@article{AlbrechtVandewalTumblestonetal.2014,
  author    = {Albrecht, Steve and Vandewal, Koen and Tumbleston, John R. and Fischer, Florian S. U. and Douglas, Jessica D. and Frechet, Jean M. J. and Ludwigs, Sabine and Ade, Harald W. and Salleo, Alberto and Neher, Dieter},
  title     = {On the efficiency of charge transfer state splitting in polymer: Fullerene solar cells},
  series = {Advanced materials},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Advanced materials},
  number    = {16},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {0935-9648},
  doi       = {10.1002/adma.201305283},
  pages     = {2533 -- 2539},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Alexiadou2019,
  author    = {Alexiadou, Artemis},
  title     = {A form-function mismatch?},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43223},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432235},
  pages     = {107 -- 117},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BacskaiAtkari2019,
  author    = {Bacskai-Atkari, Julia},
  title     = {Towards a Fanselownian analysis of degree expressions},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432222},
  pages     = {95 -- 106},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Bayer2019,
  author    = {Bayer, Josef},
  title     = {On uninterpretable features},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43250},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432507},
  pages     = {231 -- 241},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Bierwisch2019,
  author    = {Bierwisch, Manfred},
  title     = {Leben mit Paradoxien},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43193},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431939},
  pages     = {27 -- 36},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BornkesselSchlesewskySchlesewsky2019,
  author    = {Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina D. and Schlesewsky, Matthias},
  title     = {Is it a bird? Is it a mammal?},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43253},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432534},
  pages     = {275 -- 286},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrownSchmidtWierzba2019,
  author    = {Brown, Jessica M. M. and Schmidt, Andreas and Wierzba, Marta},
  title     = {Preface},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43057},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430575},
  pages     = {xiii -- xvi},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Błaszczak2019,
  author    = {Błaszczak, Joanna},
  title     = {Why is a predicate inversion analysis problematic?},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43224},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432240},
  pages     = {119 -- 133},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Cavar2019,
  author    = {Cavar, Damir},
  title     = {Measuring lexical semantic variation using word embeddings},
  series = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  journal   = {Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-457-9},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43220},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432201},
  pages     = {61 -- 74},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ciaccio2020,
  author    = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna},
  title     = {Prefixed words in morphological processing and morphological impairments},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-48465},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-484651},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {x, 276},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In recent years, a substantial number of psycholinguistic studies and of studies on acquired language impairments have investigated the case of morphologically complex words. These have provided evidence for what is known as 'morphological decomposition', i.e. a mechanism that decomposes complex words into their constituent morphemes during online processing. This is believed to be a fundamental, possibly universal mechanism of morphological processing, operating irrespective of a word's specific properties. However, current accounts of morphological decomposition are mostly based on evidence from suffixed words and compound words, while prefixed words have been comparably neglected. At the same time, it has been consistently observed that, across languages, prefixed words are less widespread than suffixed words. This cross-linguistic preference for suffixing morphology has been claimed to be grounded in language processing and language learning mechanisms. This would predict differences in how prefixed words are processed and therefore also affected in language impairments, challenging the predictions of the major accounts of morphological decomposition. Against this background, the present thesis aims at reducing the gap between the accounts of morphological decomposition and the accounts of the suffixing preference, by providing a thorough empirical investigation of prefixed words. Prefixed words are examined in three different domains: (i) visual word processing in native speakers; (ii) visual word processing in non-native speakers; (iii) acquired morphological impairments. The processing studies employ the masked priming paradigm, tapping into early stages of visual word recognition. Instead, the studies on morphological impairments investigate the errors produced in reading aloud tasks. As for native processing, the present work first focuses on derivation (Publication I), specifically investigating whether German prefixed derived words, both lexically restricted (e.g. inaktiv 'inactive') and unrestricted (e.g. unsauber 'unclean') can be efficiently decomposed. I then present a second study (Publication II) on a Bantu language, Setswana, which offers the unique opportunity of testing inflectional prefixes, and directly comparing priming with prefixed inflected primes (e.g. dikgeleke 'experts') to priming with prefixed derived primes (e.g. bokgeleke 'talent'). With regard to non-native processing (Publication I), the priming effects obtained from the lexically restricted and unrestricted prefixed derivations in native speakers are additionally compared to the priming effects obtained in a group of non-native speakers of German. Finally, in the two studies on acquired morphological impairments, the thesis investigates whether prefixed derived words yield different error patterns than suffixed derived words (Publication III and IV). For native speakers, the results show evidence for morphological decomposition of both types of prefixed words, i.e. lexically