@misc{RolfsEngbertKliegl2005,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor controland spatial attention in vision and audition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56804},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention [e.g., Engbert \& Kliegl (2003), Vision Res 43:1035-1045]. Here,we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e., an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets,microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. Thus, microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglEngbert2007,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Conference Abstracts: 14th European Conference on Eye Movements ECEM2007},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56799},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{OngKliegl2008,
  author    = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56771},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The predictability of an upcoming word has been found to be a useful predictor in eye movement research, but is expensive to collect and subjective in nature. It would be desirable to have other predictors that are easier to collect and objective in nature if these predictors were capable of capturing the information stored in predictability. This paper contributes to this discussion by testing a possible predictor: conditional co-occurrence probability. This measure is a simple statistical representation of the relatedness of the current word to its context, based only on word co-occurrence patterns in data taken from the Internet. In the regression analyses, conditional co-occurrence probability acts like lexical frequency in predicting fixation durations, and its addition does not greatly improve the model fits. We conclude that readers do not seem to use the information contained within conditional co-occurrence probability during reading for meaning, and that similar simple measures of semantic relatedness are unlikely to be able to replace predictability as a predictor for fixation durations. Keywords: Co-occurrence probability, Cloze predictability, frequency, eye movement, fixation duration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wotschack2009,
  author    = {Wotschack, Christiane},
  title     = {Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-021-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-36846},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {213},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Poltrock2010,
  author    = {Poltrock, Silvana},
  title     = {About the relation between implicit Theory of Mind \& the comprehension of complement sentences},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52293},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Previous studies on the relation between language and social cognition have shown that children's mastery of embedded sentential complements plays a causal role for the development of a Theory of Mind (ToM). Children start to succeed on complementation tasks in which they are required to report the content of an embedded clause in the second half of the fourth year. Traditional ToM tasks test the child's ability to predict that a person who is holding a false belief (FB) about a situation will act "falsely". In these task, children do not represent FBs until the age of 4 years. According the linguistic determinism hypothesis, only the unique syntax of complement sentences provides the format for representing FBs. However, experiments measuring children's looking behavior instead of their explicit predictions provided evidence that already 2-year olds possess an implicit ToM. This dissertation examined the question of whether there is an interrelation also between implicit ToM and the comprehension of complement sentences in typically developing German preschoolers. Two studies were conducted. In a correlational study (Study 1 ), 3-year-old children's performance on a traditional (explicit) FB task, on an implicit FB task and on language tasks measuring children's comprehension of tensed sentential complements were collected and tested for their interdependence. Eye-tracking methodology was used to assess implicit ToM by measuring participants' spontaneous anticipatory eye movements while they were watching FB movies. Two central findings emerged. First, predictive looking (implicit ToM) was not correlated with complement mastery, although both measures were associated with explicit FB task performance. This pattern of results suggests that explicit, but not implicit ToM is language dependent. Second, as a group, 3-year-olds did not display implicit FB understanding. That is, previous findings on a precocious reasoning ability could not be replicated. This indicates that the characteristics of predictive looking tasks play a role for the elicitation of implicit FB understanding as the current task was completely nonverbal and as complex as traditional FB tasks. Study 2 took a methodological approach by investigating whether children display an earlier comprehension of sentential complements when using the same means of measurement as used in experimental tasks tapping implicit ToM, namely anticipatory looking. Two experiments were conducted. 