@article{AbdallaAdamAharonianetal.2020,
  author    = {Abdalla, H. and Adam, R. and Aharonian, Felix A. and Benkhali, F. Ait and Ang{\"u}ner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan and Arcaro, C. and Armand, C. and Armstrong, T. and Ashkar, H. and Backes, M. and Baghmanyan, V. and Martins, V. Barbosa and Barnacka, A. and Barnard, M. and Becherini, Y. and Berge, D. and Bernlohr, K. and Bi, B. and Bottcher, M. and Boisson, C. and Bolmont, J. and de Lavergne, M. de Bony and Bordas, Pol and Breuhaus, M. and Brun, F. and Brun, P. and Bryan, M. and Buchele, M. and Bulik, T. and Bylund, T. and Caroff, S. and Carosi, A. and Casanova, Sabrina and Chand, T. and Chandra, S. and Chen, A. and Cotter, G. and Curylo, M. and Mbarubucyeye, J. Damascene and Davids, I. D. and Davies, J. and Deil, C. and Devin, J. and deWilt, P. and Dirson, L. and Djannati-Atai, A. and Dmytriiev, A. and Donath, A. and Doroshenko, V. and Duffy, C. and Dyks, J. and Egberts, Kathrin and Eichhorn, F. and Einecke, S. and Emery, G. and Ernenwein, J. -P. and Feijen, K. and Fegan, S. and Fiasson, A. and de Clairfontaine, G. Fichet and Fontaine, G. and Funk, S. and Fussling, Matthias and Gabici, S. and Gallant, Y. A. and Giavitto, G. and Giunti, L. and Glawion, D. and Glicenstein, J. F. and Gottschall, D. and Grondin, M. -H. and Hahn, J. and Haupt, M. and Hermann, G. and Hinton, J. A. and Hofmann, W. and Hoischen, Clemens and Holch, T. L. and Holler, M. and Horbe, M. and Horns, D. and Huber, D. and Jamrozy, M. and Jankowsky, D. and Jankowsky, F. and Jardin-Blicq, A. and Joshi, V. and Jung-Richardt, I. and Kasai, E. and Kastendieck, M. A. and Katarzynski, K. and Katz, U. and Khangulyan, D. and Khelifi, B. and Klepser, S. and Kluzniak, W. and Komin, Nu. and Konno, R. and Kosack, K. and Kostunin, D. and Kreter, M. and Lamanna, G. and Lemiere, A. and Lemoine-Goumard, M. and Lenain, J. -P. and Levy, C. and Lohse, T. and Lypova, I. and Mackey, J. and Majumdar, J. and Malyshev, D. and Malyshev, D. and Marandon, V. and Marchegiani, P. and Marcowith, Alexandre and Mares, A. and Marti-Devesa, G. and Marx, R. and Maurin, G. and Meintjes, P. J. and Meyer, M. and Mitchell, A. and Moderski, R. and Mohamed, M. and Mohrmann, L. and Montanari, A. and Moore, C. and Morris, P. and Moulin, Emmanuel and Muller, J. and Murach, T. and Nakashima, K. and Nayerhoda, A. and de Naurois, M. and Ndiyavala, H. and Niederwanger, F. and Niemiec, J. and Oakes, L. and O'Brien, Patrick and Odaka, H. and Ohm, S. and Olivera-Nieto, L. and Wilhelmi, E. de Ona and Ostrowski, M. and Oya, I. and Panter, M. and Panny, S. and Parsons, R. D. and Peron, G. and Peyaud, B. and Piel, Q. and Pita, S. and Poireau, V. and Noel, A. Priyana and Prokhorov, D. A. and Prokoph, H. and Puhlhofer, G. and Punch, M. and Quirrenbach, A. and Raab, S. and Rauth, R. and Reichherzer, P. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Remy, Q. and Renaud, M. and Rieger, F. and Rinchiuso, L. and Romoli, C. and Rowell, G. and Rudak, B. and Ruiz-Velasco, E. and Sahakian, V. and Sailer, S. and Sanchez, D. A. and Santangelo, Andrea and Sasaki, M. and Scalici, M. and Schussler, F. and Schutte, H. M. and Schwanke, U. and Schwemmer, S. and Seglar-Arroyo, M. and Senniappan, M. and Seyffert, A. S. and Shafi, N. and Shiningayamwe, K. and Simoni, R. and Sinha, A. and Sol, H. and Specovius, A. and Spencer, S. and Spir-Jacob, M. and Stawarz, L. and Sun, L. and Steenkamp, R. and Stegmann, C. and Steinmassl, S. and Steppa, C. and Takahashi, T. and Tavernier, T. and Taylor, A. M. and Terrier, R. and Tiziani, D. and Tluczykont, M. and Tomankova, L. and Trichard, C. and Tsirou, M. and Tuffs, R. and Uchiyama, Y. and van der Walt, D. J. and van Eldik, C. and van Rensburg, C. and van Soelen, B. and Vasileiadis, G. and Veh, J. and Venter, C. and Vincent, P. and Vink, J. and Volk, H. J. and Vuillaume, T. and Wadiasingh, Z. and Wagner, S. J. and Watson, J. and Werner, F. and White, R. and Wierzcholska, A. and Wong, Yu Wun and Yusafzai, A. and Zacharias, M. and Zanin, R. and Zargaryan, D. and Zdziarski, A. A. and Zech, Alraune and Zhu, S. J. and Ziegler, A. and Zorn, J. and Zouari, S. and Zywucka, N.},
  title     = {An extreme particle accelerator in the Galactic plane},
  series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
  volume    = {644},
  journal   = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
  publisher = {EDP Sciences},
  address   = {Les Ulis},
  organization    = {HESS Collaboration},
  issn      = {0004-6361},
  doi       = {10.1051/0004-6361/202038851},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The unidentified very-high-energy (VHE; E > 0.1 TeV) gamma -ray source, HESS J1826-130, was discovered with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in the Galactic plane. The analysis of 215 h of HESS data has revealed a steady gamma -ray flux from HESS J1826-130, which appears extended with a half-width of 0.21 degrees +/- 0.02 <br /> (stat)degrees <br /> stat degrees +/- 0.05 <br /> (sys)degrees sys degrees . The source spectrum is best fit with either a power-law function with a spectral index Gamma = 1.78 +/- 0.10(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and an exponential cut-off at 15.2 <br /> (+5.5)(-3.2) -3.2+5.5 TeV, or a broken power-law with Gamma (1) = 1.96 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys), Gamma (2) = 3.59 +/- 0.69(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) for energies below and above E-br = 11.2 +/- 2.7 