@inproceedings{HofukuChoNishidaetal.2013,
  author    = {Hofuku, Yayoi and Cho, Shinya and Nishida, Tomohiro and Kanemune, Susumu and Linck, Barbara and Kim, Seungyon and Park, Seongbin and Van{\´i}ček, Jiř{\´i} and Gujberov{\´a}, Monika and Tomcs{\´a}nyi, Peter and Dagiene, Valentina and Jevsikova, Tatjana and Schulte, Carsten and Sentance, Sue and Thota, Neena and G{\"u}lbahar, Yasemin and İlkhan, Mustafa and Kilis, Selcan and Arslan, Okan and Nakano, Yoshiaki and Izutsu, Katsunobu and Lessner, Daniel and Reffay, Christophe and Miled, Mahdi and Ortiz, Pascal and F{\´e}vrier, Lo{\"i}c and Grgurina, Nataša and Weise, Martin and Bellettini, Carlo and Lonati, Violetta and Malchiodi, Dario and Monga, Mattia and Morpurgo, Anna and Torelli, Mauro and Planteu, Lukas and Standl, Bernhard and Grossmann, Wilfried and Neuwirth, Erich and Benacka, Jan and Ragonis, Noa and Hodges, Steve and Berry, Carol and Kusterer, Peter},
  title     = {Informatics in schools : local proceedings of the 6th International Conference ISSEP 2013 ; selected papers ; Oldenburg, Germany, February 26-March 2, 2013},
  editor    = {Diethelm, Ira and Arndt, Jannik and D{\"u}nnebier, Malte and Syrbe, J{\"o}rn},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-222-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63688},
  pages     = {162},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The International Conference on Informatics in Schools: Situation, Evolution and Perspectives - ISSEP - is a forum for researchers and practitioners in the area of Informatics education, both in primary and secondary schools. It provides an opportunity for educators to reflect upon the goals and objectives of this subject, its curricula and various teaching/learning paradigms and topics, possible connections to everyday life and various ways of establishing Informatics Education in schools. This conference also cares about teaching/learning materials, various forms of assessment, traditional and innovative educational research designs, Informatics' contribution to the preparation of children for the 21st century, motivating competitions, projects and activities supporting informatics education in school.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GuelbaharIlkhanKilisetal.2013,
  author    = {G{\"u}lbahar, Yasemin and Ilkhan, Mustafa and Kilis, Selcan and Arslan, Okan},
  title     = {Informatics education in Turkey},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64517},
  pages     = {77 -- 87},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This article is a summary of the work carried out by the Ministry of Education in Turkey, in terms of the development of a new ICT Curriculum, together with the e-Training of teachers who will play an important role in the forthcoming pilot study. Based on recent literature on the topic, the article starts by introducing the "F@tih Project", a national project that aims to effectively integrate technology into schools. After assessing teachers' and students' ICT competencies, as defined internationally, the review continues with the proposed model for the e-training of teachers. Summarizing the process of development of the new ICT curriculum, researchers underline key points of the curriculum such as dimensions, levels and competencies. Then teachers' e-training approaches, together with selected tools, are explained in line with the importance and stages of action research that will be used throughout the pilot implementation of the curriculum and e-training process.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GujberovaTomcsanyi2013,
  author    = {Gujberov{\´a}, Monika and Tomcs{\´a}nyi, Peter},
  title     = {Environments for programming in primary education},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64499},
  pages     = {53 -- 60},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The aim of our article is to collect and present information about contemporary programming environments that are suitable for primary education. We studied the ways they implement (or do not implement) some programming concepts, the ways programs are represented and built in order to support young and novice programmers, as well as their suitability to allow different forms of sharing the results of pupils' work. We present not only a short description of each considered environment and the taxonomy in the form of a table, but also our understanding and opinions on how and why the environments implement the same concepts and ideas in different ways and which concepts and ideas seem to be important to the creators of such environments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Grgurina2013,
  author    = {Grgurina, Nataša},
  title     = {Computational thinking in Dutch secondary education},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64556},
  pages     = {119 -- 123},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We shall examine the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of Computer Science (CS) teachers concerning students' Computational Thinking (CT) problem solving skills within the context of a CS course in Dutch secondary education and thus obtain an operational definition of CT and ascertain appropriate teaching methodology. Next we shall develop an instrument to assess students' CT and design a curriculum intervention geared toward teaching and improving students' CT problem solving skills and competences. As a result, this research will yield an operational definition of CT, knowledge about CT PCK, a CT assessment instrument and teaching materials and accompanying teacher instructions. It shall contribute to CS teacher education, development of CT education and to education in other (STEM) subjects where CT plays a supporting role, both nationally and internationally.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Fadeev2013,
  author    = {Fadeev, Vladimir Ivanovič},
  title     = {Ist die Einwohnerschaft einer Gemeinde eine freiwillige B{\"u}rgervereinigung?},
  series = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  journal   = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68352},