3-year-olds were confronted either with a complement sentence expressing the protagonist's FB (Exp. 1) or with a complex sentence expressing the protagonist's belief without giving any information about the truth/ falsity of the belief (Exp. 2). Afterwards, their expectations about the protagonist's future behavior were measured. Overall, implicit measures reveal no considerably earlier understanding of sentential complementation. Whereas 3-year-olds did not display a comprehension of complex sentences if these embedded a false proposition, children from 3;9 years on were proficient in processing complement sentences if the truth value of the embedded proposition could not be evaluated. This pattern of results suggests that (1) the linguistic expression of a person's FB does not elicit implicit FB understanding and that (2) the assessment of the purely syntactic understanding of complement sentences is affected by competing reality information. In conclusion, this dissertation found no evidence that the implicit ToM is related to the comprehension of sentential complementation. The findings suggest that implicit ToM might be based on nonlinguistic processes. Results are discussed in the light of recently proposed dual-process models that assume two cognitive mechanisms that account for different levels of ToM task performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{AbdelRahmanAbrahamAheretal.2010,
  author    = {Abdel Rahman, Rasha and Abraham, Andreas and Aher, Martin and Albrecht, Jessica and Albrecht, Sven and Alexejenko, Sascha and Amunts, Katrin and Andermann, Martin and Anders, Silke and Andonova, Elena and Angele, Bernhard and Angerer, Benjamin and Anil, Beena and Ansorge, Ulrich and Antons, Jan-Niklas and Auksztulewicz, Ryszard},
  title     = {Proceedings of KogWis 2010 : 10th Biannual Meeting of the German Society for Cognitive Science},
  editor    = {Haack, Johannes and Wiese, Heike and Abraham, Andreas and Chiarcos, Christian},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-087-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46055},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {268},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {As the latest biannual meeting of the German Society for Cognitive Science (Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Kognitionswissenschaft, GK), KogWis 2010 at Potsdam University reflects the current trends in a fascinating domain of research concerned with human and artificial cognition and the interaction of mind and brain. The Plenary talks provide a venue for questions of the numerical capacities and human arithmetic (Brian Butterworth), of the theoretical development of cognitive architectures and intelligent virtual agents (Pat Langley), of categorizations induced by linguistic constructions (Claudia Maienborn), and of a cross-level account of the "Self as a complex system" (Paul Thagard). KogWis 2010 integrates a wealth of experimental research, cognitive modelling, and conceptual analysis in 5 invited symposia, over 150 individual talks, 6 symposia, and more than 40 poster contributions. Some of the invited symposia reflect local and regional strenghts of research in the Berlin-Brandenburg area: the two largests research fields of the university Cognitive Sciences Area of Excellence in Potsdam are represented by an invited symposium on "Information Structure" by the Special Research Area 632 ("Sonderforschungsbereich", SFB) of the same name, of Potsdam University and Humboldt-University Berlin, and by a satellite conference of the research group "Mind and Brain Dynamics". The Berlin School of Mind and Brain at Humboldt-University Berlin takes part with an invited symposium on "Decision Making" from a perspective of cognitive neuroscience and philosophy and the DFG Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion" of Free University presents interdisciplinary research results in an invited symposium on "Symbolising Emotions".},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kuehnast2010,
  author    = {Kuehnast, Milena},
  title     = {Processing negative imperatives in Bulgarian : evidence from normal, aphasic and child language},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The incremental nature of sentence processing raises questions about the way the information of incoming functional elements is accessed and subsequently employed in building the syntactic structure which sustains interpretation processes. The present work approaches these questions by investigating the negative particle ne used for sentential negation in Bulgarian and its impact on the overt realisation and the interpretation of imperative inflexion, bound aspectual morphemes and clitic pronouns in child, adult and aphasic language. In contrast to other Slavic languages, Bulgarian negative