TeV, respectively. The VHE flux from HESS J1826-130 is contaminated by the extended emission of the bright, nearby pulsar wind nebula, HESS J1825-137, particularly at the low end of the energy spectrum. Leptonic scenarios for the origin of HESS J1826-130 VHE emission related to PSR J1826-1256 are confronted by our spectral and morphological analysis. In a hadronic framework, taking into account the properties of dense gas regions surrounding HESS J1826-130, the source spectrum would imply an astrophysical object capable of accelerating the parent particle population up to greater than or similar to 200 TeV. Our results are also discussed in a multiwavelength context, accounting for both the presence of nearby supernova remnants, molecular clouds, and counterparts detected in radio, X-rays, and TeV energies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AbdallaAdamAharonianetal.2020,
  author    = {Abdalla, Hassan E. and Adam, Remi and Aharonian, Felix A. and Benkhali, Faical Ait and Ang{\"u}ner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan and Arakawa, Masanori and Arcaro, C and Armand, Catherine and Armstrong, T. and Egberts, Kathrin},
  title     = {Very high energy γ-ray emission from two blazars of unknown redshift and upper limits on their distance},
  series = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  volume    = {494},
  journal   = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Oxford},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We report on the detection of very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac objects KUV 00311-1938 and PKS 1440-389 with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observations were accompanied or preceded by multiwavelength observations with Fermi/LAT, XRT and UVOT onboard the Swift satellite, and ATOM. Based on an extrapolation of the Fermi/LAT spectrum towards the VHE gamma-ray regime, we deduce a 95 per cent confidence level upper limit on the unknown redshift of KUV 00311-1938 of z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 of z < 0.53. When combined with previous spectroscopy results, the redshift of KUV 00311-1938 is constrained to 0.51 <= z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 to 0.14 (sic) z < 0.53.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AbdirashidLenhard2020,
  author    = {Abdirashid, Hashim and Lenhard, Michael},
  title     = {Say it with double flowers},
  series = {Journal of experimental botany},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental botany},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0022-0957},
  doi       = {10.1093/jxb/eraa109},
  pages     = {2469 -- 2471},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Every year, lovers world-wide rely on mutants to show their feelings on Valentine's Day. This is because many of the most popular ornamental flowering plants have been selected to form extra petals at the expense of reproductive organs to enhance their attractiveness and aesthetic value to humans. This so-called 'double flower' (DF) phenotype, first described more than 2000 years ago (Meyerowitz et al., 1989) is present, for example, in many modern roses, carnations, peonies, and camellias. Gattolin et al. (2020) now identify a unifying explanation for the molecular basis of many of these DF cultivars.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdamElsner2020,
  author    = {Adam, Maurits and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {The impact of salient action effects on 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds' goal-predictive gaze shifts for a human grasping action},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0240165},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {When infants observe a human grasping action, experience-based accounts predict that all infants familiar with grasping actions should be able to predict the goal regardless of additional agency cues such as an action effect. Cue-based accounts, however, suggest that infants use agency cues to identify and predict action goals when the action or the agent is not familiar. From these accounts, we hypothesized that younger infants would need additional agency cues such as a salient action effect to predict the goal of a human grasping action, whereas older infants should be able to predict the goal regardless of agency cues. In three experiments, we presented 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds with videos of a manual grasping action presented either with or without an additional salient action effect (Exp. 1 and 2), or we presented 7-month-olds with videos of a mechanical claw performing a grasping action presented with a salient action effect (Exp. 3). The 6-month-olds showed tracking gaze behavior, and the 11-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior, regardless of the action effect. However, the 7-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior in the action-effect condition, but tracking gaze behavior in the no-action-effect condition and in the action-effect condition with a mechanical claw. The results therefore support the idea that salient action effects are especially important for infants' goal predictions from 7 months on, and that this facilitating influence of action effects is selective for the observation of human hands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdnanMatthewsHackletal.2020,