  pages     = {129 -- 135},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Esakov2013,
  author    = {Esakov, Gennady},
  title     = {Strafbare {\"U}bertretungen in der Systematik des russischen Rechts},
  series = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  journal   = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2191-0898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67545},
  pages     = {61 -- 65},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ElbeshausenGriesbaumKoelle2013,
  author    = {Elbeshausen, Stefanie and Griesbaum, Joachim and Koelle, Ralph},
  title     = {Effekte von Learning Adventures im Kontext betrieblicher Weiterbildung},
  series = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  journal   = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44211},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442116},
  pages     = {27 -- 38},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit Adventure-based Learning, einer digitalen, spielbasierten Lernmethode. Das Ziel derartiger Anwendungen ist es, Motivation und Begeisterung der Lernenden zu stimulieren und dadurch Lernprozesse zu unterst{\"u}tzen. Die Frage, inwiefern Adventure-based Learning tats{\"a}chlich lernf{\"o}rderliche Mehrwerte induziert, wird anhand einer Fallstudie im Kontext betrieblicher Weiterbildung untersucht. Hierzu wird ein Experiment mit 40 Probanden durchgef{\"u}hrt, in der eine Adventure-based Learning-Anwendung mit einer interaktiven Powerpoint-Pr{\"a}sentation verglichen wird. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung deuten darauf hin, dass viele Lernende sich Lernprogramme w{\"u}nschen, die weniger textlastig sind und mit Adventure-based Learning eine vergleichbare Behaltensleistung erreicht wird.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Ebseev2013,
  author    = {Ebseev, Boris S.},
  title     = {Das Verfassungsgericht Russlands},
  series = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  journal   = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68410},
  pages     = {21 -- 33},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Dubovik2013,
  author    = {Dubovik, Olga},
  title     = {Zur Konzeption der Liberalisierung des russischen Wirtschaftsstrafrechts},
  series = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  journal   = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2191-0898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67501},
  pages     = {31 -- 37},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dubinovska2013,
  author    = {Dubinovska, Daria},
  title     = {Optical surveys of AGN and their host galaxies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64739},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This thesis rests on two large Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) surveys. The first survey deals with galaxies that host low-level AGNs (LLAGN) and aims at identifying such galaxies by quantifying their variability. While numerous studies have shown that AGNs can be variable at all wavelengths, the nature of the variability is still not well understood. Studying the properties of LLAGNs may help to understand better galaxy evolution, and how AGNs transit between active and inactive states. In this thesis, we develop a method to extract variability properties of AGNs. Using multi-epoch deep photometric observations, we subtract the contribution of the host galaxy at each epoch to extract variability and estimate AGN accretion rates. This pipeline will be a powerful tool in connection with future deep surveys such as PANSTARS. The second study in this thesis describes a survey of X-ray selected AGN hosts at redshifts z>1.5 and compares them to quiescent galaxies. This survey aims at studying environments, sizes and morphologies of star-forming high-redshift AGN hosts in the COSMOS Survey at the epoch of peak AGN activity. Between redshifts 1.5<z<3.8, the COSMOS HST/ACS imaging probes the UV regime, where separating the AGN flux from its host galaxy is very challenging. Nevertheless, we successfully derived the structural properties of 249 AGN hosts using two-dimensional surface-brightness profile fitting with the GALFIT package. This is the largest sample of AGN hosts at redshift z>1.5 to date. We analyzed the evolution of structural parameters of AGN and non-AGN host galaxies with redshift, and compared their disturbance rates to identify the more probable AGN triggering mechanism in the 43.5<log_10 L_X<45 luminosity range. We also conducted mock AGN and quiescent galaxies observations to determine errors and corrections for the derived parameters. We find that the size-absolute magnitude relations of AGN hosts and non-AGN galaxies are very similar, with estimated mean sizes in both samples decreasing by ~50\% between redshifts z=1.5 and z=3.5. Morphological classification of both active and quiescent galaxies shows that the majority of the AGN host galaxies are disc-dominated, with disturbance rates that are significantly lower than among the non-AGN galaxies. Such a finding suggests that Major Mergers are probably not responsible for triggering AGN accretion in most of these galaxies. Other secular mechanisms should therefore be responsible.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DagieneJevsikovaSchuleetal.2013,
  author    = {Dagiene, Valentina and Jevsikova, Tatjana and Schule, Carsten and Sentance, Sue and Thota, Neena},
  title     = {A comparison of current trends within computer science teaching in school in Germany and the UK},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64504},
  pages     = {63 -- 75},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In the last two years, CS as a school subject has gained a lot of attention worldwide, although different countries have differing approaches to and experiences of introducing CS in schools. This paper reports on a study comparing current trends in CS at school, with a major focus on two countries, Germany and UK. A survey was carried out of a number of teaching professionals and experts from the UK and Germany with regard to the content and delivery of CS in school. An analysis of the quantitative data reveals a difference in foci in the two countries; putting this into the context of curricular developments we are able to offer interpretations of these trends and suggest ways in which curricula in CS at school should be moving forward.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Chuchaev2013,