imperatives (NI) are grammatical only with imperfective verbs. We argue that NI are instantiations of overt aspectual coercion induced by the presence of negation as a temporally sensitive sentential operator. The scope relation between imperative mood, negation, and aspect yields the configuration of the imperfective present which in Bulgarian has to be overtly expressed and prompts the imperfective marking of the predicate. The regular and transparent application of the imperfectivising mechanism relates to the organisation of the TAM categories in Bulgarian which not only promotes the representation of fine perspective shifts but also provides for their distinct morphological expression. Using an elicitation task with NI, we investigated the way 3- and 4-year-old children represent negation in deontic contexts as reflected in their use of aspectually appropriate predicates. Our findings suggest that children are sensitive to the imperfectivity requirement in NI from early on. The imperfectivisation strategies reveal some differences from the target morphological realisation. The relatively low production of target imperfectivised prefixed verbs cannot be explained with morphological processing deficits, but rather indicates that up to the age of five children experience difficulties to apply a progressive view point to accomplishments. Two self-paced reading studies present evidence that neurologically unimpaired Bulgarian speakers profit from the syntactic and prosodic properties of negation during online sentence comprehension. The imperfectivity requirement negation imposes on the predicate speeds up lexical access to imperfective verbs. Similarly, clitic pronouns are more accessible after negation due to the phono-syntactic properties of clitic clusters. As the experimental stimuli do not provide external discourse referents, personal pronouns are parsed as object agreement markers. Without subsequent resolution, personal pronouns appear to be less resource demanding than reflexive clitics. This finding is indicative of the syntax-driven co-reference establishment processes triggered through the lexical specification of reflexive clitics. The results obtained from Bulgarian Broca's aphasics show that they exhibit processing patterns similar to those of the control group. Notwithstanding their slow processing speed, the agrammatic group showed no impairment of negation as reflected by their sensitivity to the aspectual requirements of NI, and to the prosodic constraints on clitic placement. The aphasics were able to parse the structural dependency between mood, negation and aspect as functional categories and to represent it morphologically. The prolonged reaction times (RT) elicited by prefixed verbs indicate increasing processing costs due to the semantic integration of prefixes as perfectivity markers into an overall imperfective construal. This inference is supported by the slower RT to reflexive clitics, which undergo a structurally triggered resolution. Evaluated against cross-linguistic findings, the obtained result strongly suggests that aphasic performance with pronouns depends on the interpretation efforts associated with co-reference establishment and varies due to availability of discourse referents. The investigation of normal and agrammatic processing of Bulgarian NI presents support for the hypothesis that the comprehension deficits in Broca's aphasia result from a slowed-down implementation of syntactic operations. The protracted structure building consumes processing resources and causes temporal mismatches with other processes sustaining sentence comprehension. The investigation of the way Bulgarian children and aphasic speakers process NI reveals that both groups are highly sensitive to the imperfective constraint on the aspectual construal imposed by the presence of negation. The imperfective interpretation requires access to morphologically complex verb forms which contain aspectual morphemes with conflicting semantic information - perfective prefixes and imperfective suffixes. Across modalities, both populations exhibit difficulties in processing prefixed imperfectivised verbs which as predicates of negative imperative sentences reflect the inner perspective the speaker and the addressee need to take towards a potentially bounded situation description.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AichertStaigerSchulteMaeteretal.2010,
  author    = {Aichert, Ingrid and Staiger, Anja and Schulte-M{\"a}ter, Anne and Becker-Redding, Ulrike and Stahn, Corinna and Peschke, Claudia and Heide, Judith and Ott, Susan and Herrmann, Heike and V{\"o}lsch, Juliane and Mayer, J{\"o}rg and Rohnke, Lucie and Frank, Ulrike and Stadie, Nicole and Jentsch, Nadine and Blech, Anke and Kurtenbach, Stephanie and Thieke, Johanna and Schr{\"o}der, Astrid and Stahn, Corinna and H{\"o}rnig, Robin and Burchert, Frank and De Bleser, Ria and Heister, Julian and Bartels, Luise and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and B{\"o}hme, Romy and Burmester, Juliane and Krajewski, Melanie and Nager, Wido and Jungeh{\"u}lsing, Gerhard Jan and Wartenburger, Isabell and J{\"o}bges, Michael and Schwilling, Eleonore and Lidzba, Karen and Winkler, Susanne and Konietzko, Andreas and Kr{\"a}geloh-Mann, Ingeborg and Rilling, Eva and Wilken, Rainer and Wismann, Kathrin and Glandorf, Birte and Hoffmann, Hannah and Hinnenkamp, Christiane and Rohlmann, Insa and Ludewigt, Jacqueline and Bittner, Christian and Orlov, Tatjana and Claus, Katrin and Ehemann, Christine and Winnecken, Andreas and Hummel, Katja and Breitenstein, Sarah},