unrestricted and restricted derivations, as well as of prefixed inflected words. Furthermore, non-native speakers are also found to efficiently decompose prefixed derived words, with parallel results to the group of native speakers. I therefore conclude that, for the early stages of visual word recognition, the relative position of stem and affix in prefixed versus suffixed words does not affect how efficiently complex words are decomposed, either in native or in non-native processing. In the studies on acquired language impairments, instead, prefixes are consistently found to be more impaired than suffixes. This is explained in terms of a learnability disadvantage for prefixed words, which may cause weaker representations of the information encoded in affixes when these precede the stem (prefixes) as compared to when they follow it (suffixes). Based on the impairment profiles of the individual participants and on the nature of the task, this dissociation is assumed to emerge from later processing stages than those that are tapped into by masked priming. I therefore conclude that the different characteristics of prefixed and suffixed words do come into play at later processing stages, during which the lexical-semantic information contained in the different constituent morphemes is processed. The findings presented in the four manuscripts significantly contribute to our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in processing prefixed words. Crucially, the thesis constrains the processing disadvantage for prefixed words to later processing stages, thereby suggesting that theories trying to establish links between language universals and processing mechanisms should more carefully consider the different stages involved in language processing and what factors are relevant for each specific stage.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CiaccioClahsen2019,
  author    = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Variability and consistency in first and second language processing},
  series = {Language Learning},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Language Learning},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0023-8333},
  doi       = {10.1111/lang.12370},
  pages     = {103 -- 136},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: .},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CiaccioClahsen2019,
  author    = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna and Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Variability and consistency in first and second language processing},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51772},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517727},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Clahsen2016,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald},
  title     = {Contributions of linguistic typology to psycholinguistics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-397757},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This article first outlines different ways of how psycholinguists have dealt with linguistic diversity and illustrates these approaches with three familiar cases from research on language processing, language acquisition, and language disorders. The second part focuses on the role of morphology and morphological variability across languages for psycholinguistic research. The specific phenomena to be examined are to do with stem-formation morphology and inflectional classes; they illustrate how experimental research that is informed by linguistic typology can lead to new insights.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenJessen2019,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Jessen, Anna},
  title     = {Do bilingual children lag behind? A study of morphological encoding using ERPs},
  series = {Journal of child language},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Journal of child language},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0305-0009},
  doi       = {10.1017/S0305000919000321},
  pages     = {955 -- 979},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The current study investigates how bilingual children encode and produce morphologically complex words. We employed a silent-production-plus-delayed-vocalization paradigm in which event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during silent encoding of inflected words which were subsequently cued to be overtly produced. The bilingual children's spoken responses and their ERPs were compared to previous datasets from monolingual children on the same task. We found an enhanced negativity for regular relative to irregular forms during silent production in both bilingual children's languages, replicating the ERP effect previously obtained from monolingual children. Nevertheless, the bilingual children produced more morphological errors (viz. over-regularizations) than monolingual children. We conclude that mechanisms of morphological encoding (as measured by ERPs) are parallel for bilingual and monolingual children, and that the increased over-regularization rates are due to their reduced exposure to each of the two languages (relative to monolingual children).},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ClahsenJessen2019,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Jessen, Anna},
  title     = {Do bilingual children lag behind?},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {682},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46972},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469727},
  pages     = {27},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The current study investigates how bilingual children encode and produce morphologically complex words. We employed a silent-production-plus-delayed-vocalization paradigm in which event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during silent encoding of inflected words which were subsequently cued to be overtly produced. The bilingual children's spoken responses and their ERPs were compared to previous datasets from monolingual children on the same task. We found an enhanced negativity for regular relative to irregular forms during silent production in both bilingual children's languages, replicating the ERP effect previously obtained from monolingual children. Nevertheless, the bilingual children produced more morphological errors (viz. over-regularizations) than monolingual children. We conclude that mechanisms of morphological encoding (as measured by ERPs) are parallel for bilingual and monolingual children, and that the increased over-regularization rates are due to their reduced exposure to each of the two languages (relative to monolingual children).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenJessen2020,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Jessen, Anna},
