@article{ZaytsevaKorsakovaGurovichetal.2014, author = {Zaytseva, Yuliya and Korsakova, Natalya and Gurovich, Isaac Ya and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael A.}, title = {Luria revisited: Complex motor phenomena in first episode schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders}, series = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry}, volume = {220}, journal = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Clare}, issn = {0165-1781}, doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.009}, pages = {145 -- 151}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{ZborowskiKochKleinpeteretal.2014, author = {Zborowski, Krzysztof Kazimierz and Koch, Andreas and Kleinpeter, Erich and Proniewicz, Leonard Marian}, title = {Searching for aromatic celate rings. Oxygen versus Thio and Seleno Ligands}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r physikalische Chemie : international journal of research in physical chemistry and chemical physics}, volume = {228}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r physikalische Chemie : international journal of research in physical chemistry and chemical physics}, number = {8}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0942-9352}, doi = {10.1515/zpch-2014-0528}, pages = {869 -- 878}, year = {2014}, abstract = {As a part of searching for fully aromatic chelate compounds, copper complexes of malondialdehyde as well as its sulfur and selenium derivatives were investigated using the DFT quantum chemical methods. Chelate complexes of both Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions wereconsidered. Aromaticity of the metal complexes studied were analyzed using NICS(0), NICS(1), PDI, I-ring, MCI, ICMCI and I-B aromaticity indices, and by TSNMRS visualizations of the spatial magnetic properties. It seems that partial aromaticityof studied chelates increases when oxygen atoms in malondialdehyde are replaced by sulfur and selenium.}, language = {en} } @article{ZeheEhretPfisteretal.2014, author = {Zehe, E. and Ehret, U. and Pfister, L. and Blume, Theresa and Schroeder, Boris and Westhoff, M. and Jackisch, C. and Schymanski, Stanislauv J. and Weiler, M. and Schulz, K. and Allroggen, Niklas and Tronicke, Jens and van Schaik, Loes and Dietrich, Peter and Scherer, U. and Eccard, Jana and Wulfmeyer, Volker and Kleidon, Axel}, title = {HESS Opinions: From response units to functional units: a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments}, series = {Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS}, volume = {18}, journal = {Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS}, number = {11}, publisher = {Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1027-5606}, doi = {10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014}, pages = {4635 -- 4655}, year = {2014}, abstract = {According to Dooge (1986) intermediate-scale catchments are systems of organized complexity, being too organized and yet too small to be characterized on a statistical/conceptual basis, but too large and too heterogeneous to be characterized in a deterministic manner. A key requirement for building structurally adequate models precisely for this intermediate scale is a better understanding of how different forms of spatial organization affect storage and release of water and energy. Here, we propose that a combination of the concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and thermodynamics offers several helpful and partly novel perspectives for gaining this improved understanding. Our key idea is to define functional similarity based on similarity of the terrestrial controls of gradients and resistance terms controlling the land surface energy balance, rainfall runoff transformation, and groundwater storage and release. This might imply that functional similarity with respect to these specific forms of water release emerges at different scales, namely the small field scale, the hillslope, and the catchment scale. We thus propose three different types of "functional units" - specialized HRUs, so to speak - which behave similarly with respect to one specific form of water release and with a characteristic extent equal to one of those three scale levels. We furthermore discuss an experimental strategy based on exemplary learning and replicate experiments to identify and delineate these functional units, and as a promising strategy for characterizing the interplay and organization of water and energy fluxes across scales. We believe the thermodynamic perspective to be well suited to unmask equifinality as inherent in the equations governing water, momentum, and energy fluxes: this is because several combinations of gradients and resistance terms yield the same mass or energy flux and the terrestrial controls of gradients and resistance terms are largely independent. We propose that structurally adequate models at this scale should consequently disentangle driving gradients and resistance terms, because this optionally allow sequifinality to be partly reduced by including available observations, e. g., on driving gradients. Most importantly, the thermodynamic perspective yields an energy-centered perspective on rainfall-runoff transformation and evapotranspiration, including fundamental limits for energy fluxes associated with these processes. This might additionally reduce equifinality and opens up opportunities for testing thermodynamic optimality principles within independent predictions of rainfall-runoff or land surface energy exchange. This is pivotal to finding out whether or not spatial organization in catchments is in accordance with a fundamental organizing principle.