  title     = {Spektrum Patholinguistik = Schwerpunktthema: Von der Programmierung zur Artikulation : Sprechapraxie bei Kindern und Erwachsenen},
  number    = {3},
  editor    = {Wahl, Michael and Stahn, Corinna and Hanne, Sandra and Fritzsche, Tom},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  organization    = {Verband f{\"u}r Patholinguistik e. V. (vpl)},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-079-3},
  issn      = {1869-3822},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-4578},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45470},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Das 3. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik fand am 21. November 2009 an der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam statt. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enth{\"a}lt die drei Hauptvortr{\"a}ge zum Schwerpunktthema „Von der Programmierung zu Artikulation: Sprechapraxie bei Kindern und Erwachsenen". Dar{\"u}ber hinaus enth{\"a}lt der Band die Beitr{\"a}ge aus dem Spektrum Patholinguistik, sowie die Abstracts der Posterpr{\"a}sentationen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KupermanDambacherNuthmannetal.2010,
  author    = {Kuperman, Victor and Dambacher, Michael and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56828},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words in the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraphbased English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behavior. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-intext has two independent components: a start-up effect arguably caused by a strategic oculomotor program of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gendt2011,
  author    = {Gendt, Anja},
  title     = {Eye movements under the control of working memory : the challenge of a reading-span task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69224},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {During reading oculomotor processes guide the eyes over the text. The visual information recorded is accessed, evaluated and processed. Only by retrieving the meaning of a word from the long-term memory, as well as through the connection and storage of the information about each individual word, is it possible to access the semantic meaning of a sentence. Therefore memory, and here in particular working memory, plays a pivotal role in the basic processes of reading. The following dissertation investigates to what extent different demands on memory and memory capacity have an effect on eye movement behavior while reading. The frequently used paradigm of the reading span task, in which test subjects read and evaluate individual sentences, was used for the experimental review of the research questions. The results speak for the fact that working memory processes have a direct effect on various eye movement measurements. Thus a high working memory load, for example, reduced the perceptual span while reading. The lower the individual working memory capacity of the reader was, the stronger was the influence of the working memory load on the processing of the sentence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Baayen2012,
  author    = {Baayen, Harald R.},
  title     = {Resource requirements for neo-generative modeling in (psycho)linguistics},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62318},
  pages     = {5 -- 8},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KresseKirschnerDipperetal.2012,
  author    = {Kresse, Lara and Kirschner, Stefan and Dipper, Stefanie and Belke, Eva},
  title     = {Towards exploring the specific influences of wordform frequency, lemma frequency and OLD20 on visual word recognition and reading aloud},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62326},
  pages     = {9 -- 22},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BriesemeisterHofmannKuchinkeetal.2012,
  author    = {Briesemeister, Benny B. and Hofmann, Markus J. and Kuchinke, Lars and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
  title     = {The BAWL databases in research on emotional word processing},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62377},
  pages     = {61 -- 66},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: Introduction A two-dimensional affective space: Valence and arousal effects in word processing Higher dimensional affective space: a role of discrete emotions in word processing? A direct comparison of the affective space models References},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KeuleersBrysbaertNew2012,