  author    = {Adnan, Hassan Sami and Matthews, Sam and Hackl, M. and Das, P. P. and Manaswini, Manisha and Gadamsetti, S. and Filali, Maroua and Owoyele, Babajide and Santuber, Joaqu{\´i}n and Edelman, Jonathan},
  title     = {Human centered AI design for clinical monitoring and data management},
  series = {European journal of public health : official journal of the European Health Association},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {European journal of public health : official journal of the European Health Association},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1101-1262},
  doi       = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.225},
  pages     = {V86 -- V86},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In clinical settings, significant resources are spent on data collection and monitoring patients' health parameters to improve decision-making and provide better care. With increased digitization, the healthcare sector is shifting towards implementing digital technologies for data management and in administration. New technologies offer better treatment opportunities and streamline clinical workflow, but the complexity can cause ineffectiveness, frustration, and errors. To address this, we believe digital solutions alone are not sufficient. Therefore, we take a human-centred design approach for AI development, and apply systems engineering methods to identify system leverage points. We demonstrate how automation enables monitoring clinical parameters, using existing non-intrusive sensor technology, resulting in more resources toward patient care. Furthermore, we provide a framework on digitization of clinical data for integration with data management.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdnanSrsicVenticichetal.2020,
  author    = {Adnan, Hassan Sami and Srsic, Amanda and Venticich, Pete Milos and Townend, David M.R.},
  title     = {Using AI for mental health analysis and prediction in school surveys},
  series = {European journal of public health},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {European journal of public health},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford [u.a.]},
  issn      = {1101-1262},
  doi       = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.336},
  pages     = {V125 -- V125},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Childhood and adolescence are critical stages of life for mental health and well-being. Schools are a key setting for mental health promotion and illness prevention. One in five children and adolescents have a mental disorder, about half of mental disorders beginning before the age of 14. Beneficial and explainable artificial intelligence can replace current paper- based and online approaches to school mental health surveys. This can enhance data acquisition, interoperability, data driven analysis, trust and compliance. This paper presents a model for using chatbots for non-obtrusive data collection and supervised machine learning models for data analysis; and discusses ethical considerations pertaining to the use of these models. Methods: For data acquisition, the proposed model uses chatbots which interact with students. The conversation log acts as the source of raw data for the machine learning. Pre-processing of the data is automated by filtering for keywords and phrases. Existing survey results, obtained through current paper-based data collection methods, are evaluated by domain experts (health professionals). These can be used to create a test dataset to validate the machine learning models. Supervised learning can then be deployed to classify specific behaviour and mental health patterns. Results: We present a model that can be used to improve upon current paper-based data collection and manual data analysis methods. An open-source GitHub repository contains necessary tools and components of this model. Privacy is respected through rigorous observance of confidentiality and data protection requirements. Critical reflection on these ethics and law aspects is included in the project. Conclusions: This model strengthens mental health surveillance in schools. The same tools and components could be applied to other public health data. Future extensions of this model could also incorporate unsupervised learning to find clusters and patterns of unknown effects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AgaBarfknechtHallahanGottmannetal.2020,
  author    = {Aga-Barfknecht, Heja and Hallahan, Nicole and Gottmann, Pascal and J{\"a}hnert, Markus and Osburg, Sophie and Schulze, Gunnar and Kamitz, Anne and Arends, Danny and Brockmann, Gudrun and Schallschmidt, Tanja and Lebek, Sandra and Chadt, Alexandra and Al-Hasani, Hadi and Joost, Hans-Georg and Sch{\"u}rmann, Annette and Vogel, Heike},
  title     = {Identification of novel potential type 2 diabetes genes mediating beta-cell loss and hyperglycemia using positional cloning},
  series = {Frontiers in genetics},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in genetics},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-8021},
