@phdthesis{Eren2024, author = {Eren, Enis Oğuzhan}, title = {Covalent anode materials for high-energy sodium-ion batteries}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-62258}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-622585}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xi, 153}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in an abnormal increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, contributing to the global climate crisis. In response, a rapid transition to renewable energy sources has begun, particularly lithium-ion batteries, playing a crucial role in the green energy transformation. However, concerns regarding the availability and geopolitical implications of lithium have prompted the exploration of alternative rechargeable battery systems, such as sodium-ion batteries. Sodium is significantly abundant and more homogeneously distributed in the crust and seawater, making it easier and less expensive to extract than lithium. However, because of the mysterious nature of its components, sodium-ion batteries are not yet sufficiently advanced to take the place of lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, sodium exhibits a more metallic character and a larger ionic radius, resulting in a different ion storage mechanism utilized in lithium-ion batteries. Innovations in synthetic methods, post-treatments, and interface engineering clearly demonstrate the significance of developing high-performance carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The objective of this dissertation is to present a systematic approach for fabricating efficient, high-performance, and sustainable carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. This will involve a comprehensive investigation of different chemical environments and post-modification techniques as well. This dissertation focuses on three main objectives. Firstly, it explores the significance of post-synthetic methods in designing interfaces. A conformal carbon nitride coating is deposited through chemical vapor deposition on a carbon electrode as an artificial solid-electrolyte interface layer, resulting in improved electrochemical performance. The interaction between the carbon nitride artificial interface and the carbon electrode enhances initial Coulombic efficiency, rate performance, and total capacity. Secondly, a novel process for preparing sulfur-rich carbon as a high-performing anode material for sodium-ion batteries is presented. The method involves using an oligo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene precursor for high sulfur content hard carbon anode to investigate the sulfur heteroatom effect on the electrochemical sodium storage mechanism. By optimizing the condensation temperature, a significant transformation in the materials' nanostructure is achieved, leading to improved electrochemical performance. The use of in-operando small-angle X-ray scattering provides valuable insights into the interaction between micropores and sodium ions during the electrochemical processes. Lastly, the development of high-capacity hard carbon, derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, is examined. This carbon material exhibits exceptional performance at both low and high current densities. Extensive electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations shed light on the sodium storage mechanism concerning the chemical environment, establishing the material's stability and potential applications in sodium-ion batteries.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{John2021, author = {John, Leonard}, title = {Neuartige DBD-Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51048}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510487}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {257}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Zusammenfassung zur Dissertation „Neuartige DBD-Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe: Synthese, Untersuchungen und Anwendungen" von Leonard John In dieser Arbeit konnten auf Basis der etablierten [1,3]-Dioxolo[4,5-f][1,3]benzodioxol (DBD) Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe zwei neue Konzepte zur Darstellung unsymmetrisch funktionalisierter DBD-Fluorophore entwickelt werden. Die Variation der elektronenziehenden Reste f{\"u}hrte zu einer Erweiterung des Farbspektrums an DBD-Fluorophoren, wobei alle weiteren spektroskopischen Parameter (Fluoreszenzlebenszeit, -quantenausbeute und STOKES-Verschiebung) unver{\"a}ndert hohe Werte aufweisen. Neben der Variation der elektronenziehenden Reste wurde das "pi"-System