  author    = {Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris},
  title     = {An evaluation of the Google Books ngrams for psycholinguistic research},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62334},
  pages     = {23 -- 26},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZinsmeisterSmolka2012,
  author    = {Zinsmeister, Heike and Smolka, Eva},
  title     = {Corpus-based evidence for approximating semantic transparency of complex verbs},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62353},
  pages     = {45 -- 59},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{BaayenKresseKirschneretal.2012,
  author    = {Baayen, Rolf Harald and Kresse, Lara and Kirschner, Stefan and Dipper, Stefanie and Belke, Eva and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc and New, Boris and Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Zinsmeister, Heike and Smolka, Eva and Briesemeister, Benny B. and Hofmann, Markus J. and Kuchinke, Lars and Jacobs, Arthur M.},
  title     = {Lexical resources in psycholinguistic research},
  editor    = {W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Pohl, Edmund},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-178-3},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59100},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {i, 66},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Experimental and quantitative research in the field of human language processing and production strongly depends on the quality of the underlying language material: beside its size, representativeness, variety and balance have been discussed as important factors which influence design, analysis and interpretation of experiments and their results. This volume brings together creators and users of both general purpose and specialized lexical resources which are used in psychology, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and cognitive research. It aims to be a forum to report experiences and results, review problems and discuss perspectives of any linguistic data used in the field.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeisterKliegl2012,
  author    = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora},
  series = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  journal   = {Potsdam cognitive science series},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2190-4545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62346},
  pages     = {27 -- 44},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: Introduction Developments in creating corpora dlexDB, subtitles, and tabloid newspapers Rating corpus emotionality Current study Method Materials Corpora Results Type-token ratio Validity: Effects of task difficulty Emotionality of a corpus Validity: Effects of emotionality Discussion Outlook References},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Negri2014,
  author    = {Negri, Michael},
  title     = {How coaches influence referee decisions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72247},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {132},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The work elaborates on the question if coaches in non-professional soccer can influence referee decisions. Modeled from a principal-agent perspective, the managing referee boards can be seen as the principal. They aim at facilitating a fair competition which is in accordance with the existing rules and regulations. In doing so, the referees are assigned as impartial agents on the pitch. The coaches take over a non-legitimate principal-like role trying to influence the referees even though they do not have the formal right to do so. Separate questionnaires were set up for referees and coaches. The coach questionnaire aimed at identifying the extent and the forms of influencing attempts by coaches. The referee questionnaire tried to elaborate on the questions if referees take notice of possible influencing attempts and how they react accordingly. The results were put into relation with official match data in order to identify significant influences on personal sanctions (yellow cards, second yellow cards, red cards) and the match result. It is found that there is a slight effect on the referee's decisions. However, this effect is rather disadvantageous for the influencing coach and there is no evidence for an impact on the match result itself.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Busching2014,