  doi       = {10.3389/fgene.2020.567191},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease regulated by an interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. To understand the genetic contribution in the development of diabetes, mice varying in their disease susceptibility were crossed with the obese and diabetes-prone New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse. Subsequent whole-genome sequence scans revealed one major quantitative trait loci (QTL),Nidd/DBAon chromosome 4, linked to elevated blood glucose and reduced plasma insulin and low levels of pancreatic insulin. Phenotypical characterization of congenic mice carrying 13.6 Mbp of the critical fragment of DBA mice displayed severe hyperglycemia and impaired glucose clearance at week 10, decreased glucose response in week 13, and loss of beta-cells and pancreatic insulin in week 16. To identify the responsible gene variant(s), further congenic mice were generated and phenotyped, which resulted in a fragment of 3.3 Mbp that was sufficient to induce hyperglycemia. By combining transcriptome analysis and haplotype mapping, the number of putative responsible variant(s) was narrowed from initial 284 to 18 genes, including gene models and non-coding RNAs. Consideration of haplotype blocks reduced the number of candidate genes to four (Kti12,Osbpl9,Ttc39a, andCalr4) as potential T2D candidates as they display a differential expression in pancreatic islets and/or sequence variation. In conclusion, the integration of comparative analysis of multiple inbred populations such as haplotype mapping, transcriptomics, and sequence data substantially improved the mapping resolution of the diabetes QTLNidd/DBA. Future studies are necessary to understand the exact role of the different candidates in beta-cell function and their contribution in maintaining glycemic control.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AgarwalMarwanMaheswaranetal.2020,
  author    = {Agarwal, Ankit and Marwan, Norbert and Maheswaran, Rathinasamy and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Ugur and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Merz, Bruno},
  title     = {Optimal design of hydrometric station networks based on complex network analysis},
  series = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Copernicus Publ.},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1027-5606},
  doi       = {10.5194/hess-24-2235-2020},
  pages     = {2235 -- 2251},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Hydrometric networks play a vital role in providing information for decision-making in water resource management. They should be set up optimally to provide as much information as possible that is as accurate as possible and, at the same time, be cost-effective. Although the design of hydrometric networks is a well-identified problem in hydrometeorology and has received considerable attention, there is still scope for further advancement. In this study, we use complex network analysis, defined as a collection of nodes interconnected by links, to propose a new measure that identifies critical nodes of station networks. The approach can support the design and redesign of hydrometric station networks. The science of complex networks is a relatively young field and has gained significant momentum over the last few years in different areas such as brain networks, social networks, technological networks, or climate networks. The identification of influential nodes in complex networks is an important field of research. We propose a new node-ranking measure - the weighted degree-betweenness (WDB) measure - to evaluate the importance of nodes in a network. It is compared to previously proposed measures used on synthetic sample networks and then applied to a real-world rain gauge network comprising 1229 stations across Germany to demonstrate its applicability. The proposed measure is evaluated using the decline rate of the network efficiency and the kriging error. The results suggest that WDB effectively quantifies the importance of rain gauges, although the benefits of the method need to be investigated in more detail.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlNajiSchlaadAntonietti2020,
  author    = {Al-Naji, Majd and Schlaad, Helmut and Antonietti, Markus},
  title     = {New (and old) monomers from biorefineries to make polymer chemistry more sustainable},
  series = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1022-1336},
  doi       = {10.1002/marc.202000485},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This opinion article describes recent approaches to use the "biorefinery" concept to lower the carbon footprint of typical mass polymers, by replacing parts of the fossil monomers with similar or even the same monomer made from regrowing dendritic biomass. Herein, the new and green catalytic synthetic routes are for lactic acid (LA), isosorbide (IS), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and p-xylene (pXL). Furthermore, the synthesis of two unconventional lignocellulosic biomass derivable monomers, i.e., alpha-methylene-gamma-valerolactone (MeGVL) and levoglucosenol (LG), are presented. All those have the potential to enter in a cost-effective way, also the mass market and thereby recover lost areas for polymer materials. The differences of catalytic unit operations of the biorefinery are also discussed and the challenges that must be addressed along the synthesis path of each monomers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlSaedyTarchanov2020,
  author    = {Al-Saedy, Ammar Jaffar Muhesin and Tarchanov, Nikolaj Nikolaevič},
  title     = {A degree theory for Lagrangian boundary value problems},
  series = {Žurnal Sibirskogo Federalʹnogo Universiteta = Journal of Siberian Federal University; mathematics \& physics},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Žurnal Sibirskogo Federalʹnogo Universiteta = Journal of Siberian Federal University; mathematics \& physics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sibirskij Federalʹnyj Universitet},
