@article{LazurasBarkoukisMalliaetal.2017, author = {Lazuras, Lambros and Barkoukis, Vassilis and Mallia, Luca and Lucidi, Fabio and Brand, Ralf}, title = {More than a feeling: The role of anticipated regret in predicting doping intentions in adolescent athletes}, series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology}, volume = {30}, journal = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1469-0292}, doi = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.03.003}, pages = {196 -- 204}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objectives: Anticipated affective responses influence decision-making processes in profound ways. The present study emphasized the role of anticipated regret and assessed the additive and interactive effects of anticipated regret in predicting doping intentions among adolescent athletes. Design: Survey-based, correlational. Method: Two hundred and sixteen adolescent athletes (M age = 17.37, SD = 1.68, 79.1\% males) from team sports took part in the study and completed structured and anonymous questionnaires on social cognitive variables relevant to doping use, anticipated regret from engaging in doping and doping intentions. Results: Variance-based structural equation modeling showed that anticipated regret significantly predicted doping intentions over and above the effects of past use of doping substances and nutritional supplements, and other social cognitive predictors, and the overall model predicted 72\% of the variance in doping intentions. Further analysis of interaction effects showed that anticipated regret significantly interacted with past use of nutritional supplements, and subjective and descriptive social norms in predicting doping intentions. Conclusions: Anticipated regret represents a theoretically relevant and important predictor of doping intentions in sports, and can have a protective role against pro-doping use intentions among athletes with past use of nutritional supplements. Regret also appears to be relevant to social norms and expectations, thus, highlighting for the first time a normative component in the process linking anticipated affective responses with behavioural intentions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{BrandMelzerHagemann2011, author = {Brand, Ralf and Melzer, Marcus and Hagemann, Norbert}, title = {Towards an implicit association test (IAT) for measuring doping attitudes in sports. Data-based recommendations developed from two recently published tests}, series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology}, volume = {12}, journal = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1469-0292}, doi = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.01.002}, pages = {250 -- 256}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Objectives: Today, the doping attitudes of athletes can either be measured by asking athletes directly or with the help of indirect attitude measurement procedures as for example the implicit association test (IAT). Using indirect measures may be helpful for example when psychological effects of doping prevention programs shall be evaluated. In the present study we have analyzed and compared measurement properties of two recently published IATs. Design: The IATs "doping substance vs. tea blend" and "doping substance vs. legal nutritional supplement" were presented to two randomly assigned independent samples of 102 athletes (44 male, 58 female; mean age 23.6 years) from different sports. Both IATs were complemented by a control IAT "word vs. non-word". Methods: In order to test central measurement properties of both IATs, distributions of measured values, correlations with the control IAT, reliability analyses, and analyses of error rates were performed. Results: Results pointed to a rather negative doping attitude in most athletes. Especially the fact that in the "doping vs. supplement" IAT error rates (12\%) and adaptational learning effects across test blocks were substantial (eta(2) = .22), indicating that participants had difficulties correctly assigning the word stimuli to the respective category, we see slight advantages for the "doping vs. tea" IAT (e.g. satisfactory internal scale consistency Cronbach's-alpha = .78 among athletes reporting to be regularly involved in competitions). Conclusion: The less satisfactory measurement properties of the "doping vs. supplement" IAT can possibly be explained by the fact that the boundaries between (legal) supplements and (illegal) doping substances have been shifted from time to time so that athletes were not sure whether substances were legal or not.}, language = {en} } @article{WolffBrand2013, author = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Subjective stressors in school and their relation to neuroenhancement a behavioral perspective on students' everyday life "doping"}, series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy}, volume = {8}, journal = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, address = {London}, issn = {1747-597X}, doi = {10.1186/1747-597X-8-23}, pages = {6}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Background: The use of psychoactive substances to neuroenhance cognitive performance is prevalent. Neuroenhancement (NE) in everyday life and doping in sport might rest on similar attitudinal representations, and both behaviors can be theoretically modeled by comparable means-to-end relations (substance-performance). A behavioral (not substance-based) definition of NE is proposed, with assumed functionality as its core component. It is empirically tested whether different NE variants (lifestyle drug, prescription drug, and illicit substance) can be regressed to school stressors. Findings: Participants were 519 students (25.8 +/- 8.4 years old, 73.1\% female). Logistic regressions indicate that a modified doping attitude scale can predict all three NE variants. Multiple NE substance abuse was frequent. Overwhelming demands in school were associated with lifestyle and prescription drug NE. Conclusions: Researchers should be sensitive for probable structural similarities between enhancement in everyday life and sport and systematically explore where findings from one domain can be adapted for the other. Policy makers should be aware that students might misperceive NE as an acceptable means of coping with stress in school, and help to form societal sensitivity for the topic of NE among our younger ones in general.}, language = {en} }