@article{VerissimoClahsen2014,
  author    = {Verissimo, Joao Marques and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Variables and similarity in linguistic generalization: Evidence from inflectional classes in Portuguese},
  series = {Journal of memory and language},
  volume    = {76},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2014.06.001},
  pages     = {61 -- 79},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Two opposing viewpoints have been advanced to account for morphological productivity, one according to which some knowledge is couched in the form of operations over variables, and another in which morphological generalization is primarily determined by similarity. We investigated this controversy by examining the generalization of Portuguese verb stems, which fall into one of three conjugation classes. In Study 1, an elicited production task revealed that the generalization of 2nd and 3rd conjugation stems is influenced by the degree of phonological similarity between novel roots and existing verbs, whereas the 1st conjugation generalizes beyond similarity. In Study 2, we directly contrasted two distinct computational implementations of conjugation class assignment in how well they matched the human data: a similarity-driven model that captures phonological similarities, and a dual-mechanism model that implements an explicit distinction between context-free and similarity-based generalizations. The similarity-driven model consistently underestimated 1st conjugation responses and overestimated proportions of 2nd and 3rd conjugation responses, especially for novel verbs that are highly similar to existing verbs of those classes. In contrast, the expected proportions produced by the dual-mechanism model were statistically indistinguishable from human responses. We conclude that both context-free and context-sensitive processes determine the generalization of conjugations in Portuguese, and that similarity-based algorithms of morphological acquisition are insufficient to exhibit default-like generalization. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Verissimo2016,
  author    = {Verissimo, Joao Marques},
  title     = {Extending a Gradient Symbolic approach to the native versus non-native contrast: The case of plurals in compounds},
  series = {Bilingualism : language and cognition.},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Bilingualism : language and cognition.},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1366-7289},
  doi       = {10.1017/S1366728916000134},
  pages     = {900 -- 902},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The Gradient Symbolic Computation (GSC) model presented in the keynote article (Goldrick, Putnam \& Schwarz) constitutes a significant theoretical development, not only as a model of bilingual code-mixing, but also as a general framework that brings together symbolic grammars and graded representations. The authors are to be commended for successfully integrating a theory of grammatical knowledge with the voluminous research on lexical co-activation in bilinguals. It is, however, unfortunate that a certain conception of bilingualism was inherited from this latter research tradition, one in which the contrast between native and non-native language takes a back seat.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{VasishthvonderMalsburgEngelmann2013,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and von der Malsburg, Titus Raban and Engelmann, Felix},
  title     = {What eye movements can tell us about sentence comprehension},
  series = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Cognitive Science},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Cognitive Science},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1939-5078},
  doi       = {10.1002/wcs.1209},
  pages     = {125 -- 134},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Eye movement data have proven to be very useful for investigating human sentence processing. Eyetracking research has addressed a wide range of questions, such as recovery mechanisms following garden-pathing, the timing of processes driving comprehension, the role of anticipation and expectation in parsing, the role of semantic, pragmatic, and prosodic information, and so on. However, there are some limitations regarding the inferences that can be made on the basis of eye movements. One relates to the nontrivial interaction between parsing and the eye movement control system which complicates the interpretation of eye movement data. Detailed computational models that integrate parsing with eye movement control theories have the potential to unpack the complexity of eye movement data and can therefore aid in the interpretation of eye movements. Another limitation is the difficulty of capturing spatiotemporal patterns in eye movements using the traditional word-based eyetracking measures. Recent research has demonstrated the relevance of these patterns and has shown how they can be analyzed. In this review, we focus on reading, and present examples demonstrating how eye movement data reveal what events unfold when the parser runs into difficulty, and how the parsing system interacts with eye movement control. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:125134. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1209 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthSuckowLewisetal.2010,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Suckow, Katja and Lewis, Richard L. and Kern, Sabine},
  title     = {Short-term forgetting in sentence comprehension : crosslinguistic evidence from verb-final structures},
  issn      = {0169-0965},
  doi       = {10.1080/01690960903310587},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Seven experiments using self-paced reading and eyetracking suggest that omitting the middle verb in a double centre embedding leads to easier processing in English but leads to greater difficulty in German. One commonly accepted explanation for the English pattern-based on data from offline acceptability ratings and due to Gibson and Thomas (1999)- is that working-memory overload leads the comprehender to forget the prediction of the upcoming verb phrase (VP), which reduces working-memory load. We show that this VP-forgetting hypothesis does an excellent job of explaining the English data, but cannot account for the German results. We argue that the English and German results can be explained by the parser's adaptation to the grammatical properties of the languages; in contrast to English, German subordinate clauses always have the verb in clause-final position, and this property of German may lead the German parser to maintain predictions of upcoming VPs more robustly compared to English. The evidence thus argues against language- independent forgetting effects in online sentence processing; working-memory constraints can be conditioned by countervailing influences deriving from grammatical properties of the language under study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{VasishthNicenboimEngelmannetal.2019,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Nicenboim, Bruno and Engelmann, Felix and Burchert, Frank},