}, language = {en} } @article{ZenderMetzlerLucke2014, author = {Zender, Raphael and Metzler, Richard and Lucke, Ulrike}, title = {FreshUP-A pervasive educational game for freshmen}, series = {Pervasive and mobile computing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Pervasive and mobile computing}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1574-1192}, doi = {10.1016/j.pmcj.2013.09.003}, pages = {47 -- 56}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Students beginning their studies at university face manifold problems such as orientation in a new environment and organizing their courses. This article presents the implementation and successful empirical evaluation of the pervasive browser-based educational game "FreshUP", which aims at helping to overcome the initial difficulties of freshmen. In contrast to a conventional scavenger hunt, mobile pervasive games like FreshUP, bridging in-game and real world activities, have the potential to provide help in a motivating manner using new technology which is currently becoming more and more common. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{ZerleElsaesser2014, author = {Zerle-Els{\"a}ßer, Claudia}, title = {Wer wird Vater und wann?}, publisher = {Wiss. Verl.}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-86573-844-8}, pages = {299}, year = {2014}, language = {de} } @article{ZhangChenBoettcher2014, author = {Zhang, Haocheng and Chen, Xuhui and Boettcher, Markus}, title = {Synchrotron polarization in blazars}, series = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics}, volume = {789}, journal = {The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics}, number = {1}, publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {0004-637X}, doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/66}, pages = {16}, year = {2014}, abstract = {We present a detailed analysis of time-and energy-dependent synchrotron polarization signatures in a shock-in-jet model for gamma-ray blazars. Our calculations employ a full three-dimensional radiation transfer code, assuming a helical magnetic field throughout the jet. The code considers synchrotron emission from an ordered magnetic field, and takes into account all light-travel-time and other relevant geometric effects, while the relevant synchrotron self-Compton and external Compton effects are handled with the two-dimensional Monte-Carlo/Fokker-Planck (MCFP) code. We consider several possible mechanisms through which a relativistic shock propagating through the jet may affect the jet plasma to produce a synchrotron and high-energy flare. Most plausibly, the shock is expected to lead to a compression of the magnetic field, increasing the toroidal field component and thereby changing the direction of the magnetic field in the region affected by the shock. We find that such a scenario leads to correlated synchrotron + synchrotron-self-Compton flaring, associated with substantial variability in the synchrotron polarization percentage and position angle. Most importantly, this scenario naturally explains large polarization angle rotations by greater than or similar to 180 degrees, as observed in connection with gamma-ray flares in several blazars, without the need for bent or helical jet trajectories or other nonaxisymmetric jet features.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhangZhangYouetal.2014, author = {Zhang, Xiaoqing and Zhang, Xinwu and You, Qiong and Sessler, Gerhard M.}, title = {Low- cost, large- area, stretchable piezoelectric films based on irradiation- crosslinked poly ( propylene)}, series = {Macromolecular materials and engineering}, volume = {299}, journal = {Macromolecular materials and engineering}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1438-7492}, doi = {10.1002/mame.201300161}, pages = {290 -- 295}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Low cost, large area, lightweight, stretchable piezoelectric films, based on space-charge electret with a foam structure (i.e., ferroelectrets or piezoelectrets), have been fabricated by using commercially available irradiation cross-linked poly(propylene) (IXPP) foam sheets. Piezoelectric d(33) coefficients are as high as 100pCN(-1). The piezoelectric performance in such IXPP films is well preserved for repeated strains of less than 10\%. Piezoelectric d(33) coefficients are frequency independent in the range from 2 to 100Hz. Such new class materials may be applied in sensory skins, smart clothing, bio-inspired systems, microenergy harvesters, and so on.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhangSunFettkeetal.2014, author = {Zhang, Youjun and Sun, Feng and Fettke, J{\"o}rg and Schoettler, Mark Aurel and Ramsden, Lawrence and Fernie, Alisdair R. and Lim, Boon Leong}, title = {Heterologous expression of AtPAP2 in transgenic potato influences carbon metabolism and tuber development}, series = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences}, volume = {588}, journal = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences}, number = {20}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0014-5793}, doi = {10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.019}, pages = {3726 -- 3731}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Changes in carbon flow and sink/source activities can affect floral, architectural, and reproductive traits of plants. In potato, overexpression (OE) of the purple acid phosphatase 2 of Arabidopsis (AtPAP2) resulted in earlier flowering, faster growth rate, increased tubers and