@article{VietzeSchwarzenthalMoffittetal.2022,
  author    = {Vietze, Jana and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Moffitt, Ursula and Civitillo, Sauro},
  title     = {Beyond 'migrant background': how to select relevant, social justice oriented, and feasible social categories in educational research},
  series = {European journal of psychology of education},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {European journal of psychology of education},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0256-2928},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10212-022-00611-2},
  pages     = {389 -- 408},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Across continental Europe, educational research samples are often divided by 'migrant background', a binary variable criticized for masking participant heterogeneity and reinforcing exclusionary norms of belonging. This study endorses more meaningful, representative, and precise research by offering four guiding questions for selecting relevant, social justice oriented, and feasible social categories for collecting and analysing data in psychological and educational research. Using a preregistered empirical example, we first compare selected social categories ('migrant background', family heritage, religion, citizenship, cultural identification, and generation status) in their potential to reveal participant heterogeneity. Second, we investigate differences in means and relations between variables (discrimination experiences, perceived societal Islamophobia, and national identity) and academic motivation among 1335 adolescents in Germany (48\% female, M-age = 14.69). Regression analyses and multigroup SEM revealed differential experiences with and implications of discrimination for academic motivation. Results highlight the need for a deliberate, transparent use of social categories to make discrimination visible and centre participants' subjective experiences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnervandeVijveretal.2018,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Juang, Linda P.},
  title     = {Equal but Different},
  series = {Cultural diversity \& ethnic minority psychology : official journal of American Psychological Association Division 45},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Cultural diversity \& ethnic minority psychology : official journal of American Psychological Association Division 45},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1099-9809},
  doi       = {10.1037/cdp0000173},
  pages     = {260 -- 271},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Integrating research on intergroup contact and intercultural relations, we investigated effects of 2 types of cultural diversity norms (equality/inclusion and cultural pluralism) on outgroup orientation and perceived discrimination among students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. Method: Our sample comprised 1,975 6th graders (M-age = 11.53, SDage = 0.69, 47\% female) in Germany, of whom 1,213 (61\%) were of immigrant background, defined as having at least 1 parent born in a different country. A total of 83 countries of origin were represented. We applied a multilevel framework to assess the impact of individual-level and class-level predictors on intergroup outcomes, controlling for the classroom ethnic composition, school track, and individual-level covariates. Immigrant background was treated as a moderator. Results: The 2 types of cultural diversity norms were generally associated with more positive intergroup outcomes. Some of the associations differed in strength between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. There were stronger associations of equality/inclusion with higher outgroup orientation among students of nonimmigrant background and with lower perceived discrimination among students of immigrant background. Ethnic composition, as well as the classroom-aggregated diversity norms (diversity climate) showed weaker relations with the outcome variables. Conclusions: Equality/inclusion norms and cultural pluralism norms can make complementary contributions to positive relations between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. Equality/inclusion norms foster positive contact and equal treatment, while cultural pluralism norms emphasize that it is also important to value diversity. 1},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnerJuangetal.2020,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Juang, Linda P. and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity},
  series = {European journal of social psychology},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {European journal of social psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0046-2772},
  doi       = {10.1002/ejsp.2617},
  pages     = {323 -- 346},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Culturally diverse schools may constitute natural arenas for training crucial intercultural skills. We hypothesized that a classroom cultural diversity climate fostering contact and cooperation and multiculturalism, but not a climate fostering color-evasion, would be positively related to adolescents' intercultural competence. Adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia (N = 631, Mage = 13.69 years, 49\% of immigrant background) and Berlin (N = 1,335, Mage = 14.69 years, 52\% of immigrant background) in Germany reported their perceptions of the classroom cultural diversity climate and completed quantitative and qualitative measures assessing their intercultural competence. Multilevel structural equation models indicate that contact and cooperation, multiculturalism, and, surprisingly, also color-evasion (as in emphasizing a common humanity), were positively related to the intercultural competence of immigrant and non-immigrant background students. We conclude that all three aspects of the classroom climate are uniquely related to aspects of adolescents' intercultural competence and that none of them may be sufficient on their own.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnerJuang2022,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Juang, Linda P.},