  address   = {Krasnojarsk},
  issn      = {1997-1397},
  doi       = {10.17516/1997-1397-2020-13-1-5-25},
  pages     = {5 -- 25},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We study those nonlinear partial differential equations which appear as Euler-Lagrange equations of variational problems. On defining weak boundary values of solutions to such equations we initiate the theory of Lagrangian boundary value problems in spaces of appropriate smoothness. We also analyse if the concept of mapping degree of current importance applies to Lagrangian problems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbertOwolabiGebeletal.2020,
  author    = {Albert, Justin Amadeus and Owolabi, Victor and Gebel, Arnd and Brahms, Clemens Markus and Granacher, Urs and Arnrich, Bert},
  title     = {Evaluation of the Pose Tracking Performance of the Azure Kinect and Kinect v2 for Gait Analysis in Comparison with a Gold Standard},
  series = {Sensors},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Sensors},
  number    = {18},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1424-8220},
  doi       = {10.3390/s20185104},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Gait analysis is an important tool for the early detection of neurological diseases and for the assessment of risk of falling in elderly people. The availability of low-cost camera hardware on the market today and recent advances in Machine Learning enable a wide range of clinical and health-related applications, such as patient monitoring or exercise recognition at home. In this study, we evaluated the motion tracking performance of the latest generation of the Microsoft Kinect camera, Azure Kinect, compared to its predecessor Kinect v2 in terms of treadmill walking using a gold standard Vicon multi-camera motion capturing system and the 39 marker Plug-in Gait model. Five young and healthy subjects walked on a treadmill at three different velocities while data were recorded simultaneously with all three camera systems. An easy-to-administer camera calibration method developed here was used to spatially align the 3D skeleton data from both Kinect cameras and the Vicon system. With this calibration, the spatial agreement of joint positions between the two Kinect cameras and the reference system was evaluated. In addition, we compared the accuracy of certain spatio-temporal gait parameters, i.e., step length, step time, step width, and stride time calculated from the Kinect data, with the gold standard system. Our results showed that the improved hardware and the motion tracking algorithm of the Azure Kinect camera led to a significantly higher accuracy of the spatial gait parameters than the predecessor Kinect v2, while no significant differences were found between the temporal parameters. Furthermore, we explain in detail how this experimental setup could be used to continuously monitor the progress during gait rehabilitation in older people.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbrechtWinkelmannLevermann2020,
  author    = {Albrecht, Torsten and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Levermann, Anders},
  title     = {Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)},
  series = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Copernicus Publ.},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1994-0416},
  doi       = {10.5194/tc-14-633-2020},
  pages     = {633 -- 656},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) is applied to the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last two glacial cycles (approximate to 210 000 years) with a resolution of 16 km. An ensemble of 256 model runs is analyzed in which four relevant model parameters have been systematically varied using full-factorial parameter sampling. Parameters and plausible parameter ranges have been identified in a companion paper (Albrecht et al., 2020) and are associated with ice dynamics, climatic forcing, basal sliding and bed deformation and represent distinct classes of model uncertainties. The model is scored against both modern and geologic data, including reconstructed grounding-line locations, elevation-age data, ice thickness, surface velocities and uplift rates. An aggregated score is computed for each ensemble member that measures the overall model-data misfit, including measurement uncertainty in terms of a Gaussian error model (Briggs and Tarasov, 2013). The statistical method used to analyze the ensemble simulation results follows closely the simple averaging method described in Pollard et al. (2016). This analysis reveals clusters of best-fit parameter combinations, and hence a likely range of relevant model and boundary parameters, rather than individual best-fit parameters. The ensemble of reconstructed histories of Antarctic Ice Sheet volumes provides a score-weighted likely range of sea-level contributions since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of 9.4 +/- 4.1m (or 6.5 +/- 2.0 x 10(6) km(3)), which is at the upper range of most previous studies. The last deglaciation occurs in all ensemble simulations after around 12 000 years before present and hence after the meltwater pulse 1A (MWP1a). Our ensemble analysis also provides an estimate of parametric uncertainty bounds for the present-day state that can be used for PISM projections of future sea-level contributions from the Antarctic Ice Sheet.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbrechtWinkelmannLevermann2020,
