@misc{KochLaschewskyRingsdorfetal.1986,
  author    = {Koch, Horst and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, Helmut and Teng, Kang},
  title     = {Photodimerization and photopolymerization of amphiphilic cinnamic acid derivatives in oriented monolayers, vesicles and solution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17111},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Cinnamic acid moieties were incorporated into amphiphilic compounds containing one and two alkyl chains. These lipid-like compounds with photoreactive units undergo self-organization to form monolayers at the gas-water interface and bilayer structures (vesicles) in aqueous solutions. The photoreaction of the cinnamic acid moiety induced by 254 nm UV light was investigated in the crystalline state, in monolayers, in vesicles and in solution in organic solvents. The single-chain amphiphiles undergo dimerization to yield photoproducts with twice the molecular weight of the corresponding monomers in organized systems. The photoreaction of amphiphiles containing two cinnamic acid groups occurs via two mechanisms: The intramolecular dimerization produces bicycles, with retention of the molecular weight of the corresponding monomer. The intermolecular reaction leads to oligomeric and polymeric photoproducts. In contrast to the single-chain amphiphiles, photodimerization processes of lipoids containing two cinnamic acid moieties also occur in solution in organic solvents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AlbrechtCummingKreuderetal.1986,
  author    = {Albrecht, O. and Cumming, W. and Kreuder, W. and Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, Helmut},
  title     = {Monolayers of rod-shaped and disc-shaped liquid crystalline compounds at the air-water interface},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17124},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Calamitic (rod-shaped) and discotic (disc-shaped) thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) compounds were spread at the air-water interface, and their ability to form monolayers was studied. The calamitic LCs investigated were found to form monolayers which behave analogously to conventional amphiphiles such as fatty acids. The spreading of the discotic LCs produced monolayers as well, but with a behaviour different from classical amphiphiles. The areas occupied per molecule are too small to allow the contact of all hydrophilic groups with the water surface and the packing of all hydrophobic chains. Various molecular arrangements of the discotics at the water surface to fit the spreading data are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LaschewskyRingsdorfSchneider1986,
  author    = {Laschewsky, Andr{\´e} and Ringsdorf, H. and Schneider, J.},
  title     = {Oriented supramolecular systems-polymeric monolayers and multilayers from prepolymerized amphiphiles},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17131},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Oriented polymeric membranes were originally prepared by polymerization or polycondensation of preoriented monomers. The introduction of hydrophilic spacer groups into the polymeric amphiphiles allowed the formation of highly ordered systems (monolayers, liposomes, multilayers) from prepolymerized amphiphiles: due to the partial decoupling of the different mobilities and orientation tendencies of the polymer chain and the amphiphilic side groups, these polymers are able to self-organize. In monolayer experiments the high order of these membranes could be demonstrated by their surface pressure area-diagrams. In addition the combination of order and mobility of these spacer groups containing polymeric amphiphiles allowed the formation of Langmuir-Blodgett-multilyers with a high layer correlation. Thus, disturbancies in highly oriented layers can be avoided normally taking place during the polymerization reaction (e.g. contractions) or oriented monomeric layers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{JacobiDittrich1986,
  author    = {Jacobi-Dittrich, Juliane},
  title     = {Compulsory education for german immigrant children in the United States of America during the second half of the nineteenth century : the case of rural Wisconsin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47690},
  year      = {1986},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Selting1986,
  author    = {Selting, Margret},