  title     = {Computational Models of Retrieval Processes in Sentence Processing},
  series = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1364-6613},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.003},
  pages     = {968 -- 982},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Sentence comprehension requires that the comprehender work out who did what to whom. This process has been characterized as retrieval from memory. This review summarizes the quantitative predictions and empirical coverage of the two existing computational models of retrieval and shows how the predictive performance of these two competing models can be tested against a benchmark data-set. We also show how computational modeling can help us better understand sources of variability in both unimpaired and impaired sentence comprehension.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthNicenboimBeckmanetal.2018,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Nicenboim, Bruno and Beckman, Mary E. and Li, Fangfang and Kong, Eun Jong},
  title     = {Bayesian data analysis in the phonetic sciences},
  series = {Journal of phonetics},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {Journal of phonetics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0095-4470},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.wocn.2018.07.008},
  pages     = {147 -- 161},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This tutorial analyzes voice onset time (VOT) data from Dongbei (Northeastern) Mandarin Chinese and North American English to demonstrate how Bayesian linear mixed models can be fit using the programming language Stan via the R package brms. Through this case study, we demonstrate some of the advantages of the Bayesian framework: researchers can (i) flexibly define the underlying process that they believe to have generated the data; (ii) obtain direct information regarding the uncertainty about the parameter that relates the data to the theoretical question being studied; and (iii) incorporate prior knowledge into the analysis. Getting started with Bayesian modeling can be challenging, especially when one is trying to model one's own (often unique) data. It is difficult to see how one can apply general principles described in textbooks to one's own specific research problem. We address this barrier to using Bayesian methods by providing three detailed examples, with source code to allow easy reproducibility. The examples presented are intended to give the reader a flavor of the process of model-fitting; suggestions for further study are also provided. All data and code are available from: https://osf.io/g4zpv.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{VasishthMertzenJaegeretal.2018,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Mertzen, Daniela and J{\"a}ger, Lena Ann and Gelman, Andrew},
  title     = {Corrigendum to: Shravan Vasishth, Daniela Mertzen, Lena A. J{\"a}ger, Andrew Gelman; The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability. - Journal of Memory and Language. - 103 (2018), pg. 151 - 175},
  series = {Journal of memory and language},
  volume    = {104},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2018.09.004},
  pages     = {128 -- 128},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthMertzenJaegeretal.2018,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Mertzen, Daniela and Jaeger, Lena A. and Gelman, Andrew},
  title     = {The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability},
  series = {Journal of memory and language},
  volume    = {103},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2018.07.004},
  pages     = {151 -- 175},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {It is well-known in statistics (e.g., Gelman \& Carlin, 2014) that treating a result as publishable just because the p-value is less than 0.05 leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability. These effects get published, leading to an overconfident belief in replicability. We demonstrate the adverse consequences of this statistical significance filter by conducting seven direct replication attempts (268 participants in total) of a recent paper (Levy \& Keller, 2013). We show that the published claims are so noisy that even non-significant results are fully compatible with them. We also demonstrate the contrast between such small-sample studies and a larger-sample study; the latter generally yields a less noisy estimate but also a smaller effect magnitude, which looks less compelling but is more realistic. We reiterate several suggestions from the methodology literature for improving current practices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthLewis2006,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Lewis, Richard L.},
  title     = {Argument-head distance and processing complexity: Explaining both locality and antilocality effects},
  series = {Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America},
  volume    = {82},
  journal   = {Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0097-8507},
  doi       = {10.1353/lan.2006.0236},
  pages     = {767 -- 794},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Although proximity between arguments and verbs (locality) is a relatively robust determinant of sentence-processing difficulty (Hawkins 1998, 2001, Gibson 2000), increasing argument-verb distance can also facilitate processing (Konieczny 2000). We present two self-paced reading (SPR) experiments involving Hindi that provide further evidence of antilocality, and a third SPR experiment which suggests that similarity-based interference can attenuate this distance-based facilitation. A unified explanation of interference, locality, and antilocality effects is proposed via an independently motivated theory of activation decay and retrieval interference (Anderson et al. 2004).*},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthGelman2021,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Gelman, Andrew},
