lamination. The temperature dependence of the piezoelectric d(33) coefficient has been investigated. It was found that low-density polyethylene ferroelectrets have rather low thermal stability with the piezoelectric coefficient decaying almost to zero already at 100 degrees C. This behavior is attributed to the poor electret properties of the polyethylene films used for the fabrication of the ferroelectrets. In order to improve the charge trapping and the thermal stability of electret charge and piezoelectricity, LDPE ferroelectrets were treated with orthophosphoric acid. The treatment resulted in considerable improvements of the charge stability in LDPE films and in ferroelectret systems made from them. For example, the charge and piezoelectric-coefficient decay curves shifted to higher temperatures by 60 K and 40 K, respectively. It is shown that the decay of the piezoelectric coefficient in LDPE ferroelectrets is governed by the relaxation of less stable positive charges. The treatment also leads to noticeable changes in the chemical composition of the LDPE surface. Infrared spectroscopy reveals absorption bands attributed to phosphorus-containing structures, while scanning electron microscopy shows new island-like structures, 50-200 nm in diameter, on the modified surface.}, language = {en} } @article{CaravelliHammaMarkopoulouetal.2012, author = {Caravelli, Francesco and Hamma, Alioscia and Markopoulou, Fotini and Riera, Arnau}, title = {Trapped surfaces and emergent curved space in the Bose-Hubbard model}, series = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, volume = {85}, journal = {Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {1550-7998}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.85.044046}, pages = {15}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A Bose-Hubbard model on a dynamical lattice was introduced in previous work as a spin system analogue of emergent geometry and gravity. Graphs with regions of high connectivity in the lattice were identified as candidate analogues of spacetime geometries that contain trapped surfaces. We carry out a detailed study of these systems and show explicitly that the highly connected subgraphs trap matter. We do this by solving the model in the limit of no back-reaction of the matter on the lattice, and for states with certain symmetries that are natural for our problem. We find that in this case the problem reduces to a one-dimensional Hubbard model on a lattice with variable vertex degree and multiple edges between the same two vertices. In addition, we obtain a (discrete) differential equation for the evolution of the probability density of particles which is closed in the classical regime. This is a wave equation in which the vertex degree is related to the local speed of propagation of probability. This allows an interpretation of the probability density of particles similar to that in analogue gravity systems: matter inside this analogue system sees a curved spacetime. We verify our analytic results by numerical simulations. Finally, we analyze the dependence of localization on a gradual, rather than abrupt, falloff of the vertex degree on the boundary of the highly connected region and find that matter is localized in and around that region.}, language = {en} } @article{Ette2012, author = {Ette, Ottmar}, title = {TransTropics: Alexander von Humboldt and Hemispheric Constructions}, isbn = {978-3-938944-63-9}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{HenzeEspeWanneretal.2012, author = {Henze, Andrea and Espe, Katharina M. and Wanner, Christoph and Krane, Vera and Raila, Jens and Hocher, Berthold and Schweigert, Florian J. and Drechsler, Christiane}, title = {Transthyretin predicts cardiovascular outcome in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes}, series = {Diabetes care}, volume = {35}, journal = {Diabetes care}, number = {11}, publisher = {American Diabetes Association}, address = {Alexandria}, issn = {0149-5992}, doi = {10.2337/dc12-0455}, pages = {2365 -- 2372}, year = {2012}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE-BMI and albumin are commonly accepted parameters to recognize wasting in dialysis patients and are powerful predictors of morbidity and mortality. However, both parameters reveal limitations and may not cover the entire range of patients with wasting. The visceral protein transthyretin (TTR) may be helpful in overcoming the diagnostic and prognostic gap. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association of TTR with morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The TTR concentration was determined in plasma samples of 1,177 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Cox regression analyses were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of cardiovascular end points (CVEs) and mortality according to quartiles of TTR concentration for the total study cohort and the subgroups BMI >= 23 kg/m(2), albumin concentration >= 3.8 g/dL, and a combination of both. RESULTS-A low TTR concentration was associated with an increased risk for CVE for the total study cohort (HR 1.65 [95\% CI 1.27-2.14]), patients with BMI >= 23 kg/m(2) (1.70 [1.22-2.37]), albumin >= 3.8 g/dL (1.68 [1.17-2.42]), and the combination of both (1.69 [1.13-2.53]). Additionally, a low TTR concentration predicted mortality for the total study cohort (1.79 [1.43-2.24]) and patients with BMI >= 23 kg/m(2) (1.46 [1.09-1.95]). CONCLUSIONS-The current study demonstrated that TTR is a useful predictor for cardiovascular outcome and mortality in diabetic hemodialysis patients. TTR was particularly useful in patients who were not identified to be at risk by BMI or albumin status.