  author    = {Chuchaev, Alexander},
  title     = {Strafbarkeit des Bannbruchs},
  series = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  journal   = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2191-0898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67488},
  pages     = {21 -- 24},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Bobrowa2013,
  author    = {Bobrowa, Vera K.},
  title     = {Einige Aspekte der Teilnahme des Bevollm{\"a}chtigten Vertreters des Pr{\"a}sidenten der Russischen F{\"o}deration im verfassungsgerichtlichen Verfahren},
  series = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  journal   = {Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen F{\"o}deration und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Rundtischgespr{\"a}ch an der Moskauer Staatlichen Juristischen Kutafin-Universit{\"a}t am 9. und 10. Oktober 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68265},
  pages     = {45 -- 55},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Birke2013,
  author    = {Birke, Rainer},
  title     = {Internationale Abkommen zur Korruptionsbek{\"a}mpfung, Bestechungsvorschriften des deutschen sowie des russischen Strafrechts und die Gastfreundschaft},
  series = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  journal   = {Schriften zum deutschen und russischen Strafrecht},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2191-0898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67571},
  pages     = {75 -- 82},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BeusterElkinaFortenbacheretal.2013,
  author    = {Beuster, Liane and Elkina, Margarita and Fortenbacher, Albrecht and Kappe, Leonard and Merceron, Agathe and Pursian, Andreas and Schwarzrock, Sebastian and Wenzlaff, Boris},
  title     = {Prototyp einer plattformunabh{\"a}ngigen Learning Analytics Applikation - fokussiert auf Nutzungsanalyse und Pfadanalyse},
  series = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  journal   = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44216},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442166},
  pages     = {69 -- 72},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Bei der hier vorgestellten Anwendung handelt es sich um den Prototypen einer webbasierten Applikation zur Analyse von Nutzungsdaten der AnwenderInnen von eLearning-Angeboten. Die Applikation wurde dabei explizit f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Zielgruppen wie eLearning-AnbieterInnen, Lehrende und WissenschaftlerInnen entworfen. Die Anwendung kann Daten verschiedener Lernplattformen auswerten und nutzt hierbei Methoden des Educational Data Mining. Sie unterst{\"u}tzt dabei sowohl klassische Plattformen mit personalisiertem Zugang sowie offene Plattformen, deren Angebote ohne Registrierung zug{\"a}nglich sind.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BerryKusterer2013,
  author    = {Berry, Carol and Kusterer, Peter},
  title     = {Using Teachers' TryScience to support educators and improve teaching},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64665},
  pages     = {161 -- 162},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The challenge is providing teachers with the resources they need to strengthen their instructions and better prepare students for the jobs of the 21st Century. Technology can help meet the challenge. Teachers' Tryscience is a noncommercial offer, developed by the New York Hall of Science, TeachEngineering, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards and IBM Citizenship to provide teachers with such resources. The workshop provides deeper insight into this tool and discussion of how to support teaching of informatics in schools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Benacka2013,
  author    = {Benacka, Jan},
  title     = {BubbleSort, SelectSort and InsertSort in Excel \& Delphi},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64636},
  pages     = {153 -- 154},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {A method is presented of acquiring the principles of three sorting algorithms through developing interactive applications in Excel.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BellettiniLonatiMalchiodietal.2013,
  author    = {Bellettini, Carlo and Lonati, Violetta and Malchiodi, Dario and Monga, Mattia and Morpurgo, Anna and Torelli, Mauro},
  title     = {What you see is what you have in mind},
  series = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  journal   = {Commentarii informaticae didacticae : (CID)},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1868-0844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64612},
  pages     = {139 -- 147},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In this paper we report on our experiments in teaching computer science concepts with a mix of tangible and abstract object manipulations. The goal we set ourselves was to let pupils discover the challenges one has to meet to automatically manipulate formatted text. We worked with a group of 25 secondary school pupils (9-10th grade), and they were actually able to "invent" the concept of mark-up language. From this experiment we distilled a set of activities which will be replicated in other classes (6th grade) under the guidance of maths teachers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaumannLucas2013,
  author    = {Baumann, Annette and Lucas, Reeh},
  title     = {Folgende Module k{\"o}nnten Sie auch interessieren?},
  series = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  journal   = {E-Learning Symposium 2012 : Aktuelle Anwendungen, innovative Prozesse und neueste Ergebnisse aus der E-Learning-Praxis ; Potsdam, 17. November 2012},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44215},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442157},