  author    = {Albrecht, Torsten and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Levermann, Anders},
  title     = {Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)},
  series = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1994-0416},
  doi       = {10.5194/tc-14-599-2020},
  pages     = {599 -- 632},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Simulations of the glacial-interglacial history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet provide insights into dynamic threshold behavior and estimates of the ice sheet's contributions to global sea-level changes for the past, present and future. However, boundary conditions are weakly constrained, in particular at the interface of the ice sheet and the bedrock. Also climatic forcing covering the last glacial cycles is uncertain, as it is based on sparse proxy data. <br /> We use the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) to investigate the dynamic effects of different choices of input data, e.g., for modern basal heat flux or reconstructions of past changes of sea level and surface temperature. As computational resources are limited, glacial-cycle simulations are performed using a comparably coarse model grid of 16 km and various parameterizations, e.g., for basal sliding, iceberg calving, or for past variations in precipitation and ocean temperatures. In this study we evaluate the model's transient sensitivity to corresponding parameter choices and to different boundary conditions over the last two glacial cycles and provide estimates of involved uncertainties. We also discuss isolated and combined effects of climate and sea-level forcing. Hence, this study serves as a "cookbook" for the growing community of PISM users and paleo-ice sheet modelers in general. <br /> For each of the different model uncertainties with regard to climatic forcing, ice and Earth dynamics, and basal processes, we select one representative model parameter that captures relevant uncertainties and motivates corresponding parameter ranges that bound the observed ice volume at present. The four selected parameters are systematically varied in a parameter ensemble analysis, which is described in a companion paper.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AldiyarovSokolovAkylbayevaetal.2020,
  author    = {Aldiyarov, Abdurakhman and Sokolov, Dmitriy and Akylbayeva, Aigerim and Nurmukan, Assel and Tokmoldin, Nurlan},
  title     = {On thermal stability of cryovacuum deposited CH4+H2O films},
  series = {Low temperature physics},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Low temperature physics},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Melville},
  issn      = {1063-777X},
  doi       = {10.1063/10.0002156},
  pages     = {1121 -- 1124},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Whereas stable homogenous states of aqueous hydrocarbon solutions are typically observed at high temperatures and pressures far beyond the critical values corresponding to individual components, the stability of such system may be preserved upon transition into the region of metastable states at low temperatures and low pressures. This work is dedicated to the study of the thermal stability of a water-methane mixture formed by cryogenic vapor phase deposition. The obtained thin films were studied using vibrational spectroscopy in the temperature range of 16-180 K. During thermal annealing of the samples, characteristic vibrational C-H modes of methane were monitored alongside the chamber pressure to register both structural changes and desorption of the film material. The obtained results reveal that upon the co-deposition of methane and water, methane molecules appear both in non-bound and trapped states. The observed broadening of the characteristic C-H stretching mode at 3010 cm(-1) upon an increase in temperature of the sample from 16 to 90 K, followed by narrowing of the peak as the temperature is reduced back to 16 K, indicates localization of methane molecules within the water matrix at lower temperatures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlexoudiMallonnKelesetal.2020,
  author    = {Alexoudi, Xanthippi and Mallonn, Matthias and Keles, Engin and Poppenh{\"a}ger, Katja and von Essen, Carolina and Strassmeier, Klaus},
  title     = {Role of the impact parameter in exoplanet transmission spectroscopy},
  series = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
  volume    = {640},
  journal   = {Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal},
  publisher = {EDP Sciences},
  address   = {Les Ulis},
  issn      = {0004-6361},
