@misc{HartmannMastFischer2015,
  author    = {Hartmann, Matthias and Mast, Fred W. and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Spatial biases during mental arithmetic},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {426},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406504},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {While the influence of spatial-numerical associations in number categorization tasks has been well established, their role in mental arithmetic is less clear. It has been hypothesized that mental addition leads to rightward and upward shifts of spatial attention (along the "mental number line"), whereas subtraction leads to leftward and downward shifts. We addressed this hypothesis by analyzing spontaneous eye movements during mental arithmetic. Participants solved verbally presented arithmetic problems (e.g., 2 + 7, 8-3) aloud while looking at a blank screen. We found that eye movements reflected spatial biases in the ongoing mental operation: Gaze position shifted more upward when participants solved addition compared to subtraction problems, and the horizontal gaze position was partly determined by the magnitude of the operands. Interestingly, the difference between addition and subtraction trials was driven by the operator (plus vs. minus) but was not influenced by the computational process. Thus, our results do not support the idea of a mental movement toward the solution during arithmetic but indicate a semantic association between operation and space.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GottwaldElsnerPollatos2015,
  author    = {Gottwald, Janna M. and Elsner, Birgit and Pollatos, Olga},
  title     = {Good is up-spatial metaphors in action observation},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {422},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406281},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Positive objects or actions are associated with physical highness, whereas negative objects or actions are related to physical lowness. Previous research suggests that metaphorical connection ("good is up" or "bad is down") between spatial experience and evaluation of objects is grounded in actual experience with the body. Prior studies investigated effects of spatial metaphors with respect to verticality of either static objects or self-performed actions. By presenting videos of object placements, the current three experiments combined vertically-located stimuli with observation of vertically-directed actions. As expected, participants' ratings of emotionally-neutral objects were systematically influenced by the observed vertical positioning, that is, ratings were more positive for objects that were observed being placed up as compared to down. Moreover, effects were slightly more pronounced for "bad is down," because only the observed downward, but not the upward, action led to different ratings as compared to a medium-positioned action. Last, some ratings were even affected by observing only the upward/downward action, without seeing the final vertical placement of the object. Thus, both, a combination of observing a vertically-directed action and seeing a vertically-located object, and observing a vertically-directed action alone, affected participants' evaluation of emotional valence of the involved object. The present findings expand the relevance of spatial metaphors to action observation, thereby giving new impetus to embodied-cognition research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerSixtusGoebel2015,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Sixtus, Elena and G{\"o}bel, Silke M.},
  title     = {Commentary},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {420},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406260},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {kein Abstract vorhanden},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LobmaierFischer2015,
  author    = {Lobmaier, Janek S. and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Facial Feedback Affects Perceived Intensity but Not Quality of Emotional Expressions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96428},
  pages     = {357 -- 368},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Motivated by conflicting evidence in the literature, we re-assessed the role of facial feedback when detecting quantitative or qualitative changes in others' emotional expressions. Fifty-three healthy adults observed self-paced morph sequences where the emotional facial expression either changed quantitatively (i.e., sad-to-neutral, neutral-to-sad, happy-to-neutral, neutral-to-happy) or qualitatively (i.e. from sad to happy, or from happy to sad). Observers held a pen in their own mouth to induce smiling or frowning during the detection task. When morph sequences started or ended with neutral expressions we replicated a congruency effect: Happiness was perceived longer and sooner while smiling; sadness was perceived longer and sooner while frowning. Interestingly, no such congruency effects occurred for transitions between emotional expressions. These results suggest that facial feedback is especially useful when evaluating the intensity of a facial expression, but less so when we have to recognize which emotion our counterpart is expressing.},
  language  = {en}
}