tuber starch content, and higher photosynthesis rate. There was a significant change in sucrose, glucose and fructose levels in leaves, phloem and sink biomass of the OE lines, consistent with an increased expression of sucrose transporter 1 (StSUT1). Furthermore, the expression levels and enzyme activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) were also significantly increased in the OE lines. These findings strongly suggest that higher carbon supply from the source and improved sink strength can improve potato tuber yield. (C) 2014 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhaoKuhnOyeetal.2014, author = {Zhao, Peng and Kuhn, Daniela and Oye, Volker and Cesca, Simone}, title = {Evidence for tensile faulting deduced from full waveform moment tensor inversion during the stimulation of the Basel enhanced geothermal system}, series = {Geothermics : an international journal of geothermal research and its applications}, volume = {52}, journal = {Geothermics : an international journal of geothermal research and its applications}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0375-6505}, doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.01.003}, pages = {74 -- 83}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Our study presents the results of a moment tensor inversion of 19 microseismic events with M-L between 2.0 and 3.4, associated with the stimulation operation of an enhanced geothermal reservoir in Basel, Switzerland, in 2006. We adopt a three-step procedure to retrieve point source solution parameters based on full waveform inversion. The inversion is performed by fitting displacement amplitude spectra and displacement seismograms in the first and second step, respectively, assuming a double couple source model and thus obtaining focal solutions for all 19 events. Our results are in agreement with focal mechanisms from a previous study, which employed P wave first-motion polarities from more than 40 stations, whereas our solutions are achieved using full waveform data recorded by less than 10 surface stations. In the last step, a full moment tensor inversion is performed. The results from the moment tensor inversion show an improvement on the waveform fitting compared to the double couple models, which is verified by an F-test. We investigate the stability of the moment tensor solutions by employing different velocity models. The isotropic components of the moment tensor solutions of some events are not negligible, suggesting source volume changes due to fluid injection. Events with significant isotropic components occurred mainly during the stimulation phase and close to the injection well. On the other hand, events that occurred in the post-stimulation phase are predominantly pure shear failure and located further away from the well bore. These spatio-temporal patterns can be explained by the influence of pore pressure variations during and after the hydraulic stimulation at the geothermal site. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhaoDunlopQiuetal.2014, author = {Zhao, Qiang and Dunlop, John William Chapman and Qiu, Xunlin and Huang, Feihe and Zhang, Zibin and Heyda, Jan and Dzubiella, Joachim and Antonietti, Markus and Yuan, Jiayin}, title = {An instant multi-responsive porous polymer actuator driven by solvent molecule sorption}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {5}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms5293}, pages = {8}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Fast actuation speed, large-shape deformation and robust responsiveness are critical to synthetic soft actuators. A simultaneous optimization of all these aspects without trade-offs remains unresolved. Here we describe porous polymer actuators that bend in response to acetone vapour (24 kPa, 20 degrees C) at a speed of an order of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art, coupled with a large-scale locomotion. They are meanwhile multi-responsive towards a variety of organic vapours in both the dry and wet states, thus distinctive from the traditional gel actuation systems that become inactive when dried. The actuator is easy-to-make and survives even after hydrothermal processing (200 degrees C, 24 h) and pressing-pressure (100 MPa) treatments. In addition, the beneficial responsiveness is transferable, being able to turn 'inert' objects into actuators through surface coating. This advanced actuator arises from the unique combination of porous morphology, gradient structure and the interaction between solvent molecules and actuator materials.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zhou2014, author = {Zhou, Xu}, title = {Atmospheric interactions with land surface in the arctic based on regional climate model solutions}, pages = {143}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zibulski2014, author = {Zibulski, Romy}, title = {Taxonomic composition and biochemical and isotopic characteristics of North-Siberian mosses and their application to the palaeoecological reconstruction of tundra polygon development}, pages = {ii, 127}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ziese2014, author = {Ziese, Ramona}, title = {Geometric electroelasticity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72504}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {vi, 113}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In this work a diffential geometric formulation of the theory of electroelasticity is developed which also includes thermal and magnetic influences. We study the motion of bodies consisting of an elastic material