  title     = {"Nebeneinander-her-reden" : Struktur und Entwicklung eines Verst{\"a}ndigungsproblems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-43169},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Analyse- und Beschreibungskategorien 3. Das zu analysierende Gespr{\"a}ch: "Beglaubigungen hinten drauf?" 4. Unterschiedliche Kategorisierung des Problems: Erwartungsproblem versus Sachverhaltsproblem 5. Fazit},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1986,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41116},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Content: - Different Intellectual Abilities Age Differently - Cultural Change and Interindividual Variability in Aging - Cognitive Intervention Research on Plasticity in Old Age * Psychological Evidence * Brain-Physiological Evidence - Age Differences and Testing-the-Limits - Conclusions - Summary},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesDittmannKohliKliegl1986,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence : replication and extension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39939},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Fluid intelligence belongs to that cluster of intellectual abilities evincing aging loss. To examine further the range of intellectual reserve available to aging individuals and the question of replicability in a new cultural and laboratory setting, 204 healthy older adults (mean age = 72 years; range = 60-86) participated in a short-term longitudinal training study. For experimental subjects, 10 sessions consisted of cognitive training involving two subability tests (Figural Relations, Induction) of fluid intelligence. The pattern of outcomes replicates and expands on earlier studies. Older adults have the reserve to evince substantial increases in levels of performance in fluid intelligence tests. Transfer of training, however, is narrow in scope. Training also increases accuracy of performance and the ability to solve more difficult test items. Difficulty level was estimated in a separate study, with a comparable sample of N = 112 elderly adults. Future research is suggested to examine whether intellectual reserve extends to near-maximum levels of performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Groezinger1986,
  author    = {Gr{\"o}zinger, Elvira},
  title     = {Das verlorene Paradies : zu Arnold Słuckis Dichtung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18446},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Aus dem Inhalt: Das Werk Arnold Słuckis ist außerhalb Polens (und auch zum Teil dort) nur wenig bekannt. Dem bundesdeutschen Leser sind einige seiner Gedichte erst dank der {\"U}bersetzung von Karl Dedecius zug{\"a}nglich gemacht worden. Słuckis ist ein polnischer Dichter »j{\"u}discher Abstammung«, der in West-Berlin im Exil starb. Diese Fakten ergeben eine frappierende Konstellation im Dreieck der Kulturen: der polnischen, der j{\"u}dischen und der deutschen, mit der f{\"u}r solche Konstellationen im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert unerl{\"a}ßlichen Tragik. Hier entstehen bereits Bez{\"u}ge zu vielen Dichtern, die - weil nur ubi bene, ibi patria(?) - an ihrer Exilsituation zugrundegingen, vornehmlich aber zu Paul Celan, mit dem Słuckis nicht nur das Alter, die Herkunft und {\"a}hnliche biographische Momente verbinden, sondern auch eine weitgehende »Wahlverwandtschaft« in der Thematik und Metaphorik.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithHeckhausenetal.1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Heckhausen, Jutta and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Ged{\"a}chtnisk{\"u}nstler : ein experimenteller Zugang zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Theorien kognitiven Lernens und Alterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40247},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Der hier berichtete Forschungsansatz kombiniert entwicklungs- und kognitionspsychologische Fragestellungen. Das entwicklungspsychologische Ziel war, Potential und Grenzen latenter kognitiver Leistungsreserven bei jungen und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen sichtbar zu machen. Eine systematische Heranf{\"u}hrung an Leistungsgrenzen sollte außerdem die unterschiedliche Alterssensitivit{\"a}t kognitiver Prozesse verdeutlichen und zu einer Vergr{\"o}ßerung interindividueller Unterschiede f{\"u}hren. Das kognitionspsychologische Ziel war, die Genese kognitiver Expertise unter Laborbedingungen zu simulieren, wobei vor allem die Transformation von Laien- in Expertenwissen untersucht werden sollte. Diese {\"U}berlegungen wurden in einem Trainingsprogramm {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, in dessen Verlauf junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in einer Ged{\"a}chtniskunst f{\"u}r das Behalten von Zufallszahlen und Wortlisten unterwiesen wurden. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses experimentellen Paradigmas f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der theoretischen Fragen wird durch Ergebnisse aus vier Einzelfallstudien belegt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-limits, expertise, and memory in adulthood and old age},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39063},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {This research has three interrelated foci: (i) engineering and testing a cognitive model of expert memory, (ii) the study of intellectual reserve capacity and (iii) the use of a testing-the-limits methodology to magnify and delineate age differences in limits of reserve capacity. The assumption is that age differences are magnified if studied at high levels of expertise or task difficulty. Results from age-comparative point training studies in expert memory are reported. Both young and elderly subjects reached high levels of skilled memory, confirming the model. However, despite this sizeable reserve capacity, when compared to IQ-eguivalent young adults, superior elderly showed decline in upper limits of function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Hopf1986,