}, language = {en} } @article{RibeiroAraujoFernieetal.2012, author = {Ribeiro, Dimas M. and Araujo, Wagner L. and Fernie, Alisdair R. and Schippers, Jos H. M. and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd}, title = {Translatome and metabolome effects triggered by gibberellins during rosette growth in Arabidopsis}, series = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {63}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, number = {7}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0022-0957}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/err463}, pages = {2769 -- 2786}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Although gibberellins (GAs) are well known for their growth control function, little is known about their effects on primary metabolism. Here the modulation of gene expression and metabolic adjustment in response to changes in plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) growth imposed on varying the gibberellin regime were evaluated. Polysomal mRNA populations were profiled following treatment of plants with paclobutrazol (PAC), an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) to monitor translational regulation of mRNAs globally. Gibberellin levels did not affect levels of carbohydrates in plants treated with PAC and/or GA(3). However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates malate and fumarate, two alternative carbon storage molecules, accumulated upon PAC treatment. Moreover, an increase in nitrate and in the levels of the amino acids was observed in plants grown under a low GA regime. Only minor changes in amino acid levels were detected in plants treated with GA(3) alone, or PAC plus GA(3). Comparison of the molecular changes at the transcript and metabolite levels demonstrated that a low GA level mainly affects growth by uncoupling growth from carbon availability. These observations, together with the translatome changes, reveal an interaction between energy metabolism and GA-mediated control of growth to coordinate cell wall extension, secondary metabolism, and lipid metabolism.}, language = {en} } @article{FanvanWestenKorupetal.2012, author = {Fan, Xuanmei and van Westen, Cees J. and Korup, Oliver and Gorum, Tolga and Xu, Qiang and Dai, Fuchu and Huang, Runqiu and Wang, Gonghui}, title = {Transient water and sediment storage of the decaying landslide dams induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China}, series = {Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology}, volume = {171}, journal = {Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0169-555X}, doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.003}, pages = {58 -- 68}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Earthquake-triggered landslide dams are potentially dangerous disrupters of water and sediment flux in mountain rivers, and capable of releasing catastrophic outburst flows to downstream areas. We analyze an inventory of 828 landslide dams in the Longmen Shan mountains, China, triggered by the M-w 7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. This database is unique in that it is the largest of its kind attributable to a single regional-scale triggering event: 501 of the spatially clustered landslides fully blocked rivers, while the remainder only partially obstructed or diverted channels in steep watersheds of the hanging wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault Zone. The size distributions of the earthquake-triggered landslides, landslide dams, and associated lakes (a) can be modeled by an inverse gamma distribution; (b) show that moderate-size slope failures caused the majority of blockages; and (c) allow a detailed assessment of seismically induced river-blockage effects on regional water and sediment storage. Monte Carlo simulations based on volumetric scaling relationships for soil and bedrock failures respectively indicate that 14\% (18\%) of the estimated total coseismic landslide volume of 6.4 (14.6) x 10(9) m(3) was contained in landslide dams, representing only 1.4\% of the >60,000 slope failures attributed to the earthquake. These dams have created storage capacity of similar to 0.6x 10(9) m(3) for incoming water and sediment. About 25\% of the dams containing 2\% of the total river-blocking debris volume failed one week after the earthquake; these figures had risen to 60\% (similar to 20\%), and >90\% (>90\%) within one month, and one:year, respectively, thus also emptying similar to 92\% of the total potential water and sediment storage behind these, dams within one year following the earthquake. Currently only similar to 0.08 x 10(9) m(3) remain available as natural reservoirs for storing water and sediment, while similar to 0.19 x 10(9) m(3), i.e. about a third of the total river-blocking debris volume, has been eroded by rivers. Dam volume and upstream catchment area control to first order the longevity of the barriers, and bivariate domain plots are consistent with the observation that most earthquake-triggered landslide dams were ephemeral. We conclude that the river-blocking portion of coseismic slope failures disproportionately modulates the post-seismic sediment flux in the Longmen Shan on annual to decadal timescales.