  title     = {Variability and its limits in bilingual word recognition},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.20013.cla},
  pages     = {295 -- 329},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study examines the processing of morphologically complex words focusing on how morphological (in addition to orthographic and semantic) factors affect bilingual word recognition. We report findings from a large experimental study with groups of bilingual (Turkish/German) speakers using the visual masked-priming technique. We found morphologically mediated effects on the response speed and the inter-individual variability within the bilingual participant group. We conclude that the grammar (qua morphological parsing) not only enhances speed of processing in bilingual language processing but also yields more uniform performance and thereby constrains variability within a group of otherwise heterogeneous individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ClahsenRothweilerSterneretal.2014,
  author    = {Clahsen, Harald and Rothweiler, Monika and Sterner, Franziska and Chilla, Solveig},
  title     = {Linguistic markers of specific language impairment in bilingual children: the case of verb morphology},
  series = {Clinical linguistics \& phonetics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Clinical linguistics \& phonetics},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0269-9206},
  doi       = {10.3109/02699206.2014.886726},
  pages     = {709 -- 721},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Elin2018,
  author    = {Elin, Kirill},
  title     = {Morphological processing in older adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418605},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {217},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Over the last decades mechanisms of recognition of morphologically complex words have been extensively examined in order to determine whether all word forms are stored and retrieved from the mental lexicon as wholes or whether they are decomposed into their morphological constituents such as stems and affixes. Most of the research in this domain focusses on English. Several factors have been argued to affect morphological processing including, for instance, morphological structure of a word (e.g., existence of allomorphic stem alternations) and its linguistic nature (e.g., whether it is a derived word or an inflected word form). It is not clear, however, whether processing accounts based on experimental evidence from English would hold for other languages. Furthermore, there is evidence that processing mechanisms may differ across various populations including children, adult native speakers and language learners. Recent studies claim that processing mechanisms could also differ between older and younger adults (Clahsen \& Reifegerste, 2017; Reifegerste, Meyer, \& Zwitserlood, 2017). The present thesis examined how properties of the morphological structure, types of linguistic operations involved (i.e., the linguistic contrast between inflection and derivation) and characteristics of the particular population such as older adults (e.g., potential effects of ageing as a result of the cognitive decline or greater experience and exposure of older adults) affect initial, supposedly automatic stages of morphological processing in Russian and German. To this end, a series of masked priming experiments was conducted. In experiments on Russian, the processing of derived -ost' nouns (e.g., glupost' 'stupidity') and of inflected forms with and without allomorphic stem alternations in 1P.Sg.Pr. (e.g., igraju - igrat' 'to play' vs. košu - kosit' 'to mow') was examined. The first experiment on German examined and directly compared processing of derived -ung nouns (e.g., Gr{\"u}ndung 'foundation') and inflected -t past participles (e.g., gegr{\"u}ndet 'founded'), whereas the second one investigated the processing of regular and irregular plural forms (-s forms such as Autos 'cars' and -er forms such as Kinder 'children', respectively). The experiments on both languages have shown robust and comparable facilitation effects for derived words and regularly inflected forms without stem changes (-t participles in German, forms of -aj verbs in Russian). Observed morphological priming effects could be clearly distinguished from purely semantic or orthographic relatedness between words. At the same time, we found a contrast between forms with and without allomorphic stem alternations in Russian and regular and irregular forms in German, with significantly more priming for unmarked stems (relative to alternated ones) and significantly more priming for regular (compared) word forms. These findings indicate the relevance of morphological properties of a word for initial stages of processing, contrary to claims made in the literature holding that priming effects are determined by surface form and meaning overlap only. Instead, our findings are more consistent with approaches positing a contrast between combinatorial, rule-based and lexically-stored forms (Clahsen, Sonnenstuhl, \& Blevins, 2003). The doctoral dissertation also addressed the role of ageing and age-related cognitive changes on morphological processing. The results obtained on this research issue are twofold. On the one hand, the data demonstrate effects of ageing on general measures of language performance, i.e., overall longer reaction times and/or higher accuracy rates in older than younger individuals. These findings replicate results from previous studies, which have been linked to the general slowing of processing speed at older age and to the larger vocabularies of older adults. One the other hand, we found that more specific aspects of language processing appear to be largely intact in older adults as revealed by largely similar morphological priming effects for older and younger adults. These latter results indicate that initial stages of morphological processing investigated here by means of the masked priming paradigm persist in older age. One caveat should, however, be noted. Achieving the same performance as a younger individual in a behavioral task may not necessarily mean that the same neural processes are involved. Older people may have to recruit a wider brain network than younger individuals, for example. To address this and related possibilities, future studies should examine older people's neural representations and mechanisms involved in morphological processing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Farhy2020,