  title     = {F{\"u}r ein besseres Miteinander},
  series = {Aufwachsen mit Anderen : Peerbeziehungen als Bildungsfaktor},
  journal   = {Aufwachsen mit Anderen : Peerbeziehungen als Bildungsfaktor},
  publisher = {Kohlhammer},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-17-036682-4},
  pages     = {176 -- 189},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2017,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Handrick, Anna},
  title     = {From tolerance to understanding},
  series = {Journal of community \& applied social psychology},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of community \& applied social psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1052-9284},
  doi       = {10.1002/casp.2317},
  pages     = {388 -- 399},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {We investigated intercultural competence among immigrant and non-immigrant background adolescents in multiethnic schools in relation to intercultural contact, age, and ethnic identity exploration. The sample included 631 adolescents in Germany (49.4\% of immigrant background, 48.2\% female), aged 11 to 18 years (Mage = 13.69 years, SDage = 1.83). Intercultural competence was measured using a self-report questionnaire and situational judgment tests capturing the adolescents' interpretation of and reaction to intercultural conflicts. Intercultural contacts and ethnic identity exploration were measured using self-report questionnaires. Results showed that among immigrant and non-immigrant background adolescents, intercultural contact and ethnic identity exploration were positively related to different aspects of intercultural competence. As predicted, self-reported intercultural competence was unrelated to age in both groups, whereas this competence, as measured by the situational judgment tests, increased with age. Thus, learning about others (e.g., by engaging in intercultural contact) and learning about yourself (e.g., by exploring your own ethnic background) are both important for developing pivotal intercultural skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {A multimodal measure of cultural intelligence for adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies},
  series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0147-1767},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.007},
  pages     = {109 -- 121},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies need to develop intercultural competence. To better understand how to develop intercultural competence we need measures specifically relating to the everyday intercultural experiences of adolescents. However, few measures of intercultural competence are available for this target group. Based on the cultural intelligence (CQ) model (Earley \& Ang, 2003), we developed a measure that combines a self-report questionnaire and situational judgment tests (SJTs). The latter comprise a brief description of intercultural situations, followed by questions asking the adolescents to interpret and provide a reaction to the situations. The reliability, factor structure, measurement equivalence, and validity of the new measure was tested in two samples of adolescents in culturally diverse regions in North Rhine-Westphalia (N = 631, 48\% female, M-a(ge) = 13.69 years, SDage = 1.83) and Berlin (N = 1,335, 48\% female, M-age = 14.69 years, SDage, = 0.74) in Germany. The self-report CQ scale showed good reliability and a four-dimensional factor structure with a higher-order CQ factor. The responses to the SJTs were coded based on a coding manual and the ratings loaded onto one factor. The measurement models showed metric to scalar measurement equivalence across immigrant background, gender, and grade. The CQ factor and the SJT factor were positively correlated with each other, as well as with related constructs such as openness, perspective-taking, and diversity beliefs. We conclude that the new measure offers a reliable and valid method to assess the intercultural competence of adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {"When birds of a different feather flock together" - intercultural socialization in adolescents' friendships},
  series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0147-1767},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.001},
  pages     = {61 -- 75},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We conclude that intercultural friendships are associated with important skills that are needed in increasingly multicultural societies if students experience and discuss cultural variations in these friendships.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangMoffittetal.2022,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Juang, Linda P. and Moffitt, Ursula and Schachner, Maja K.},
  title     = {Critical consciousness socialization at school},
  series = {Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1050-8392},
