@article{LesinskiMuehlbauerBueschetal.2013,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Buesch, Dirk and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Acute Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Strength and Speed Performance in Athletes},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0033-1335414},
  pages     = {147 -- 155},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: The contractile history of a muscle or a muscle group can result in an acute enhancement of subsequent muscle force output. This phenomenon is referred to as postactivation potentiation (PAP) and it was frequently substantiated in original research manuscripts, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. However, there is a lack in the literature regarding precise dose-response relations. This literature review describes the main determinants of PAP effects and additionally presents the state of the art regarding the acute effects of PAP protocols on measures of strength, power, and speed in subelite and elite athletes of different sport disciplines. Furthermore, an attempt is made to demonstrate evidence-based information concerning the design of effective PAP protocols. Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar (1995 - March 2013). In total, 23 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Results: Findings from our literature review indicate that various conditioning activities produce acute PAP effects in subelite and particularly elite athletes. More specifically, conditioning activities that are characterised by multiple sets, moderate to high intensities (60 - 84 \% of the one repetition maximum), and rest intervals of 7 - 10 min. following the conditioning activity have the potential to induce short-term improvements in muscle force output and sports performance. Conclusion: It is recommended that subelite and particularly elite athletes from strength, power, and speed disciplines apply specifically tailored conditioning activities during the acute preparation process for competition to induce performance enhancing PAP effects.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{LesinskiMuehlbauerBueschetal.2014,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Buesch, Dirk and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of complex training on strength and speed performance in athletes: A systematic review effects of complex training on athletic performance},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\"a}vention, Rehabilitation},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0034-1366145},
  pages     = {85 -- 107},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can elicit acute performance enhancements in variables of strength, power, and speed. However, it is unresolved whether the frequent integration of PAP eliciting conditioning activities in training (i.e., complex training) results in long-term adaptations. In this regard, it is of interest to know whether complex training results in larger performance enhancements as compared to more traditional and isolated training regimens (e. g., resistance training). Thus, this systematic literature review summarises the current state of the art regarding the effects of complex training on measures of strength, power, and speed in recreational, subelite, and elite athletes. Further, it provides information on training volume and intensities that proved to be effective. Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Web of Science (1995 to September 2013). In total, 17 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Ten studies examined alternating complex training and 7 studies sequenced complex training. Results: Our findings indicated small to large effects for both alternating complex training (countermovement jump height: +7.4 \% [ESd = -0.43]; squat jump height: +9.8 \% [ESd = -0.66]; sprint time: -2.4\% [ESd = 0.63]) and sequenced complex training (countermovement jump height: +6.0 \% [ESd = -0.83]; squat jump height: +11.9\% [ESd = -0.97], sprint time: -0.7\% [ESd = 0.52]) in measures of power and speed. As compared to more traditional training regimens, alternating and sequenced complex training showed only small effects in measures of strength, power, and speed. A more detailed analysis of alternating complex training revealed larger effects in countermovement jump height in recreational athletes (+9.7\% [ESd = -0.57]) as compared to subelite and elite athletes (+2.7\% [ESd = -0.15]). Based on the relevant and currently available literature, missing data (e.g., time for rest interval) and diverse information regarding training volume and intensity do not allow us to establish evidence-based dose-response relations for complex training. Conclusion: Complex training represents an effective training regimen for athletes if the goal is to enhance strength, power, and speed. Studies with high methodological quality have to be conducted in the future to elucidate whether complex training is less, similar, or even more effective compared to more traditional training regimens. Finally, it should be clarified whether alternated and/or sequenced conditioning activities implemented in complex training actually elicit acute PAP effects.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WallentaGranacherLesinskietal.2016,
  author    = {Wallenta, Christopher and Granacher, Urs and Lesinski, Melanie and Schuenemann, C. and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas},
  title     = {Effects of Complex Versus Block Strength Training on the Athletic Performance of Elite Youth Soccer Players},
