@article{BoschClahsen2016,
  author    = {Bosch, Sina and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Accessing morphosyntax in L1 and L2 word recognition A priming study of inflected German adjectives},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.11.1.02bos},
  pages     = {26 -- 54},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In fusional languages, inflectional affixes may encode multiple morphosyntactic features such as case, number, and gender. To determine how these features are accessed during both native (L1) and non-native (L2) word recognition, the present study compares the results from a masked visual priming experiment testing inflected adjectives of German to those of a previous overt (cross-modal) priming experiment on the same phenomenon. While for the L1 group both experiments produced converging results, a group of highly-proficient Russian L2 learners of German showed native-like modulations of repetition priming effects under overt, but not under masked priming conditions. These results indicate that not only affixes but also their morphosyntactic features are accessible during initial form-based lexical access, albeit only for L1 and not for L2 processing. We argue that this contrast is in line with other findings suggesting that non-native language processing is less influenced by structural information than the L1.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CiaccioClahsen2019,
  author    = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Variability and consistency in first and second language processing},
  series = {Language Learning},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Language Learning},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0023-8333},
  doi       = {10.1111/lang.12370},
  pages     = {103 -- 136},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: .},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CiaccioClahsen2019,
  author    = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Variability and consistency in first and second language processing},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51772},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517727},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenBalkhairSchutteretal.2013,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Balkhair, Loay and Schutter, John-Sebastian and Cunnings, Ian},
  title     = {The time course of morphological processing in a second language},
  series = {Second language research},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Second language research},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0267-6583},
  doi       = {10.1177/0267658312464970},
  pages     = {7 -- 31},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We report findings from psycholinguistic experiments investigating the detailed timing of processing morphologically complex words by proficient adult second (L2) language learners of English in comparison to adult native (L1) speakers of English. The first study employed the masked priming technique to investigate -ed forms with a group of advanced Arabic-speaking learners of English. The results replicate previously found L1/L2 differences in morphological priming, even though in the present experiment an extra temporal delay was offered after the presentation of the prime words. The second study examined the timing of constraints against inflected forms inside derived words in English using the eye-movement monitoring technique and an additional acceptability judgment task with highly advanced Dutch L2 learners of English in comparison to adult L1 English controls. Whilst offline the L2 learners performed native-like, the eye-movement data showed that their online processing was not affected by the morphological constraint against regular plurals inside derived words in the same way as in native speakers. Taken together, these findings indicate that L2 learners are not just slower than native speakers in processing morphologically complex words, but that the L2 comprehension system employs real-time grammatical analysis (in this case, morphological information) less than the L1 system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ClahsenBalkhairSchutteretal.2013,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Balkhair, Loay and Schutter, John-Sebastian and Cunnings, Ian},
  title     = {The time course of morphological processing in a second language},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {379},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403684},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We report findings from psycholinguistic experiments investigating the detailed timing of processing morphologically complex words by proficient adult second (L2) language learners of English in comparison to adult native (L1) speakers of English. The first study employed the masked priming technique to investigate -ed forms with a group of advanced Arabic-speaking learners of English. The results replicate previously found L1/L2 differences in morphological priming, even though in the present experiment an extra temporal delay was offered after the presentation of the prime words. The second study examined the timing of constraints against inflected forms inside derived words in English using the eye-movement monitoring technique and an additional acceptability judgment task with highly advanced Dutch L2 learners of English in comparison to adult L1 English controls. Whilst offline the L2 learners performed native-like, the eye-movement data showed that their online processing was not affected by the morphological constraint against regular plurals inside derived words in the same way as in native speakers. Taken together, these findings indicate that L2 learners are not just slower than native speakers in processing morphologically complex words, but that the L2 comprehension system employs real-time grammatical analysis (in this case, morphological information) less than the L1 system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenJessen2020,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Jessen, Anna},
  title     = {Variability and its limits in bilingual word recognition},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.20013.cla},
  pages     = {295 -- 329},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study examines the processing of morphologically complex words focusing on how morphological (in addition to orthographic and semantic) factors affect bilingual word recognition. We report findings from a large experimental study with groups of bilingual (Turkish/German) speakers using the visual masked-priming technique. We found morphologically mediated effects on the response speed and the inter-individual variability within the bilingual participant group. We conclude that the grammar (qua morphological parsing) not only enhances speed of processing in bilingual language processing but also yields more uniform performance and thereby constrains variability within a group of otherwise heterogeneous individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HeyerClahsen2014,
  author    = {Heyer, Vera and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Late bilinguals see a scan in scanner AND in scandal},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {507},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41444},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414441},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Masked priming research with late (non-native) bilinguals has reported facilitation effects following morphologically derived prime words (scanner - scan). However, unlike for native speakers, there are suggestions that purely orthographic prime-target overlap (scandal - scan) also produces priming in non-native visual word recognition. Our study directly compares orthographically related and derived prime-target pairs. While native readers showed morphological but not formal overlap priming, the two prime types yielded the same magnitudes of facilitation for non-natives. We argue that early word recognition processes in a non-native language are more influenced by surface-form properties than in one's native language.},
  language  = {en}
}