@article{CaliendoKuenn2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen},
  title     = {Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5},
  pages     = {1005 -- 1043},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs.},
  language  = {en}
}