  series = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\~A}\ivention, Rehabilitation},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Pr{\~A}\ivention, Rehabilitation},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0932-0555},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0041-106949},
  pages     = {31 -- 37},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: Kraft und Schnelligkeit stellen bedeutsame leistungsdeterminierende Faktoren im Fußball dar. Durch Komplextraining (Kombination aus Kraft- und plyometrischen {\"U}bungen in einer Trainingseinheit) lassen sich Kraft- und Schnelligkeitswerte von Athleten steigern. Unklar ist jedoch, ob ein Komplextraining (KT) gegen{\"u}ber einem herk{\"o}mmlichen blockweisen Krafttraining (BT) zu gr{\"o}ßeren sportmotorischen Leistungssteigerungen f{\"u}hrt. Das Ziel der Studie war es, die Effekte von KT versus BT auf Variablen der Kraft, Schnelligkeit und Gewandtheit von Nachwuchsleistungsfußballern zu untersuchen. Methode: Zus{\"a}tzlich zum regul{\"a}ren Fußballtraining (ca. 6 × pro Woche, je 60 - 90 min.) f{\"u}hrten 18 m{\"a}nnliche Nachwuchsleistungsfußballer {\"u}ber sechs Wochen (2 × pro Woche, je 30 min.) entweder ein progressives KT (n = 10, Alter: 18,5 ± 2,2 Jahre) oder BT (n = 8, Alter: 18,1 ± 1,6 Jahre) durch. Vor und nach dem Training wurden Tests zur Erfassung der Kraft (Einer-Wiederholungs-Maximum [EWM] Kniebeuge), der Sprungkraft (Hockstrecksprung [HSS]), der Schnelligkeit (30-m-Sprint) und der Gewandtheit (T-Test) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Es wurden parameterfreie Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Unterschieden innerhalb (Wilcoxon-Test) und zwischen (Mann-Whitney-U-Test) den beiden Gruppen gerechnet. Ergebnisse: Sowohl KT als auch BT sind sichere (keine trainings- aber sechs spielbedingte Verletzungen) und geeignete (Trainingsteilnahme in KT und BT: \&\#8805; 80 \%) Trainingsmaßnahmen in Erg{\"a}nzung zum regul{\"a}ren Fußballtraining. Die statistische Analyse ergab signifikante Verbesserungen vom Pr{\"a}- zum Posttest f{\"u}r die KT-Gruppe im EWM (p = 0,043) und im HSS (p = 0,046) sowie f{\"u}r die BT-Gruppe in der Sprintzeit {\"u}ber 5 m (p = 0,039) und 10 m (p = 0,026). Zudem zeigten sich f{\"u}r beide Gruppen signifikante Verbesserungen im T-Test (KT: p = 0,046; BT: p = 0,027). Der Gruppenvergleich (KT vs. BT) {\"u}ber die Zeit (Post- minus Pr{\"a}test) offenbarte keine bedeutsamen Unterschiede. Schlussfolgerung: Sowohl sechsw{\"o}chiges KT als auch BT f{\"u}hrten zu signifikanten Verbesserungen sportmotorischer Leistungen bei Nachwuchsleistungsfußballern. Allerdings konnten keine zus{\"a}tzlich leistungssteigernden Effekte von KT im Vergleich zu BT ermittelt werden. In zuk{\"u}nftigen Studien sollte gepr{\"u}ft werden, ob die beobachteten testspezifischen Ver{\"a}nderungen, d. h. Verbesserung der Kraft/Sprungkraft in der KT-Gruppe und Verbesserung der Schnelligkeit in der BT-Gruppe der gew{\"a}hlten {\"U}bungsanordnung geschuldet sind oder einen generellen Effekt darstellen. Background: Muscle strength and speed are important determinants of soccer performance. It has previously been shown that complex training (CT, combination of strength and plyometric exercises within a single training session) is effective to enhance strength and speed performance in athletes. However, it is unresolved whether CT is more effective than conventional strength training that is delivered in one single block (BT) to increase proxies of athletic performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CT versus BT on measures of muscle strength/power, speed, and agility in elite youth soccer players. Methods: Eighteen male elite youth soccer players conducted six weeks (2 sessions/week, 30 min, each) of progressive CT (n = 10, age: 18,5 +/- 2.2 years) or BT (n=8, age: 18.1 +/- 1.6 years) in addition to their regular soccer training (approx. 6 sessions/week, 60-90 min, each). Before and after training, tests were conducted for the assessment of strength (one -repetition maximum [1RM] squat), power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), speed (30-m linear sprint), and agility (T test). Non-parametric analyses were used to calculate differences within (Wilcoxon test) and between (Mann-Whitney-U test) groups. Results: Both CT and BT proved to be safe (i.e. no training-related, but six match -related injuries reported) and feasible (i.e. attendance rate of 80\% in both groups) training regimens when implemented in addition to regular soccer training. The statistical analysis revealed significant improvements from pre-training to post-training tests for the CT group in 1 RM squat (p =0.043) and CMJ height (p =0,046). For the BT -group, significantly enhanced sprint times were observed over 5 m (p = 0.039) and 10 m (p = 0.026), Furthermore, both groups significantly improved their t test time (CT: p =0.046; BT: p =0.027). However, group comparisons (CT vs. BT) over time (post-training minus pre-training test) did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: Six weeks of CT and BT resulted in significant improvements in proxies of athletic performance. Yet CT did not produce any additional effects compared to BT. Future research is needed to examine whether the observed test-specific changes, i.e. improvements in strength/power for the CT-group and improvements in speed for the BT-group, are due to the applied configuration of strength, plyometric, and sprint exercises or if they rather indicate a general training response.},
  language  = {de}
}