  title     = {How to embrace variation and accept uncertainty in linguistic and psycholinguistic data analysis},
  series = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0024-3949},
  doi       = {10.1515/ling-2019-0051},
  pages     = {1311 -- 1342},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The use of statistical inference in linguistics and related areas like psychology typically involves a binary decision: either reject or accept some null hypothesis using statistical significance testing. When statistical power is low, this frequentist data-analytic approach breaks down: null results are uninformative, and effect size estimates associated with significant results are overestimated. Using an example from psycholinguistics, several alternative approaches are demonstrated for reporting inconsistencies between the data and a theoretical prediction. The key here is to focus on committing to a falsifiable prediction, on quantifying uncertainty statistically, and learning to accept the fact that - in almost all practical data analysis situations - we can only draw uncertain conclusions from data, regardless of whether we manage to obtain statistical significance or not. A focus on uncertainty quantification is likely to lead to fewer excessively bold claims that, on closer investigation, may turn out to be not supported by the data.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VasishthChenLietal.2013,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Chen, Zhong and Li, Qiang and Guo, Gueilan},
  title     = {Processing chinese relative clauses - evidence for the subject-relative advantage},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0077006},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {A general fact about language is that subject relative clauses are easier to process than object relative clauses. Recently, several self-paced reading studies have presented surprising evidence that object relatives in Chinese are easier to process than subject relatives. We carried out three self-paced reading experiments that attempted to replicate these results. Two of our three studies found a subject-relative preference, and the third study found an object-relative advantage. Using a random effects bayesian meta-analysis of fifteen studies (including our own), we show that the overall current evidence for the subject-relative advantage is quite strong (approximate posterior probability of a subject-relative advantage given the data: 78-80\%). We argue that retrieval/integration based accounts would have difficulty explaining all three experimental results. These findings are important because they narrow the theoretical space by limiting the role of an important class of explanation-retrieval/integration cost-at least for relative clause processing in Chinese.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{VasishthBroe2011,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan and Broe, Michael},
  title     = {The foundations of statistics: a simulation-based approach},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
  address   = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
  isbn      = {978-3-642-16312-8},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-642-16313-5},
  pages     = {178 S.},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Vasishth2020,
  author    = {Vasishth, Shravan},
  title     = {Using approximate Bayesian computation for estimating parameters in the cue-based retrieval model of sentence processing},
  series = {MethodsX},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {MethodsX},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2215-0161},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.mex.2020.100850},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A commonly used approach to parameter estimation in computational models is the so-called grid search procedure: the entire parameter space is searched in small steps to determine the parameter value that provides the best fit to the observed data. This approach has several disadvantages: first, it can be computationally very expensive; second, one optimal point value of the parameter is reported as the best fit value; we cannot quantify our uncertainty about the parameter estimate. In the main journal article that this methods article accompanies (Jager et al., 2020, Interference patterns in subject-verb agreement and reflexives revisited: A large-sample study, Journal of Memory and Language), we carried out parameter estimation using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), which is a Bayesian approach that allows us to quantify our uncertainty about the parameter's values given data. This customization has the further advantage that it allows us to generate both prior and posterior predictive distributions of reading times from the cue-based retrieval model of Lewis and Vasishth, 2005. <br /> Instead of the conventional method of using grid search, we use Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) for parameter estimation in the [4] model. <br /> The ABC method of parameter estimation has the advantage that the uncertainty of the parameter can be quantified.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VanonciniBollAvetisyanElsneretal.2022,
  author    = {Vanoncini, Monica and Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie and Elsner, Birgit and Hoehl, Stefanie and Kayhan, Ezgi},
  title     = {The role of mother-infant emotional synchrony in speech processing in 9-month-old infants},
  series = {Infant behavior and development : an international \& interdisciplinary journal},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Infant behavior and development : an international \& interdisciplinary journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