that are deformed by the influence of mechanical forces, heat and an external electromagnetic field. To this end physical balance laws (conservation of mass, balance of momentum, angular momentum and energy) are established. These provide an equation that describes the motion of the body during the deformation. Here the body and the surrounding space are modeled as Riemannian manifolds, and we allow that the body has a lower dimension than the surrounding space. In this way one is not (as usual) restricted to the description of the deformation of three-dimensional bodies in a three-dimensional space, but one can also describe the deformation of membranes and the deformation in a curved space. Moreover, we formulate so-called constitutive relations that encode the properties of the used material. Balance of energy as a scalar law can easily be formulated on a Riemannian manifold. The remaining balance laws are then obtained by demanding that balance of energy is invariant under the action of arbitrary diffeomorphisms on the surrounding space. This generalizes a result by Marsden and Hughes that pertains to bodies that have the same dimension as the surrounding space and does not allow the presence of electromagnetic fields. Usually, in works on electroelasticity the entropy inequality is used to decide which otherwise allowed deformations are physically admissible and which are not. It is alsoemployed to derive restrictions to the possible forms of constitutive relations describing the material. Unfortunately, the opinions on the physically correct statement of the entropy inequality diverge when electromagnetic fields are present. Moreover, it is unclear how to formulate the entropy inequality in the case of a membrane that is subjected to an electromagnetic field. Thus, we show that one can replace the use of the entropy inequality by the demand that for a given process balance of energy is invariant under the action of arbitrary diffeomorphisms on the surrounding space and under linear rescalings of the temperature. On the one hand, this demand also yields the desired restrictions to the form of the constitutive relations. On the other hand, it needs much weaker assumptions than the arguments in physics literature that are employing the entropy inequality. Again, our result generalizes a theorem of Marsden and Hughes. This time, our result is, like theirs, only valid for bodies that have the same dimension as the surrounding space.}, language = {en} } @article{ZimmermannZimmermann2014, author = {Zimmermann, Alexander and Zimmermann, Beate}, title = {Requirements for throughfall monitoring: The roles of temporal scale and canopy complexity}, series = {Agricultural and forest meteorology}, volume = {189}, journal = {Agricultural and forest meteorology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0168-1923}, doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.014}, pages = {125 -- 139}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A wide range of basic and applied problems in water resources research requires high-quality estimates of the spatial mean of throughfall. Many throughfall sampling schemes, however, are not optimally adapted to the system under study. The application of inappropriate sampling schemes may partly reflect the lack of generally applicable guidelines on throughfall sampling strategies. In this study we conducted virtual sampling experiments using simulated fields which are based on empirical throughfall data from three structurally distinct forests (a 12-year old teak plantation, a 5-year old young secondary forest, and a 130-year old secondary forest). In the virtual sampling experiments we assessed the relative error of mean throughfall estimates for 38 different throughfall sampling schemes comprising a variety of funnel- and trough-type collectors and a large range of sample sizes. Moreover, we tested the performance of each scheme for both event-based and accumulated throughfall data. The key findings of our study are threefold. First, as errors of mean throughfall estimates vary as a function of throughfall depth, the decision on which temporal scale (i.e. event-based versus accumulated data) to sample strongly influences the required sampling effort. Second, given a chosen temporal scale throughfall estimates can vary considerably as a function of canopy complexity. Accordingly, throughfall sampling in simply structured forests requires a comparatively modest effort, whereas heterogeneous forests can be extreme in terms of sampling requirements, particularly if the focus is on reliable data of small events. Third, the efficiency of trough-type collectors depends on the spatial structure of throughfall. Strong, long-ranging throughfall patterns decrease the efficiency of troughs substantially. Based on the results of our virtual sampling experiments, which we evaluated by applying two contrasting sampling approaches simultaneously, we derive readily applicable guidelines for throughfall monitoring. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{Zimmermann2014, author = {Zimmermann, Andreas}, title = {Koalition locuta. Causa finita?}, series = {Die {\"o}ffentliche Verwaltung : D{\"O}V ; Zeitschrift f{\"u}r {\"o}ffentliches Recht und Verwaltungswissenschaft}, journal = {Die {\"o}ffentliche Verwaltung : D{\"O}V ; Zeitschrift f{\"u}r {\"o}ffentliches Recht und Verwaltungswissenschaft}, number = {14}, publisher = {Kohlhammer}, address = {Stuttgart u. a.