  doi       = {10.1051/0004-6361/202038080},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605378},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Context Transmission spectroscopy is a promising tool for the atmospheric characterization of transiting exoplanets. Because the planetary signal is faint, discrepancies have been reported regarding individual targets. Aims We investigate the dependence of the estimated transmission spectrum on deviations of the orbital parameters of the star-planet system that are due to the limb-darkening effects of the host star. We describe how the uncertainty on the orbital parameters translates into an uncertainty on the planetary spectral slope. Methods We created synthetic transit light curves in seven different wavelength bands, from the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared, and fit them with transit models parameterized by fixed deviating values of the impact parameter b. First, we performed a qualitative study to illustrate the effect by presenting the changes in the transmission spectrum slope with different deviations of b. Then, we quantified these variations by creating an error envelope (for centrally transiting, off-center, and grazing systems) based on a derived typical uncertainty on b from the literature. Finally, we compared the variations in the transmission spectra for different spectral types of host stars. Results Our simulations show a wavelength-dependent offset that is more pronounced at the blue wavelengths where the limb-darkening effect is stronger. This offset introduces a slope in the planetary transmission spectrum that becomes steeper with increasing b values. Variations of b by positive or negative values within its uncertainty interval introduce positive or negative slopes, thus the formation of an error envelope. The amplitude from blue optical to near-infrared wavelength for a typical uncertainty on b corresponds to one atmospheric pressure scale height and more. This impact parameter degeneracy is confirmed for different host types; K stars present prominently steeper slopes, while M stars indicate features at the blue wavelengths. Conclusions We demonstrate that transmission spectra can be hard to interpret, basically because of the limitations in defining a precise impact parameter value for a transiting exoplanet. This consequently limits a characterization of its atmosphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlirezaeizanjaniGrossmannPfeiferetal.2020,
  author    = {Alirezaeizanjani, Zahra and Großmann, Robert and Pfeifer, Veronika and Hintsche, Marius and Beta, Carsten},
  title     = {Chemotaxis strategies of bacteria with multiple run modes},
  series = {Science advances},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Science advances},
  number    = {22},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2375-2548},
  doi       = {10.1126/sciadv.aaz6153},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Bacterial chemotaxis-a fundamental example of directional navigation in the living world-is key to many biological processes, including the spreading of bacterial infections. Many bacterial species were recently reported to exhibit several distinct swimming modes-the flagella may, for example, push the cell body or wrap around it. How do the different run modes shape the chemotaxis strategy of a multimode swimmer? Here, we investigate chemotactic motion of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida as a model organism. By simultaneously tracking the position of the cell body and the configuration of its flagella, we demonstrate that individual run modes show different chemotactic responses in nutrition gradients and, thus, constitute distinct behavioral states. On the basis of an active particle model, we demonstrate that switching between multiple run states that differ in their speed and responsiveness provides the basis for robust and efficient chemotaxis in complex natural habitats.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AllroggenBeiterTronicke2020,
  author    = {Allroggen, Niklas and Beiter, Daniel and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {Ground-penetrating radar monitoring of fast subsurface processes},
  series = {Geophysics},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Geophysics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Society of Exploration Geophysicists},
  address   = {Tulsa},
  issn      = {0016-8033},
  doi       = {10.1190/GEO2019-0737.1},
  pages     = {A19 -- A23},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Earth and environmental sciences rely on detailed information about subsurface processes. Whereas geophysical techniques typically provide highly resolved spatial images, monitoring subsurface processes is often associated with enormous effort and, therefore, is usually limited to point information in time or space. Thus, the development of spatial and temporal continuous field monitoring methods is a major challenge for the understanding of subsurface processes. We have developed a novel method for ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) reflection monitoring of subsurface flow processes under unsaturated conditions and applied it to a hydrological infiltration experiment performed across a periglacial slope deposit in northwest Luxembourg. Our approach relies on a spatial and temporal quasicontinuous data recording and processing, followed by an attribute analysis based on analyzing differences between individual time steps. The results demonstrate the ability of time-lapse GPR monitoring to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of preferential flow processes with a spatial resolution in the order of a few decimeters and temporal resolution in the order of a few minutes. We observe excellent agreement with water table information originating from different boreholes. This demonstrates the potential of surface-based GPR reflection monitoring to observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of water movements in the subsurface. It provides valuable, and so far not accessible, information for example in the field of hydrology and pedology that allows studying the actual subsurface processes rather than deducing them from point information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AmaechiGeorgi2020,