  author    = {Hopf, Diether},
  title     = {To Ενιαίο Σχολείο : Εμπειρίες από την Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας = Die Gesamtschule : Erfahrungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45819},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Περιεχόμενα: I. Εισαγωγή II. Επιχειρήματα III. Οργάνωση της διδασκαλίας IV. Κυριότερες εμπειρίες και προοπτικές},
  language  = {mul}
}
@misc{Hopf1986,
  author    = {Hopf, Diether},
  title     = {Die Deutsche Schule: eine Einf{\"u}hrung f{\"u}r ausl{\"a}ndische Lehrer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-36381},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 2.1. Einleitung 2.2. Das deutsche Schulsystem 2.2.1. Die Grundstruktur 2.2.2. Zur Entwicklung des Schulwesens 2.2.3. Die Sch{\"u}ler 2.2.4. Die Lehrer 2.3. Die Schule von innen 2.3.1. Rahmenbedingungen des Unterrichts 2.3.2. Unterrichtsinhalte 2.3.3. Unterrichtsmethoden 2.3.4. Leistungsbeurteilung 2.3.5. Außerunterrichtliche Angebote und soziale Erfahrungen in der Schule 2.4. Anmerkungen und Literatur},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Groezinger1986,
  author    = {Gr{\"o}zinger, Karl Erich},
  title     = {Theosophie, Historiosophie und 'Anthroposophie' des Kabbalisten Azriel aus Gerona (13. Jh.)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18700},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Auszug: Azriel aus Gerona war einer jener fr{\"u}hen Kabbalisten, die sich in der ersten H{\"a}lfte des 13 - Jahrhunderts in dem katalanischen St{\"a}dtchen Gerona zu einem Kreis von Esoterikern zusammenfanden, zu denen unter anderen die {\"u}berragende Gestalt des Moses ben Nahman (Ramban), F{\"u}hrer und anerkannte Autorit{\"a}t des aragonischen Judentums, geh{\"o}rte. Insgesamt sind zw{\"o}lf Mitglieder dieses Zirkels von Kabbalisten namentlich bekannt, von denen zum Teil kabbalistische aber auch nichtesoterische Schriften {\"u}berkommen sind. Was diese Kabbalisten der dritten Generation von ihren Vorg{\"a}ngern, voran ihrem Lehrer Yishaq dem Blinden trennte, war die {\"o}ffentliche Verbreitung der esoterischen Lehre, zumindesten durch einige von ihnen, was Yishaq in einem Schreiben an Nahmanides nachdr{\"u}cklich und heftig kritisierte. [...]},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{JacobiDittrich1986,
  author    = {Jacobi-Dittrich, Juliane},
  title     = {The struggle for an identity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32369},
  pages     = {321 -- 345},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Contents: - Clara Mueller-Jahnke - Adelheid Popp - Marie Wegrainer},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Wagner1986,
  author    = {Wagner, Dieter},
  title     = {M{\"o}glichkeiten und Grenzen des Cafeteria-Ansatzes in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-50495},
  year      = {1986},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1986,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Similar perceptions, similar reactions : an idiographic approach to cross-situational coherence},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34435},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {The study provides a test of the interactionist concept of behavioral coherence across situations. Following an approach suggested by D. Magnusson and B. Ekehammer (1978, Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 41-48), individual correlations between self-reported behavior patterns and perceived similarity ratings across anxiety-provoking situations are obtained as measures of coherence. Unlike the Magnusson and Ekehammar study, the present measures of situation cognition and behavior are based on an idiographic sampling of anxiety-provoking situations. As a step toward concept-based measurement of situation cognition, further measures of perceived situational similarity are derived from the script, prototype, and social episodes models in social psychology and correlated with cross-situational similarity of behavioral profiles. It is demonstrated, in comparison with the findings of Magnusson and Ekehammar, that correlations between similarity ratings and behavior patterns increase substantially as a result of an idiographic sampling of situations. Moreover, it is shown that "script," "prototype," and "social episode" measures can be utilized to investigate the covariation between situation cognition and behavior, thus contributing to the clarification of the principles of cognitive representation of situational experience.},
  language  = {en}
}