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtSchippersWelkeretal.2012, author = {Schmidt, Romy and Schippers, Jos H. M. and Welker, Annelie and Mieulet, Delphine and Guiderdoni, Emmanuel and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd}, title = {Transcription factor OsHsfC1b regulates salt tolerance and development in Oryza sativa ssp japonica}, series = {AoB PLANTS}, journal = {AoB PLANTS}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {2041-2851}, doi = {10.1093/aobpla/pls011}, pages = {17}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background and aims Salt stress leads to attenuated growth and productivity in rice. Transcription factors like heat shock factors (HSFs) represent central regulators of stress adaptation. Heat shock factors of the classes A and B are well established as regulators of thermal and non-thermal stress responses in plants; however, the role of class C HSFs is unknown. Here we characterized the function of the OsHsfC1b (Os01g53220) transcription factor from rice. Methodology We analysed the expression of OsHsfC1b in the rice japonica cultivars Dongjin and Nipponbare exposed to salt stress as well as after mannitol, abscisic acid (ABA) and H2O2 treatment. For functional characterization of OsHsfC1b, we analysed the physiological response of a T-DNA insertion line (hsfc1b) and two artificial micro-RNA (amiRNA) knock-down lines to salt, mannitol and ABA treatment. In addition, we quantified the expression of small Heat Shock Protein (sHSP) genes and those related to signalling and ion homeostasis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in roots exposed to salt. The subcellular localization of OsHsfC1b protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was determined in Arabidopsis mesophyll cell protoplasts. Principal results Expression of OsHsfC1b was induced by salt, mannitol and ABA, but not by H2O2. Impaired function of OsHsfC1b in the hsfc1b mutant and the amiRNA lines led to decreased salt and osmotic stress tolerance, increased sensitivity to ABA, and temporal misregulation of salt-responsive genes involved in signalling and ion homeostasis. Furthermore, sHSP genes showed enhanced expression in knock-down plants under salt stress. We observed retarded growth of hsfc1b and knock-down lines in comparison with control plants under non-stress conditions. Transient expression of OsHsfC1b fused to GFP in protoplasts revealed nuclear localization of the transcription factor. Conclusions OsHsfC1b plays a role in ABA-mediated salt stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, OsHsfC1b is involved in the response to osmotic stress and is required for plant growth under non-stress conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{DimigenKlieglSommer2012, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Trans-saccadic parafoveal preview benefits in fluent reading: A study with fixation-related brain potentials}, series = {NeuroImage : a journal of brain function}, volume = {62}, journal = {NeuroImage : a journal of brain function}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {1053-8119}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.006}, pages = {381 -- 393}, year = {2012}, abstract = {During natural reading, a parafoveal preview of the upcoming word facilitates its subsequent recognition (e.g., shorter fixation durations compared to masked preview) but nothing is known about the neural correlates of this so-called preview benefit. Furthermore, while the evidence is strong that readers preprocess orthographic features of upcoming words, it is controversial whether word meaning can also be accessed parafoveally. We investigated the timing, scope, and electrophysiological correlates of parafoveal information use in reading by simultaneously recording eye movements and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) while participants read word lists fluently from left to right. For one word the target (e.g., "blade") parafoveal information was manipulated by showing an identical ("blade"), semantically related ("knife"), or unrelated ("sugar") word as preview. In boundary trials, the preview was shown parafoveally but changed to the correct target word during the incoming saccade. Replicating classic findings, target words were fixated shorter after identical previews. In the EEG, this benefit was reflected in an occipitotemporal preview positivity between 200 and 280 ms. In contrast, there was no facilitation from related previews. In parafoveal-on-foveal trials, preview and target were embedded at neighboring list positions without a display change. Consecutive fixation of two related words produced N400 priming effects, but only shortly (160 ms) after the second word was directly fixated. Results demonstrate that neural responses to words are substantially altered by parafoveal preprocessing under normal reading conditions. We found no evidence that word meaning contributes to these effects. Saccade-contingent display manipulations can be combined with EEG recordings to study extrafoveal perception in vision.}, language = {en} } @article{WellsO'HaraBoehmetal.2012, author = {Wells, Konstans and O'Hara, R. B. and Boehm, S. M. and Gockel, Sonja and Hemp, Andreas and Renner, S. C. and Pfeiffer, S. and Boehning-Gaese, Katrin and Kalko, Elisabeth K. V.}, title = {Trait-dependent occupancy dynamics of birds in temperate forest landscapes fine-scale observations in a hierarchical multi-species framework}, series = {Animal conservation}, volume = {15}, journal = {Animal conservation}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1367-9430}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00560.x}, pages = {626 -- 637}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Silvicultural practices lead to changes in forest composition and structure and may impact species diversity from the overall regional species pool to stand-level species occurrence. We explored to what extent fine-scale occupancy patterns in differently managed forest stands are driven by environment and ecological traits in three regions in Germany using a multi-species hierarchical model. We tested for the possible impact of environmental variables and ecological traits on occupancy dynamics in a joint modelling exercise while taking possible variation in coefficient estimates over years and plots into account. Bird species richness differed across regions and years, and trends in species richness across years were different in the three regions. On the species level, forest management affected occupancy of species in all regions, but only 35\% of the total assemblage-level variation in occurrence probability was explained by either forest type and successional stage and