  pages     = {67 -- 68},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Im Hochschulalltag begegnen sich Dozenten und Studenten als zwei Gruppen mit entgegengesetzten Rollen, z.B. als Lehrende und Lernende, als Forscher und studentische Hilfskr{\"a}fte. Die Ber{\"u}hrungspunkte beider Gruppen er{\"o}ffnen neue Chancen im Student Life Cycle f{\"u}r zielgerichtete Kooperationen - von der Studierende f{\"u}r Entscheidungsprozesse im Fortgang ihres Studiums und Dozenten f{\"u}r die Gewinnung von Masterstudenten und Doktoranden profitieren k{\"o}nnen. Kein E-Learning im klassischen Sinn, aber eine praktische Anwendung von Empfehlungstechniken auf Basis eines Campus Management Systems werden Posterbeitrag und Live-Demo vorstellen, mit der zur Zeit verschiedene Zielrichtungen f{\"u}r die Empfehlung von Wahlmodulen und eine kohorten-basierte Informationsaufbereitung im Curricula Support experimentell untersucht werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bajerski2013,
  author    = {Bajerski, Felizitas},
  title     = {Bacterial communities in glacier forefields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica : structure, development \& adaptation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67424},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Antarctic glacier forfields are extreme environments and pioneer sites for ecological succession. The Antarctic continent shows microbial community development as a natural laboratory because of its special environment, geographic isolation and little anthropogenic influence. Increasing temperatures due to global warming lead to enhanced deglaciation processes in cold-affected habitats and new terrain is becoming exposed to soil formation and accessible for microbial colonisation. This study aims to understand the structure and development of glacier forefield bacterial communities, especially how soil parameters impact the microorganisms and how those are adapted to the extreme conditions of the habitat. To this effect, a combination of cultivation experiments, molecular, geophysical and geochemical analysis was applied to examine two glacier forfields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Culture-independent molecular tools such as terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP), clone libraries and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to determine bacterial diversity and distribution. Cultivation of yet unknown species was carried out to get insights in the physiology and adaptation of the microorganisms. Adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were studied by determining changes of the cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) inventory of an isolated bacterium in response to temperature and pH fluctuations and by measuring enzyme activity at low temperature in environmental soil samples. The two studied glacier forefields are extreme habitats characterised by low temperatures, low water availability and small oligotrophic nutrient pools and represent sites of different bacterial succession in relation to soil parameters. The investigated sites showed microbial succession at an early step of soil formation near the ice tongue in comparison to closely located but rather older and more developed soil from the forefield. At the early step the succession is influenced by a deglaciation-dependent areal shift of soil parameters followed by a variable and prevalently depth-related distribution of the soil parameters that is driven by the extreme Antarctic conditions. The dominant taxa in the glacier forefields are Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. The connection of soil characteristics with bacterial community structure showed that soil parameter and soil formation along the glacier forefield influence the distribution of certain phyla. In the early step of succession the relative undifferentiated bacterial diversity reflects the undifferentiated soil development and has a high potential to shift according to past and present environmental conditions. With progressing development environmental constraints such as water or carbon limitation have a greater influence. Adapting the culturing conditions to the cold and oligotrophic environment, the number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria reached up to 108 colony forming units per gram soil and 148 isolates were obtained. Two new psychrotolerant bacteria, Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans PB1T and Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T, were characterised in detail and described as novel species in the family of Oxalobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae, respectively. The isolates are able to grow at low temperatures tolerating temperature fluctuations and they are not specialised to a certain substrate, therefore they are well-adapted to the cold and oligotrophic environment. The adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were analysed in environmental samples and cultures focussing on extracellular enzyme activity at low temperature and PLFA analyses. Extracellular phosphatases (pH 11 and pH 6.5), β-glucosidase, invertase and urease activity were detected in the glacier forefield soils at low temperature (14°C) catalysing the conversion of various compounds providing necessary substrates and may further play a role in the soil formation and total carbon turnover of the habitat. The PLFA analysis of the newly isolated species C. frigidisoli showed that the cold-adapted strain develops different strategies to maintain the cell membrane function under changing environmental conditions by altering the PLFA inventory at different temperatures and pH values. A newly discovered fatty acid, which was not found in any other microorganism so far, significantly increased at decreasing temperature and low pH and thus plays an important role in the adaption of C. frigidisoli. This work gives insights into the diversity, distribution and adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities in oligotrophic cold-affected soils and shows that Antarctic glacier forefields are suitable model systems to study bacterial colonisation in connection to soil formation.},
  language  = {en}
}