  author    = {Amaechi, Mary Chimaobi and Georgi, Doreen},
  title     = {On optional wh-/focus fronting in Igbo},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sprachwissenschaft},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0721-9067},
  doi       = {10.1515/zfs-2020-2017},
  pages     = {299 -- 327},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This paper discusses surface optionality in focus fronting in the Benue-Congo language Igbo. A focused XP can occur in-situ or ex-situ. We argue that the optionality does not have its origins in the syntax: in fact, exactly one focused XP has to move to the designated focus position in the left periphery in the syntax. The alternation between in-situ and ex-situ rather arises at PF: either the lowest or the topmost copy of the focus chain is pronounced. The choice is determined by semantic-pragmatic factors, i. e., we see an interaction between PF and LF. This constitutes a challenge for a strict version of the Y-model of grammar.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AmenNagelHedtetal.2020,
  author    = {Amen, Rahma and Nagel, Rebecca and Hedt, Maximilian and Kirschbaum, Frank and Tiedemann, Ralph},
  title     = {Morphological differentiation in African weakly electric fish (genus Campylomormyrus) relates to substrate preferences},
  series = {Evolutionary Ecology},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Evolutionary Ecology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer Science},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0269-7653},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10682-020-10043-3},
  pages     = {427 -- 437},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Under an ecological speciation scenario, the radiation of African weakly electric fish (genus Campylomormyrus) is caused by an adaptation to different food sources, associated with diversification of the electric organ discharge (EOD). This study experimentally investigates a phenotype-environment correlation to further support this scenario. Our behavioural experiments showed that three sympatric Campylomormyrus species with significantly divergent snout morphology differentially react to variation in substrate structure. While the short snout species (C. tamandua) exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species (C. rhynchophorus) significantly prefers a stone substrate for feeding. A third species with intermediate snout size (C. compressirostris) does not exhibit any substrate preference. This preference is matched with the observation that long-snouted specimens probe deeper into the stone substrate, presumably enabling them to reach prey more distant to the substrate surface. These findings suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genus Campylomormyrus may have evolved in adaptation to specific microhabitats, i.e., substrate structures where these fish forage. Whether the parallel divergence in EOD is functionally related to this adaptation or solely serves as a prezygotic isolation mechanism remains to be elucidated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AngelopoulosOverduinWestermannetal.2020,
  author    = {Angelopoulos, Michael and Overduin, Pier Paul and Westermann, Sebastian and Tronicke, Jens and Strauss, Jens and Schirrmeister, Lutz and Biskaborn, Boris and Liebner, Susanne and Maksimov, Georgii and Grigoriev, Mikhail N. and Grosse, Guido},
  title     = {Thermokarst lake to lagoon transitions in Eastern Siberia},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface},
  volume    = {125},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9003},
  doi       = {10.1029/2019JF005424},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As the Arctic coast erodes, it drains thermokarst lakes, transforming them into lagoons, and, eventually, integrates them into subsea permafrost. Lagoons represent the first stage of a thermokarst lake transition to a marine setting and possibly more saline and colder upper boundary conditions. In this research, borehole data, electrical resistivity surveying, and modeling of heat and salt diffusion were carried out at Polar Fox Lagoon on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Polar Fox Lagoon is a seasonally isolated water body connected to Tiksi Bay through a channel, leading to hypersaline waters under the ice cover. The boreholes in the center of the lagoon revealed floating ice and a saline cryotic bed underlain by a saline cryotic talik, a thin ice-bearing permafrost layer, and unfrozen ground. The bathymetry showed that most of the lagoon had bedfast ice in spring. In bedfast ice areas, the electrical resistivity profiles suggested that an unfrozen saline layer was underlain by a thick layer of refrozen talik. The modeling showed that thermokarst lake taliks can refreeze when submerged in saltwater with mean annual bottom water temperatures below or slightly above 0 degrees C. This occurs, because the top-down chemical degradation of newly formed ice-bearing permafrost is slower than the refreezing of the talik. Hence, lagoons may precondition taliks with a layer of ice-bearing permafrost before encroachment by the sea, and this frozen layer may act as a cap on gas migration out of the underlying talik.},
  language  = {en}
}