des DBD-Farbstoffs mit der Einf{\"u}hrung von Stilben-, und Tolan-Derivaten vergr{\"o}ßert. Stilben-Derivate zeigten {\"a}hnlich gute spektroskopische Eigenschaften wie die bereits etablierten DBD-Farbstoffe. Fluorophore mit langwelliger Emission sind auf Grund der großen Gewebe-Eindringtiefe besonders interessant f{\"u}r biologische Anwendungen. Da der langwelligste Vertreter der O4-DBD-Farbstoffe in polaren Medien nur schwer l{\"o}slich ist, wurde ein Weg zur Einf{\"u}hrung l{\"o}slichkeitsvermittelnder Gruppen gesucht. Hierbei fiel die Wahl auf eine Carbons{\"a}ure-Gruppe zur Steigerung der Hydrophilie. Eine von vier untersuchten Methoden erwies sich als zielf{\"u}hrend, sodass das gew{\"u}nschte Molek{\"u}l isoliert werden konnte. Eine erh{\"o}hte Wasserl{\"o}slichkeit wurde allerdings nicht beobachtet. Zur Erforschung von Fettstoffwechselkrankheiten wie der ALZHEIMER-Krankheit werden fluoreszenzmarkierte Lipide ben{\"o}tigt. Um unterschiedliche Bereiche einer Membran zu untersuchen, war das Ziel, den Fluorophor an unterschiedlichen Stellen innerhalb der Fetts{\"a}ure zu lokalisieren. Hierbei sollte die Gesamtkettenl{\"a}nge des DBD-Lipids einer C18-Kette, analog der Stearins{\"a}ure, entsprechen. Durch die stufenweise Einf{\"u}hrung der Reste gelang es, drei DBD-Lipide herzustellen, wobei sich der Fluorophor an unterschiedlichen Positionen innerhalb der Kette befindet. Die photophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Lipide weichen nur marginal von denen der reinen Fluorophore ab. Eine Einlagerung in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) konnte f{\"u}r zwei Derivate beobachtet werden, wobei keine dom{\"a}nenspezifisch war. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die vier Sauerstoffatome im DBD-Grundk{\"o}rper stufenweise durch Schwefelatome zu ersetzen und die Ringgr{\"o}ßen des DBD-Fluorophors zu variieren. F{\"u}r die Ringgr{\"o}ße zeigte der 1,2-S2-DBD mit jeweils zwei F{\"u}nfringen die besten spektroskopischen Eigenschaften. Durch die Synthese von zwei weiteren schwefelhaltigen DBD-Grundk{\"o}rpern (S1- und 1,4-S2-DBD) konnten insgesamt drei neue Farbstoffklassen zug{\"a}nglich gemacht werden. F{\"u}r alle neuen Chromophore wurden elektronenziehende Reste (Aldehyd, Acyl, Ester, Carboxy) eingef{\"u}hrt und die jeweiligen Derivate spektroskopisch untersucht. Mit steigender Anzahl an Schwefel-Atomen im Grundk{\"o}rper zeigt sich eine bathochrome Verschiebung der Emission, wobei die Werte f{\"u}r die Fluoreszenzlebenszeit- und -quantenausbeute abnehmen. Die optimalen spektroskopischen Eigenschaften aus langwelliger Emission, hoher Fluoreszenzlebenszeit und -quantenausbeute zeigt das 1,4-S2-Dialdehyd-Derivat. F{\"u}r die S1- und 1,2-S2-Dialdehyd- Derivate wurden Konzepte entwickelt, um bioreaktive Reste (Alkin, HOSu, Maleimid) einzuf{\"u}hren und die Fluorophore in biologischen Systemen anwenden zu k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @article{WessigFreyseSchusteretal.2020, author = {Wessig, Pablo and Freyse, Daniel and Schuster, David and Kelling, Alexandra}, title = {Fluorescent dyes with large stokes shifts based on Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,3]dithiole) ("S4-DBD Dyes")}, series = {Europan journal of organic chemistry}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Europan journal of organic chemistry}, number = {11}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1434-193X}, doi = {10.1002/ejoc.202000093}, pages = {1732 -- 1744}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We report on a further development of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes by replacement of the four oxygen atoms of the heterocyclic core by sulfur atoms. This variation causes striking changes of the photophysical properties. Whereas absorption and emission significantly shifted to longer wavelength, the fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields are diminished compared to DBD dyes. The latter effect is presumably caused by an enhanced intersystem crossing to the triplet state due to the sulfur atoms. The very large Stokes shifts of the S-4-DBD dyes ranging from 3000 cm(-1) to 7400 cm(-1) (67 nm to 191 nm) should be especially emphasized. By analogy with DBD dyes a broad variation of absorption and emission wavelength is possible by introducing different electron withdrawing substituents. Moreover, some derivatives for coupling with biomolecules were developed.