  author    = {Farhy, Yael},
  title     = {Morphological generalization of Hebrew verb classes},
  series = {The mental lexicon},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {The mental lexicon},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Co.},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1871-1340},
  doi       = {10.1075/ml.19001.far},
  pages     = {223 -- 257},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The present work investigated how morphological generalization, namely the way speakers extend their knowledge to novel complex words, is influenced by sources of variability in language and speaker properties. For this purpose, the study focused on a Semitic language (Hebrew), characterized by unique non-concatenative morphology, and native ( L1) as well as non-native (L2) speakers. Two elicited production tasks tested what information sources speakers employ in verbal inflectional class generalization, i.e., in forming complex novel verbs. Phonological similarity was tested in Experiment 1 and argument structure in Experiment 2. The analysis focused on the two most common Hebrew inflectional classes, Paal and Piel, which also constituted the vast majority of responses in the two tasks. Unlike the commonly found outcomes in Romance inflectional class generalization, the results yielded, solely for Piel, a graded phonological similarity effect and a robust argument structure effect, i.e., more Piel responses in a direct object context than without. The L2 pattern partially differed from the L1: (i) argument structure effect for L2 speakers was weaker, and (ii) L2 speakers produced more Paal than Piel responses. The results are discussed within the framework of rule-based and input-based accounts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Farhy2019,
  author    = {Farhy, Yael},
  title     = {Universals and particulars in morphology},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47003},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470033},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {VI, 167},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {For many years, psycholinguistic evidence has been predominantly based on findings from native speakers of Indo-European languages, primarily English, thus providing a rather limited perspective into the human language system. In recent years a growing body of experimental research has been devoted to broadening this picture, testing a wide range of speakers and languages, aiming to understanding the factors that lead to variability in linguistic performance. The present dissertation investigates sources of variability within the morphological domain, examining how and to what extent morphological processes and representations are shaped by specific properties of languages and speakers. Firstly, the present work focuses on a less explored language, Hebrew, to investigate how the unique non-concatenative morphological structure of Hebrew, namely a non-linear combination of consonantal roots and vowel patterns to form lexical entries (L-M-D + CiCeC = limed 'teach'), affects morphological processes and representations in the Hebrew lexicon. Secondly, a less investigated population was tested: late learners of a second language. We directly compare native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers, specifically highly proficient and immersed late learners of Hebrew. Throughout all publications, we have focused on a morphological phenomenon of inflectional classes (called binyanim; singular: binyan), comparing productive (class Piel, e.g., limed 'teach') and unproductive (class Paal, e.g., lamad 'learn') verbal inflectional classes. By using this test case, two psycholinguistic aspects of morphology were examined: (i) how morphological structure affects online recognition of complex words, using masked priming (Publications I and II) and cross-modal priming (Publication III) techniques, and (ii) what type of cues are used when extending morpho-phonological patterns to novel complex forms, a process referred to as morphological generalization, using an elicited production task (Publication IV). The findings obtained in the four manuscripts, either published or under review, provide significant insights into the role of productivity in Hebrew morphological processing and generalization in L1 and L2 speakers. Firstly, the present L1 data revealed a close relationship between productivity of Hebrew verbal classes and recognition process, as revealed in both priming techniques. The consonantal root was accessed only in the productive class (Piel) but not the unproductive class (Paal). Another dissociation between the two classes was revealed in the cross-modal priming, yielding a semantic relatedness effect only for Paal but not Piel primes. These findings are taken to reflect that the Hebrew mental representations display a balance between stored undecomposable unstructured stems (Paal) and decomposed structured stems (Piel), in a similar manner to a typical dual-route architecture, showing that the Hebrew mental lexicon is less unique than previously claimed in psycholinguistic research. The results of the generalization study, however, indicate that there are still substantial differences between inflectional classes of Hebrew and other Indo-European classes, particularly in the type of information they rely on in generalization to novel forms. Hebrew binyan generalization relies more on cues of argument structure and less on phonological cues. Secondly, clear L1/L2 differences were observed in the sensitivity to abstract morphological and morpho-syntactic information during complex word recognition and generalization. While L1 Hebrew speakers were sensitive to the binyan information during recognition, expressed by the contrast in root priming, L2 speakers showed similar root priming effects for both classes, but only when the primes were presented in an infinitive form. A root priming effect was not obtained for primes in a finite form. These patterns are interpreted as evidence for a reduced sensitivity of L2 speakers to morphological information, such as information about inflectional classes, and evidence for processing costs in recognition of forms carrying complex morpho-syntactic information. Reduced reliance on structural information cues was found in production of novel verbal forms, when the L2 group displayed a weaker effect of argument structure for Piel responses, in comparison to the L1 group. Given the L2 results, we suggest that morphological and morphosyntactic information remains challenging for late bilinguals, even at high proficiency levels.},
  language  = {en}
}