  doi       = {10.1111/jora.12713},
  pages     = {1452 -- 1469},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Schools are key contexts for the development of adolescents' critical consciousness. We explored how three dimensions of the classroom cultural diversity climate (critical consciousness, color-evasion, and multiculturalism) related to adolescents' critical reflection (i.e., perceived societal Islamophobia) and intended critical action (i.e., political activism). Our sample included adolescents experiencing high (second generation, Muslim, N = 237) versus low (non-immigrant descent, non-Muslim, N = 478) stigmatization in Germany. Multilevel analyses revealed that for both groups a critical consciousness climate, but not a color-evasive or a multicultural climate, was positively associated with perceived societal Islamophobia and intended critical action. Thus, to promote adolescents' critical consciousness, schools should go beyond emphasizing a common humanity and celebrating cultural diversity and include explicit discussions of social inequity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwarzenthal2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam},
  title     = {Intercultural competence among adolescents attending culturally diverse schools in Germany},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {196},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchachnerSchwarzenthalvandeVijveretal.2019,
  author    = {Schachner, Maja Katharina and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Noack, Peter},
  title     = {How all students can belong and achieve},
  series = {The journal of educational psychology},
  volume    = {111},
  journal   = {The journal of educational psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-0663},
  doi       = {10.1037/edu0000303},
  pages     = {703 -- 716},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {As schools are becoming more culturally diverse, it is crucial to understand how they can approach this diversity in ways that allow all students to feel included and do well. We focus on the manifestation of two related but distinct approaches to cultural diversity, namely equality and inclusion (i.e., promoting positive intergroup contact) and cultural pluralism (i.e., embracing students' diverse cultural backgrounds as a resource), in the perceived classroom climate. Specifically, we test a model in which the link of cultural diversity climate at school and student outcomes (achievement, academic self-concept and general life satisfaction) is mediated by sense of school belonging, both at the individual and classroom level. Analyses are based on 1,971 students (61\% of immigrant background; Mage = 11.53, SDage = 0.73, 52\% male) in 88 culturally diverse classrooms in southwest Germany after their first year at secondary school. Individual- and classroom-level results suggest that both perceived equality and inclusion as well as cultural pluralism are positively associated with outcomes and this link is mediated by school belonging. There were no differences in the effects of (perceived) cultural diversity climate and school belonging between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background, suggesting that dealing with cultural diversity in a constructive way is beneficial for all students attending multiethnic schools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KunyuSchachnerJuangetal.2021,
  author    = {Kunyu, David Khisoni and Schachner, Maja and Juang, Linda P. and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Aral, Tuğ{\c{c}}e},
  title     = {Acculturation hassles and adjustment of adolescents of immigrant descent},
  series = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  volume    = {177},
  journal   = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  editor    = {Eckstein, K. and Crocetti, E.},
  publisher = {Hindawi Limited},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1534-8687},
  doi       = {10.1002/cad.20408},
  pages     = {101 -- 121},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Despite evidence that acculturation hassles (such as discrimination and language hassles) relate to poorer adjustment for adolescents of immigrant descent, we know less about the psychological processes underlying these associations. In this study, we test whether reduced psychological needs satisfaction in terms of a lower sense of belonging, autonomy, and competence, mediates the associations of acculturation hassles with psychological distress and academic adjustment. Our sample included 439 seventh graders from 15 schools in Germany (51\% female, M-age = 12.4 years, SD = .73). Results revealed that adolescents who experienced greater discrimination and language hassles showed a lower sense of belonging with classmates and subsequently, greater psychological distress. Those who experienced greater language hassles also exhibited a lower sense of perceived competence, and ultimately poorer academic adjustment. We conclude that self-determination theory (SDT) provides an important framework to explain key processes underlying the links between acculturation hassles with psychological distress and academic (mal-)adjustment. Strengthening belonging and competence among adolescents of immigrant descent may enhance their well-being in the face of acculturation hassles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KunyuJuangSchachneretal.2021,
  author    = {Kunyu, David Khisoni and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Schwarzenthal, Miriam},