}, issn = {0029-859X}, pages = {429 -- 434}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Die staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeitsrechtliche Optionspflicht des \S 29 StAG f{\"u}r in Deutschland geborene Kinder ausl{\"a}ndischer Eltern, die jus soli die deutsche Staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeit erworben haben, bildete eine der Kernfragen des letzten Bundestagswahlkampfes. Im zwischen CDU/CSU und SPD abgeschlossenen Koalitionsvertrag ist vorgesehen, dass f{\"u}r in Deutschland geborene und aufgewachsene deutsche Kinder ausl{\"a}ndischer Eltern in Zukunft der Optionszwang entfallen soll und die Mehrstaatigkeit akzeptiert wird, w{\"a}hrend es im {\"U}brigen beim geltenden Staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeitsrecht bleiben soll. Der Beitrag untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund und im Lichte der nunmehr insoweit vorliegenden Entw{\"u}rfe die sich aus diesen politischen Vorgaben ergebenden staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeitsrechtlichen Regelungsoptionen und -probleme.}, language = {de} } @article{ZimmermannLandefeld2014, author = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Landefeld, Sarina}, title = {Europ{\"a}ische Menschenrechtskonvention und Staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeitsrecht der Konventionsstaaten}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Ausl{\"a}nderrecht und Ausl{\"a}nderpolitik : ZAR}, volume = {34}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Ausl{\"a}nderrecht und Ausl{\"a}nderpolitik : ZAR}, number = {3}, publisher = {Nomos}, address = {Baden-Baden}, issn = {0721-5746}, pages = {97 -- 136}, year = {2014}, language = {de} } @incollection{ZimmermannSchniederjahn2014, author = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Schniederjahn, Nina}, title = {60 Jahre EMRK - Versuch einer Bilanz}, series = {60 Jahre Europ{\"a}ische Menschenrechtskonvention : die Konvention als "living instrument" (Schriftenreihe des Menschenrechtszentrums der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Bd. 38)}, booktitle = {60 Jahre Europ{\"a}ische Menschenrechtskonvention : die Konvention als "living instrument" (Schriftenreihe des Menschenrechtszentrums der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam ; Bd. 38)}, publisher = {Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8305-3407-5}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {7 -- 19}, year = {2014}, language = {de} } @article{ZimmermannSener2014, author = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Sener, Meltem}, title = {Chemical weapons and the international criminal court}, series = {American journal of international law}, volume = {108}, journal = {American journal of international law}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Society of International Law}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0002-9300}, doi = {10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.3.0436}, pages = {436 -- 448}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{ZimmermannSener2014, author = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Sener, Meltem}, title = {Chemical Weapons and the International Criminal Court}, series = {American Journal of International Law}, volume = {108}, journal = {American Journal of International Law}, number = {3}, publisher = {ASIL}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0002-9300}, doi = {10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.3.0436}, pages = {436 -- 448}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{ZimmermannZimmermannTurneretal.2014, author = {Zimmermann, Beate and Zimmermann, Alexander and Turner, Benjamin L. and Francke, Till and Elsenbeer, Helmut}, title = {Connectivity of overland flow by drainage network expansion in a rain forest catchment}, series = {Water resources research}, volume = {50}, journal = {Water resources research}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0043-1397}, doi = {10.1002/2012WR012660}, pages = {1457 -- 1473}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Soils in various places of the Panama Canal Watershed feature a low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) at shallow depth, which promotes overland-flow generation and associated flashy catchment responses. In undisturbed forests of these areas, overland flow is concentrated in flow lines that extend the channel network and provide hydrological connectivity between hillslopes and streams. To understand the dynamics of overland-flow connectivity, as well as the impact of connectivity on catchment response, we studied an undisturbed headwater catchment by monitoring overland-flow occurrence in all flow lines and discharge, suspended sediment, and total phosphorus at the catchment outlet. We find that connectivity is strongly influenced by seasonal variation in antecedent wetness and can develop even under light rainfall conditions. Connectivity increased rapidly as rainfall frequency increased, eventually leading to full connectivity and surficial drainage of entire hillslopes. Connectivity was nonlinearly related to catchment response. However, additional information on factors such as overland-flow volume would be required to constrain relationships between connectivity, stormflow, and the export of suspended sediment and phosphorus. The effort to monitor those factors would be substantial, so we advocate applying the established links between rain event characteristics, drainage network expansion by flow lines, and catchment response for predictive modeling and catchment classification in forests of the Panama Canal Watershed and in similar regions elsewhere.}, language = {en} }