}, language = {en} } @article{WessigJohnSperlichetal.2020, author = {Wessig, Pablo and John, Leonard and Sperlich, Eric and Kelling, Alexandra}, title = {Sulfur tuning of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes}, series = {European journal of organic chemistry}, volume = {2021}, journal = {European journal of organic chemistry}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1434-193X}, doi = {10.1002/ejoc.202001418}, pages = {499 -- 511}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The replacement of oxygen by sulfur atoms of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes is an efficient way to adjust the photophysical properties (sulfur tuning). While previously developed S-4-DBD dyes exhibit considerably red-shifted absorption and emission wavelength, the heavy atom effect of four sulfur atoms cause low fluorescence quantum yields and short fluorescence lifetimes. Herein, we demonstrate that the replacement of less than four sulfur atoms (S-1-DBD, 1,2-S-2-DBD, and 1,4-S-2-DBD dyes) permits a fine-tuning of the photophysical properties. In some cases, a similar influence on the wavelength without the detrimental effect on the quantum yields and lifetimes is observed. Furthermore, the synthetic accessibility of S-1- and S-2-DBD dyes is improved, compared with S-4-DBD dyes. For coupling with biomolecules a series of reactive derivatives of the new dyes were developed (azides, OSu esters, alkynes, maleimides).}, language = {en} } @misc{WessigJohnSperlichetal.2020, author = {Wessig, Pablo and John, Leonard and Sperlich, Eric and Kelling, Alexandra}, title = {Sulfur tuning of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {3}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-56624}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-566241}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The replacement of oxygen by sulfur atoms of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes is an efficient way to adjust the photophysical properties (sulfur tuning). While previously developed S-4-DBD dyes exhibit considerably red-shifted absorption and emission wavelength, the heavy atom effect of four sulfur atoms cause low fluorescence quantum yields and short fluorescence lifetimes. Herein, we demonstrate that the replacement of less than four sulfur atoms (S-1-DBD, 1,2-S-2-DBD, and 1,4-S-2-DBD dyes) permits a fine-tuning of the photophysical properties. In some cases, a similar influence on the wavelength without the detrimental effect on the quantum yields and lifetimes is observed. Furthermore, the synthetic accessibility of S-1- and S-2-DBD dyes is improved, compared with S-4-DBD dyes. For coupling with biomolecules a series of reactive derivatives of the new dyes were developed (azides, OSu esters, alkynes, maleimides).}, language = {en} } @article{YanOschatzWu2020, author = {Yan, Runyu and Oschatz, Martin and Wu, Feixiang}, title = {Towards stable lithium-sulfur battery cathodes by combining physical and chemical confinement of polysulfides in core-shell structured nitrogen-doped carbons}, series = {Carbon}, volume = {161}, journal = {Carbon}, publisher = {Elsevier Science}, address = {Amsterdam [u.a.]}, issn = {0008-6223}, doi = {10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.046}, pages = {162 -- 168}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Despite intensive research on porous carbon materials as hosts for sulfur in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes, it remains a problem to restrain the soluble lithium polysulfide intermediates for a long-term cycling stability without the use of metallic or metal-containing species. Here, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon materials with hierarchical pore architecture and a core-shell-type particle design including an ordered mesoporous carbon core and a polar microporous carbon shell. The initial discharge capacity with a sulfur loading up to 72 wt\% reaches over 900 mA h g(sulf)(ur)(-1) at a rate of C/2. Cycling performance measured at C/2 indicates similar to 90\% capacity retention over 250 cycles. In comparison to other carbon hosts, this architecture not only provides sufficient space for a high sulfur loading induced by the high-pore-volume particle core, but also enables a dual effect of physical and chemical confinement of the polysulfides to stabilize the cycle life by adsorbing the soluble intermediates in the polar microporous shell. This work elucidates a design principle for carbonaceous hosts that is capable to provide simultaneous physical-chemical confinement. This is necessary to overcome the shuttle effect towards stable lithium-sulfur battery cathodes, in the absence of additional membranes or inactive metal-based anchoring materials.}, language = {en} }