  title     = {Discrimination among youth of immigrant descent in Germany},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0049-8637},
  doi       = {10.1026/0049-8637/a000231},
  pages     = {88 -- 102},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Ethnic discrimination has a negative impact on the socioemotional, behavioral, relational, and academic adjustment ofadolescents, while belonging with classmates, teachers, heritage, and national group may promote positive socioemotional and academicadjustment. We investigate (1) whether greater discrimination by peers and a lower sense of belonging with classmates, teachers, heritagegroup, and national group are associated with lower socioemotional and academic adjustment of adolescents of immigrant descent inGermany; and (2) whether a sense of belonging with these different sources acts as a protective factor lowering the negative effects ofdiscrimination on adjustment. Our sample included 439 7th-grade adolescents (51\% female,Mage= 12.4 years) of immigrant descent from15 Berlin secondary schools. Results showed that higher discrimination was related to greater physiological stress, depressive symptoms,and disruptive school behavior. Higher heritage (but not national) identity, a higher sense of belonging with classmates and with teacherswere associated with better socioemotional and academic adjustment. An examination of interaction effects between discrimination andforms of belonging on adjustment revealed that, while the association between discrimination and poorer adjustment weakened for thosewith higher heritage identity, the association between discrimination and physiological stress increased for those with higher teacherrelatedness. We conclude that heritage identity (but not national identity or sense of belonging with classmates) can indeed be a protectivefactor against the negative effects of discrimination for adolescents of immigrant descent in Germany. Even though belonging with teachersmay exacerbate discrimination effects, further investigation with longitudinal data is needed. The findings underline the important role ofheritage ties among adolescents of immigrant descent as a source of adjustment, especially in light of discrimination experiences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JuangSchwarzenthalMoffittetal.2021,
  author    = {Juang, Linda P. and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Moffitt, Ursula Elinor and Vietze, Jana},
  title     = {"No, where are you really from?"},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie : Organ der Fachgruppen Entwicklungspsychologie und P{\"a}dagogische Psychologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie (DGPs)},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Entwicklungspsychologie und p{\"a}dagogische Psychologie : Organ der Fachgruppen Entwicklungspsychologie und P{\"a}dagogische Psychologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie (DGPs)},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {0049-8637},
  doi       = {10.1026/0049-8637/a000242},
  pages     = {82 -- 93},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Being perceived as a foreigner regardless of one's generational status, citizenship, or self-identification is called foreigner objectification. This is a form of identity denial and is linked to psychological distress. To test how foreigner objectification could be measured in Europe, we assessed whether the Foreigner Objectification Scale demonstrated reliability and validity with German adolescents. The sample included 806 9th graders from 17 high schools. The results showed that the scale demonstrates good reliability, scalar measurement invariance across gender and citizenship status, and partial scalar measurement invariance across family heritage, generational status, and cultural self-identification. Adolescents who scored higher on the scale also reported greater school behavioral disengagement, lower life satisfaction, and stronger ethnic identity. Our findings suggest that the scale is psychometrically sound and is linked in theoretically consistent ways to adjustment and ethnic identity. We conclude that this scale offers another way to capture subtle discrimination experiences that add to a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination and the related implications in Europe.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JuangSchwarzenthalAraletal.2022,
  author    = {Juang, Linda P. and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Aral, Tuğ{\c{c}}e and Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen},
  title     = {Youth experiences of racism and family ethnic-racial socialization in Germany},
  series = {Infant and child development : an international journal of research},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {Infant and child development : an international journal of research},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1522-7219},
  doi       = {10.1002/icd.2301},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In 1988 the youth-led movement "Schools without racism, schools with courage" was established in Belgium and quickly spread throughout Europe. German schools adopted this movement in 1995. Decades later, racism is not yet a strong developmental science research topic for studies of youth in Germany and Europe. In this commentary we argue that it should be. With increasing hate crimes and harassment, there is also a need to understand how families are socializing young people to be prepared for, cope with, resist, and disrupt racism. This type of ethnic-racial socialization affects important developmental processes-adolescent ethnic-racial identity development and intergroup and institutional understanding and relations-and requires a more prominent place of study in a migration-diverse Germany. Studying these issues in this particular sociohistorical context will also contribute to a more context-specific understanding of youth experiences of racism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JuangSchachnerAraletal.2023,