  author    = {Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Affektive und kognitive Desensibilisierung als Konsequenz von Mediengewaltkonsum : eine experimentelle Untersuchung auf Basis lerntheoretischer {\"U}berlegungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71360},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {NutzerInnen von gewalthaltigen Medien geben einerseits oftmals zu, dass sie fiktionale, gewalthaltige Medien konsumieren, behaupten jedoch gleichzeitig, dass dies nicht ihr Verhalten außerhalb des Medienkontexts beeinflusst. Sie argumentieren, dass sie leicht zwischen Dingen, die im fiktionalen Kontext und Dingen, die in der Realit{\"a}t gelernt wurden, unterscheiden k{\"o}nnen. Im Kontrast zu diesen Aussagen zeigen Metanalysen Effektst{\"a}rken im mittleren Bereich f{\"u}r den Zusammenhang zwischen Gewaltmedienkonsum und aggressivem Verhalten. Diese Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnen nur erkl{\"a}rt werden, wenn MediennutzerInnen gewalthaltige Lernerfahrungen auch außerhalb des Medienkontexts anwenden. Ein Prozess, der Lernerfahrungen innerhalb des Medienkontexts mit dem Verhalten in der realen Welt verkn{\"u}pft, ist Desensibilisierung, die oftmals eine Reduktion des negativen Affektes gegen{\"u}ber Gewalt definiert ist. Zur Untersuchung des Desensibilisierungsprozesses wurden vier Experimente durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die erste in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Hypothese war, dass je h{\"a}ufiger Personen Gewaltmedien konsumieren, desto weniger negativen Affekt zeigen sie gegen{\"u}ber Bildern mit realer Gewalt. Jedoch wurde angenommen, dass diese Bewertung auf Darstellungen von realer Gewalt beschr{\"a}nkt ist und nicht bei Bildern ohne Gewaltbezug, die einen negativen Affekt ausl{\"o}sen, zu finden ist. Die zweite Hypothese bezog sich auf den Affekt w{\"a}hrend des Konsums von Mediengewalt. Hier wurde angenommen, dass besonders Personen, die Freude an Gewalt in den Medien empfinden weniger negativen Affekt gegen{\"u}ber realen Gewaltdarstellungen zeigen. Die letzte Hypothese besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit kognitiver Desensibilisierung und sagte vorher, dass Gewaltmedienkonsum zu einem Transfer von Reaktionen, die normalerweise gegen{\"u}ber gewalthaltigen Reizen gezeigt werden, auf urspr{\"u}nglich neutrale Reize f{\"u}hrt. Das erste Experiment (N = 57) untersuchte, ob die habituelle Nutzung von gewalthaltigen Medien den selbstberichteten Affekt (Valenz und Aktivierung) gegen{\"u}ber Darstellungen von realer Gewalt und nichtgewalthaltigen Darstellungen, die negativen Affekt ausl{\"o}sen, vorhersagt. Die habituelle Nutzung von gewalthaltigen Medien sagte weniger negative Valenz und weniger allgemeine Aktivierung gegen{\"u}ber gewalthalten und nichtgewalthaltigen Bildern vorher. Das zweite Experiment (N = 103) untersuchte auch die Beziehung zwischen habituellem Gewaltmedienkonsum und den affektiven Reaktionen gegen{\"u}ber Bildern realer Gewalt und negativen affektausl{\"o}senden Bildern. Als weiterer Pr{\"a}diktor wurde der Affekt beim Betrachten von gewalthaltigen Medien hinzugef{\"u}gt. Der Affekt gegen{\"u}ber den Bildern wurde zus{\"a}tzlich durch psychophysiologische Maße (Valenz: C: Supercilii; Aktivierung: Hautleitreaktion) erhoben. Wie zuvor sagte habitueller Gewaltmedienkonsum weniger selbstberichte Erregung und weniger negative Valenz f{\"u}r die gewalthaltigen und die negativen, gewalthaltfreien Bilder vorher. Die physiologischen Maßen replizierten dieses Ergebnis. Jedoch zeigte sich ein anderes Muster f{\"u}r den Affekt beim Konsum von Gewalt in den Medien. Personen, die Gewalt in den Medien st{\"a}rker erfreut, zeigen eine Reduktion der Responsivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Gewalt auf allen vier Maßen. Weiterhin war bei drei dieser vier Maße (selbstberichte Valenz, Aktivit{\"a}t des C. Supercilii und Hautleitreaktion) dieser Zusammenhang auf die gewalthaltigen Bilder beschr{\"a}nkt, mit keinem oder nur einem kleinen Effekt auf die negativen, aber nichtgewalthaltigen Bilder. Das dritte Experiment (N = 73) untersuchte den Affekt w{\"a}hrend die Teilnehmer ein Computerspiel spielten. Das Spiel wurde eigens f{\"u}r dieses Experiment programmiert, sodass einzelne Handlungen im Spiel mit der Aktivit{\"a}t des C. Supercilii, dem Indikator f{\"u}r negativen Affekt, in Bezug gesetzt werden konnten. Die Analyse des C. Supercilii zeigte, dass wiederholtes Durchf{\"u}hren von aggressiven Spielz{\"u}gen zu einem R{\"u}ckgang von negativen Affekt f{\"u}hrte, der die aggressiven Spielhandlungen begleitete. Der negative Affekt w{\"a}hrend gewalthaltiger Spielz{\"u}ge wiederum sagte die affektive Reaktion gegen{\"u}ber Darstellungen von gewalthaltigen Bildern vorher, nicht jedoch gegen{\"u}ber den negativen Bildern. Das vierte Experiment (N = 77) untersuchte kognitive Desensibilisierung, die die Entwicklung von Verkn{\"u}pfungen zwischen neutralen und aggressiven Kognitionen beinhaltete. Die Teilnehmer spielten einen Ego-Shooter entweder auf einem Schiff- oder einem Stadtlevel. Die Beziehung zwischen den neutralen Konstrukten (Schiff/Stadt) und den aggressiven Kognitionen wurde mit einer lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe gemessen. Das Spielen im Schiff-/Stadt-Level f{\"u}hrte zu einer k{\"u}rzen Reaktionszeit f{\"u}r aggressive W{\"o}rter, wenn sie einem Schiff- bzw. Stadtprime folgten. Dies zeigte, dass die im Spiel enthaltenen neutralen Konzepte mit aggressiven Knoten verkn{\"u}pft werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser vier Experimente wurden diskutiert im Rahmen eines lerntheoretischen Ansatzes um Desensibilisierung zu konzeptualisieren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Jaeger2015,