  issn      = {0163-6383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101772},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Rhythmicity characterizes both interpersonal synchrony and spoken language. Emotions and language are forms of interpersonal communication, which interact with each other throughout development. We investigated whether and how emotional synchrony between mothers and their 9-month-old infants relates to infants' word segmentation as an early marker of language development. Twenty-six 9-month-old infants and their German-speaking mothers took part in the study. To measure emotional synchrony, we coded positive, neutral and negative emotional expressions of the mothers and their infants during a free play session. We then calculated the degree to which the mothers' and their infants' matching emotional expressions followed a predictable pattern. To measure word segmentation, we familiarized infants with auditory text passages and tested how long they looked at the screen while listening to familiar versus novel words. We found that higher levels of predictability (i.e. low entropy) during mother-infant interaction is associated with infants' word segmentation performance. These findings suggest that individual differences in word segmentation relate to the complexity and predictability of emotional expressions during mother-infant interactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanOmmenBollAvetisyanLarrazaetal.2020,
  author    = {van Ommen, Sandrien and Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie and Larraza, Saioa and Wellmann, Caroline and Bijeljac-Babic, Ranka and H{\"o}hle, Barbara and Nazzi, Thierry},
  title     = {Language-specific prosodic acquisition},
  series = {Journal of memory and language: JML},
  volume    = {112},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language: JML},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2020.104108},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study compares the development of prosodic processing in French- and German-learning infants. The emergence of language-specific perception of phrase boundaries was directly tested using the same stimuli across these two languages. French-learning (Experiment 1, 2) and German-learning 6- and 8-month-olds (Experiment 3) listened to the same French noun sequences with or without major prosodic boundaries ([Loulou et Manou] [et Nina]; [Loulou et Manou et Nina], respectively). The boundaries were either naturally cued (Experiment 1), or cued exclusively by pitch and duration (Experiment 2, 3). French-learning 6- and 8-month-olds both perceived the natural boundary, but neither perceived the boundary when only two cues were present. In contrast, German-learning infants develop from not perceiving the two-cue boundary at 6 months to perceiving it at 8 months, just like German-learning 8-month-olds listening to German (Wellmann, Holzgrefe, Truckenbrodt, Wartenburger, \& Hohle, 2012). In a control experiment (Experiment 4), we found little difference between German and French adult listeners, suggesting that later, French listeners catch up with German listeners. Taken together, these cross-linguistic differences in the perception of identical stimuli provide direct evidence for language-specific development of prosodic boundary perception.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanKampenParmaksizvandeVijveretal.2008,
  author    = {van Kampen, Anja and Parmaksiz, G{\"u}liz and van de Vijver, Ruben and H{\"o}hle, Barbara},
  title     = {Metrical and statistical cues for word segmentation : the use of vowel harmony and word stress as a cue to word boundaries by 6- and 9-month-old Turkish learners},
  isbn      = {978-1-8471-8618-8},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanderMeerBeyerHornetal.2010,
  author    = {van der Meer, Elke and Beyer, Reinhard and Horn, Judith and Foth, Manja and Bornemann, Boris and Ries, Jan and Kramer, J{\"u}rg and Warmuth, Elke and Heekeren, Hauke R. and Wartenburger, Isabell},
  title     = {Resource allocation and fluid intelligence ; insights from pupillometry},
  issn      = {0048-5772},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanderKantBiroLeveltetal.2018,
  author    = {van der Kant, Anne and Biro, Szilvia and Levelt, Claartje and Huijbregts, Stephan},
  title     = {Negative affect is related to reduced differential neural responses to social and non-social stimuli in 5-to-8-month-old infants},
  series = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1878-9293},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.dcn.2017.12.003},
  pages     = {23 -- 30},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Both social perception and temperament in young infants have been related to social functioning later in life. Previous functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) data (Lloyd-Fox et al., 2009) showed larger blood-oxygenation changes for social compared to non-social stimuli in the posterior temporal cortex of five-month-old infants. We sought to replicate and extend these findings by using fNIRS to study the neural basis of social perception in relation to infant temperament (Negative Affect) in 37 five-to-eight-month-old infants. Infants watched short videos displaying either hand and facial movements of female actors (social dynamic condition) or moving toys and machinery (non-social dynamic condition), while fNIRS data were collected over temporal brain regions. Negative Affect was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed significantly larger blood-oxygenation changes in the right posterior-temporal region in the social compared to the non-social condition. Furthermore, this differential activation was smaller in infants showing higher Negative Affect. Our results replicate those of Lloyd-Fox et al. and confirmed that five-to-eight-month-old infants show cortical specialization for social perception. Furthermore, the decreased cortical sensitivity to social stimuli in infants showing high Negative Affect may be an early biomarker for later difficulties in social interaction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vandeVijverSennemaZimmer–Stahl2006,
  author    = {van de Vijver, Ruben and Sennema, Anke and Zimmer-Stahl, Anne},
  title     = {An analysis of pitch and duration in material used to test L2 processing of words},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19583},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The material reported on in this paper is part of a set of experiments in which the role of Information Structure on L2 processing of words is tested. Pitch and duration of 4 sets of experimental material in German and English are measured and analyzed in this paper. The well-known finding that accent boosts duration and pitch is confirmed. Syntactic and lexical means of marking focus, however, do not give the duration and the pitch of a word an extra boost.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vandeVijverHoehleOtt2009,
  author    = {van de Vijver, Ruben and H{\"o}hle, Barbara and Ott, Susan},
  title     = {On the distribution of dorsals in complex and simple onsets in child German, Dutch and English},
  isbn      = {978-3-11-021931-9},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}