  author    = {Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja and Aral, Tuğ{\c{c}}e and Schwarzenthal, Miriam and Kunyu, David Khisoni and L{\"o}hmannsr{\"o}ben, Hanna},
  title     = {Effects of a brief self-affirmation writing intervention among 7(th) graders in Germany},
  series = {Social psychology of education : an international journal},
  journal   = {Social psychology of education : an international journal},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1381-2890},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11218-023-09789-9},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We tested whether a brief self-affirmation writing intervention protected against identity-threats (i.e., stereotyping and discrimination) for adolescents' school-related adjustment. The longitudinal study followed 639 adolescents in Germany (65\% of immigrant descent, 50\% female, M-age = 12.35 years, SDage = .69) from 7(th) grade (pre-intervention at T1, five to six months post-intervention at T2) to the end of 8(th) grade (one-year follow-up at T3). We tested for direct and moderated (by heritage group, discrimination, classroom cultural diversity climate) effects using regression and latent change models. The self-affirmation intervention did not promote grades or math competence. However, in the short-term and for adolescents of immigrant descent, the intervention prevented a downward trajectory in mastery reactions to academic challenges for those experiencing greater discrimination. Further, it protected against a decline in behavioral school engagement for those in positive classroom cultural diversity climates. In the long-term and for all adolescents, the intervention lessened an upward trajectory in disruptive behavior. Overall, the self-affirmation intervention benefited some aspects of school-related adjustment for adolescents of immigrant and non-immigrant descent. The intervention context is important, with classroom cultural diversity climate acting as a psychological affordance enhancing affirmation effects. Our study supports the ongoing call for theorizing and empirically testing student and context heterogeneity to better understand for whom and under which conditions this intervention may work.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AralSchachnerJuangetal.2022,
  author    = {Aral, Tuğ{\c{c}}e and Schachner, Maja K. and Juang, Linda P. and Schwarzenthal, Miriam},
  title     = {Cultural diversity approaches in schools and adolescents' willingness to support refugee youth},
  series = {British journal of educational psychology / British Psychological Society},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {British journal of educational psychology / British Psychological Society},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0007-0998},
  doi       = {10.1111/bjep.12458},
  pages     = {772 -- 799},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Culturally diverse schools contribute to adolescents' intergroup relations. Complex and inclusive social identities are mechanisms that can explain the link between structural school cultural diversity (i.e., proportion of students of immigrant descent and the number of different ethnic groups) and positive intergroup relations. We expected that similar mechanisms might be at play linking cultural diversity approaches in schools with adolescents' intergroup relations. Aim We examined the link between two sub-dimensions of cultural diversity approaches (i.e., equal treatment; heritage and intercultural learning) and adolescents' prosocial intentions and behaviour towards refugee youth. Then, we explored the mediating role of identity inclusiveness (i.e., perceived similarity of the self with others). Sample and methods We sampled culturally diverse eighth grade adolescents from 54 classrooms in Berlin (N = 503, M-age = 13.76 years, 50.6\% female). Surveys measured perceived cultural diversity norms, adolescents' perceived identity inclusiveness with refugee youth, prosocial intentions to support refugee youth, and willingness to donate to a project for refugee youth. Results Multilevel models revealed that adolescents' perception of heritage and intercultural learning predicted adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, but not their willingness to donate. Equal treatment was not a significant predictor of adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, or their willingness to donate. Identity inclusiveness did not mediate the relation between cultural diversity approaches and prosocial intentions. However, identity inclusiveness did positively relate adolescents' prosocial intentions and willingness to donate. Conclusions We conclude that culturally diverse schools that engage in heritage and intercultural learning might help to promote positive relations between local and refugee youth in schools and society. Fostering inclusive identities may enhance local adolescent's prosocial intention and behaviour.},
  language  = {en}
}