@misc{HermanussenSchefflerGrothetal.2015,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane and Groth, Detlef and Aßmann, Christian},
  title     = {Height and skeletal morphology in relation to modern life style},
  series = {Journal of physiological anthropology},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Journal of physiological anthropology},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1880-6805},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40101-015-0080-4},
  pages     = {5},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Height and skeletal morphology strongly relate to life style. Parallel to the decrease in physical activity and locomotion, modern people are slimmer in skeletal proportions. In German children and adolescents, elbow breadth and particularly relative pelvic breadth (50th centile of bicristal distance divided by body height) have significantly decreased in recent years. Even more evident than the changes in pelvic morphology are the rapid changes in body height in most modern countries since the end-19th and particularly since the mid-20th century. Modern Japanese mature earlier; the age at take-off (ATO, the age at which the adolescent growth spurt starts) decreases, and they are taller at all ages. Preece-Baines modelling of six national samples of Japanese children and adolescents, surveyed between 1955 and 2000, shows that this gain in height is largely an adolescent trend, whereas height at take-off (HTO) increased by less than 3 cm since 1955; adolescent growth (height gain between ATO and adult age) increased by 6 cm. The effect of globalization on the modern post-war Japanese society ("community effect in height") on adolescent growth is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WittenbecherKuxhausBoeingetal.2019,
  author    = {Wittenbecher, Clemens and Kuxhaus, Olga and Boeing, Heiner and Stefan, Norbert and Schulze, Matthias Bernd},
  title     = {Associations of short stature and components of height with incidence of type 2 diabetes},
  series = {Diabetologia : journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Diabetologia : journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0012-186X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00125-019-04978-8},
  pages     = {2211 -- 2221},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aims/hypothesis This study aimed to evaluate associations of height as well as components of height (sitting height and leg length) with risk of type 2 diabetes and to explore to what extent associations are explainable by liver fat and cardiometabolic risk markers. Methods A case-cohort study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study comprising 26,437 participants who provided blood samples was designed. We randomly selected a subcohort of 2500 individuals (2029 diabetes-free at baseline and with anamnestic, anthropometrical and metabolic data for analysis). Of the 820 incident diabetes cases identified in the full cohort during 7 years of follow-up, 698 remained for analyses after similar exclusions. Results After adjustment for age, potential lifestyle confounders, education and waist circumference, greater height was related to lower diabetes risk (HR per 10 cm, men 0.59 [95\% CI 0.47, 0.75] and women 0.67 [0.51, 0.88], respectively). Leg length was related to lower risk among men and women, but only among men if adjusted for total height. Adjustment for liver fat and triacylglycerols, adiponectin and C-reactive protein substantially attenuated associations between height and diabetes risk, particularly among women. Conclusions/interpretation We observed inverse associations between height and risk of type 2 diabetes, which was largely related to leg length among men. The inverse associations may be partly driven by lower liver fat content and a more favourable cardiometabolic profile.},
  language  = {en}
}