  author    = {J{\"a}ger, Lena Ann},
  title     = {Working memory and prediction in human sentence parsing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82517},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 144},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This dissertation investigates the working memory mechanism subserving human sentence processing and its relative contribution to processing difficulty as compared to syntactic prediction. Within the last decades, evidence for a content-addressable memory system underlying human cognition in general has accumulated (e.g., Anderson et al., 2004). In sentence processing research, it has been proposed that this general content-addressable architecture is also used for language processing (e.g., McElree, 2000). Although there is a growing body of evidence from various kinds of linguistic dependencies that is consistent with a general content-addressable memory subserving sentence processing (e.g., McElree et al., 2003; VanDyke2006), the case of reflexive-antecedent dependencies has challenged this view. It has been proposed that in the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies, a syntactic-structure based memory access is used rather than cue-based retrieval within a content-addressable framework (e.g., Sturt, 2003). Two eye-tracking experiments on Chinese reflexives were designed to tease apart accounts assuming a syntactic-structure based memory access mechanism from cue-based retrieval (implemented in ACT-R as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). In both experiments, interference effects were observed from noun phrases which syntactically do not qualify as the reflexive's antecedent but match the animacy requirement the reflexive imposes on its antecedent. These results are interpreted as evidence against a purely syntactic-structure based memory access. However, the exact pattern of effects observed in the data is only partially compatible with the Lewis and Vasishth cue-based parsing model. Therefore, an extension of the Lewis and Vasishth model is proposed. Two principles are added to the original model, namely 'cue confusion' and 'distractor prominence'. Although interference effects are generally interpreted in favor of a content-addressable memory architecture, an alternative explanation for interference effects in reflexive processing has been proposed which, crucially, might reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account. It has been argued that interference effects do not necessarily reflect cue-based retrieval interference in a content-addressable memory but might equally well be accounted for by interference effects which have already occurred at the moment of encoding the antecedent in memory (Dillon, 2011). Three experiments (eye-tracking and self-paced reading) on German reflexives and Swedish possessives were designed to tease apart cue-based retrieval interference from encoding interference. The results of all three experiments suggest that there is no evidence that encoding interference affects the retrieval of a reflexive's antecedent. Taken together, these findings suggest that the processing of reflexives can be explained with the same cue-based retrieval mechanism that has been invoked to explain syntactic dependency resolution in a range of other structures. This supports the view that the language processing system is located within a general cognitive architecture, with a general-purpose content-addressable working memory system operating on linguistic expressions. Finally, two experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) using Chinese relative clauses were conducted to determine the relative contribution to sentence processing difficulty of working-memory processes as compared to syntactic prediction during incremental parsing. Chinese has the cross-linguistically rare property of being a language with subject-verb-object word order and pre-nominal relative clauses. This property leads to opposing predictions of expectation-based accounts and memory-based accounts with respect to the relative processing difficulty of subject vs. object relatives. Previous studies showed contradictory results, which has been attributed to different kinds local ambiguities confounding the materials (Lin and Bever, 2011). The two experiments presented are the first to compare Chinese relatives clauses in syntactically unambiguous contexts. The results of both experiments were consistent with the predictions of the expectation-based account of sentence processing but not with the memory-based account. From these findings, I conclude that any theory of human sentence processing needs to take into account the power of predictive processes unfolding in the human mind.},
  language  = {en}
}